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Pre-decision control procedures as a condition for achieving the purpose of investment

Dwojak Łukasz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

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z. 149

131--142

EN

Research background: Existence and development of companies strongly depend on their investments spending including capex expenditures. Regardless of scale of expenses an investment project should be analysed with regard to the risks involved, calculation of amount to be spent and probability of achieving expected effects. To realize this objective in a smooth and effective way a company should possess and use in practice procedures for analysis of investments projects – pre-decision control procedures. Purpose of the article: The aim of the presented paper is to show the advantages of possession by companies the procedures for analysis of investment projects and necessity for their usage in case of preparing a new investment. Even the simplest procedure enables to define potential risks which can occur in time. In addition, such a procedure allows to analyse technical, financial and personnel issues related to introducing a new technology and purchasing machinery equipment. Methods: The research method applied for preparing this article has been based on a survey addressed to business owners, financial managers and other persons involved in the process of analysis and acceptance of investment decisions in business units. The paper presents results of empirical research carried out by companies, mainly from Silesia region. The theoretical part is based on literature analyses. Findings & Value added: The empirical research did not confirm that companies using pre-decision control procedures for investment projects achieve their business and financial objectives more often than companies which do not have such procedures.

2

Innowacje usługowe - próba konceptualizacji

Pichlak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2015

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z. 78

367--377

PL

Artykuł przedstawia charakterystykę różnych podejść do problematyki innowacji usługowych, stanowiąc punkt wyjścia do dalszych, pogłębionych rozważań nad ich istotą i zakresem. W artykule podjęto próbę zdefiniowania innowacji w sferze usług oraz zaprezentowano różnorodne ich klasyfikacje. Charakterystykę koncepcji innowacji usługowych oparto na podobieństwie głównych cech tych innowacji oraz nowych rozwiązań produktowych. Uzupełnieniem rozważań jest systematyzacja modeli innowacji usługowych z perspektywy dwóch poziomów analizy – gospodarki (ujęcie makroekonomiczne) oraz przedsiębiorstw (ujęcie mikroekonomiczne).

EN

The paper presents the different approaches to service innovations based on a wide body of the innovation literature and thus may be treated as a starting point for further discussion on their nature and scope. After providing a description of such innovations, the paper offers a variety of their classifications. Presented conceptual frameworks of service innovations were based on the similarity of their main features with the new product solutions. Finally, in the paper the systematization of service innovations’ models from different perspectives at two levels of analysis (macro- and microeconomic) has been made.

3

Mikroekonomia eksploatacji maszyn

Wilczarska J.

Logistyka

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2012

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nr 6

PL

W każdym systemie działania występuje realizacja ustalonych zadań związana z nakładami. Nakłady wyrażone w pieniądzu przyjmują postać kosztów. Zasadniczym zadaniem rachunku kosztów jest dostarczanie informacji o kosztach ponoszonych w systemach działania, według potrzeb i wymagań użytkowników. Nieodzownym elementem dowolnego systemu działania jest podsystem ekonomiczny, a w nim podsystem rachunkowości i rachunku kosztów. Koszty eksploatacji maszyn stanowią wyrażone w pieniądzu zużycie fizyczne i ekonomiczne obiektów, energii, masy i informacji, usług oraz czasu pracy pracowników, w celu realizacji zadań operacyjnych i utrzymywania tych urządzeń w stanie zdatności funkcjonalnej i zadaniowej, w zadanych warunkach i czasie. Kosztów tych można doszukiwać się w przekroju rodzajowym, miejsc powstawania (koszty działalności pomocniczej, wydziałowe) i w przekroju kalkulacyjnym (koszty pośrednie wydziałowe).

EN

Difficult rules of the market economy are imposing constant requirements being an effect upon the enterprise of growing competition. Information about the cost of the product has strategic values today. Having information about costs, a skill of their analysis is a condition necessary, but not being enough for taking the right decisions. This information must be accurate and reliable. The rational use of objects is the source of the frugality of raw materials, the energy and capital outlays, with essential strategy of the rational management in any systems of action (e.g. industrial, agricultural, commercial), of benefits enabling getting and profits. And so a need and a need to seek new methods of increasing the effectiveness of the use of technical objects exist, in it of management methods. The accomplishment of established objectives associated with the expenditure is appearing in every system of action. The expressed expenditure in money is accepting the form of costs. An information delivery of users about costs incurred in systems of action, according to needs and requirements is fundamental setting the bill of charges.

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Ekonomia neoklasyczna - ujęcie retrospektywne

Drabińska D.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2002

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R. 47, nr 3

43--74

EN

The name ‘neoclassical economics’ is used with respect to three different schools of economics that developed independently of one another in the 1870s, in England, Austria and Switzerland. The first of the schools, among whose members were economists from the University of Cambrige, had its intellectual continuation in America, and is for this reason also referred to as the Anglo-American school. Another designation used for it is the school of partial equilbiria, because that was the method which members of the school mainly used in their research. The name neoclassical school is sometimes used exclusively for this particular school, out of the three concurrently developing schools, because it was the ideas of this school, its methods of analysis, directions of research and ways of describing economic phenomena that best correspond to the general characteristics of neoclassical economics. The school was founded by William Stanley Jevons, but an unquestioned master of this orientation in economic thinking was Alfred Marshall, the key figure of the Cambridge school. The neoclassical school is sometimes also described as the Marshall school, while the name of its founder is associated with the socalled Jevons rervolution in economics. In America, the school’s idea were developed especially by John Bates Clark. The founder of the Austrian school, which developed at the same time at the University of Vienna, was Carl Menger; among the best known economists of the second generation of that school were Friedrich von Wieser and Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk. The school stressed the psychological premises of human action, and that is why it is sometimes referred to as the psychological or subjectivist school; this name is sometimes combined with basic method of economic analysis used by its representatives, marginal calculus, and it is therefore called the subjective-marginal (subjective-marginalist) school, a name that is also used for the whole of economics that developed as a result of the Jevons revolution. The third of the schools of economics discussed is the Lausanne school, whose founder, Leon Walras, was connected with University of Lausanne; the Polish members of this school included Władysław Zawadzki, later a professor at the University in Wilno and the Warsaw School of Commerce [Szkoła Głowna Handlowa]. Among the main representatives of the school one should mention the names of Vilfredo Pareto, Enrico Barone and Luigi Amoroso. The Lausanne school is also called the mathematical school, because of the widespread use of mathematical methods in economics, which was a novelty at the time when the school developed. The school is sometimes also referred to as the school of general equilibrium, because of the fact that it viewed equilibrium globally for the whole economy, on all the markets in parallel. All three schools developed as a result of the so-called Jevons revolution, which brought into focus the individual consumers with their problems and motivations of choice. The Jevons revolution changed the perspective in the way that economics was perceived, going back to analysing phenomena in individual terms, from the perspective of particular economic agents. Generally speaking, the Jevons revolution not only formulated a basis for the theory of the consumer, but it also laid a foundation for the economics of firms, for the description of interrelated markets and for the study of markets for particular goods and services. We thus treat the revolution as marking the beginning of microeconomics in its modem form. The Jevons revolution is also described as the marginal, marginal-subjectivist or marginalist-subjectivist revolution. These names stress the methods of research in which, for the first time, and on a large scale, the principles of differential calculus were used in economics for isolating marginal measures, which became the foundation of microeconomic thinking. The adjective ‘subjective’ stressed the role of an individual’s psyche in making economic decisions. All those elements constituted a new approach to economic phenomena, as classical economics conceived of economic processes in macroeconomic terms and focused on processes of production, ignoring consumer economics and the internal economic analysis of firms, thus paying no attention to the behaviour of particular economic agents.

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Racjonalny poziom rynkowych cen węgla kamiennego w warunkach Polski

Suwała W.

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2001

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T. 17, z. 3

89-106

PL

Pomimo dziesięciu lat przemian ekonomicznych w Polsce procesy kształtowania rynkowych cen węgla wydają się być niezrozumiane. W związku z tym potrzebne są dalsze wyjaśnienia zasad formowania cen oraz występujących tam zależności. W pierwszej części artykułu dokonano identyfikacji struktur polskiego rynku węgla. Pierwsza, składająca się z drobnych odbiorców, podobna jest do konkurencji doskonałej, gdzie występuje wielu sprzedających, nie ma ograniczeń w dostępie do rynku, a informacje o cenach dostępne są dla każdego uczestnika rynku. Druga struktura, dużych odbiorców, podobna jest do rynku oligopolistycznego, z kilkoma sprzedawcami, barierami wejścia i ograniczeniami w dostępie do informacji o cenach. Ponieważ teoria mikroekonomii pozwala określić ceny jedynie w określonych przypadkach, zarówno sprzedający, jak i kupujący używają różnych metod do określenia cen i ich racjonalnych granic. Przyjęto, iż długoterminowy koszt marginalny stanowi podstawę tworzenia cen węgla dla producenta. Kupujący do oszacowania maksymalnej możliwej do zapłaty ceny używają metody "netback". Dodatkowo rozważane są parytetowe i dwupoziomowe zasady tworzenia cen. Wszystkie wspomniane powyżej metody mogą być używane zarówno przez regulatorów, jak i uczestników rynku. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono rozważania na temat ograniczeń w cenach węgla, z którymi możemy się spotkać w polskich warunkach ekonomicznych. Górne ograniczenia to przede wszystkim parytet importowy i ceny "netback". Z kolei dolną granicę wyznaczają parytet eksportowy i długoterminowe koszty krańcowe. Podkreślić należy, że ceny substytutów mogą także wpływać na tworzenie cen węgla, choć ich znaczenie nie jest łatwe do określenia. Tak więc ograniczenia, o których była mowa tworzą podstawowy przedział racjonalnych cen węgla na rynku krajowym.

EN

Despite the ten years of economy transformation the coal price formation processes do not seem to be understood and further explantation of their development and depedencies is required. The paper starts with the identification of the Polish coal market structures. Two typical structures have been differentiated. The first one, which comprises small consumers, is similar to perfect competition as there are many sellers, there is no limit to enter the market and information on the price is available. The second structure, of large consumers market is similar to oligopolistic market with few sellers, barriers to entry and limited information on prices. Since the microeconomic theory gives rational prices only in specific cases, sellers and buyers use different methods to determine proces and their rational boundaries. It is proved that long-term marginal cost of production constitutes the base for the formation of coal prices. This cost could be estimated on the basic of the average long-term cost or incremental cost. The paper gives some formulas how to estimate the long-term marginal costs, and recomm the average long-term cost as the base for the coal price formation. Buyers use netback method to estimate the maximum of the price they can pay. Additionally parity and two-tier pricing rules are considered. All the above-mentioned methods could be used both by regulators and market agents. The paper concludes with consideration on the limits for coal prices, which exist in the Polish economy conditions. The upper boundaries are import parity and netback prices whereas export parity and long term marginal cost form the lower boundary. Prices of substitutes could also intervene in coal price formation, but their impact is not easy to determine. These boundaries form ranges of rational domestic coal prices.

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Mechanizmy rynkowe kształtowania poziomu cen węgla - zarys ogólny

Suwała W.

Polityka Energetyczna

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2000

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T. 3, z. 2

5-32

PL

Artykuł porusza najważniejsze problemy ekonomiczne mechanizmów kształtowania poziomu cen węgla. W procesach tych koncentrują się oddziaływania niemal wszystkich czynników natury ekonomicznej, technologicznej i środowiskowej. Czynniki te tworzą warunki, w jakich kształtowane są ceny i działają mechanizmy wyznaczania poziomu cen. Choć większość tych warunków i mechanizmów nie jest w pełni identyfikowana, to jest praktycznie stosowana przez sprzedających i kupujących. Podjęto problematykę formowania cen węgla kamiennego i brunatnego w gospodarce rynkowej, z pewnym odniesieniem do warunków Polski. Złożoność problemu formowania poziomu cen węgla kamiennego i brunatnego sprawia, że w artykule można jedynie zarysować najważniejsze problemy. Artykuł składa się z trzech części, w pierwszej omówiono makroekonomiczne przesłanki formowania cen, w drugiej ogólne rynkowe warunki kształtowania cen, wreszcie w trzeciej metody ustalania poziomu cen.

EN

The paper deals with the problems of coal price formation, from the economic point of view. Despite the ten years of economy transformation the coal price formation processes do not seem to be understood and further explanation of their development and dependencies is required. General macroeconomic factors of price formation are the subject of the first part of the paper. These are functions of prices, general rules and factors affecting price formation, pricing policies and the role of time. General market rules follow, emphasising the notion of market, market structures and industrial organisation factors. The above mentioned factors come from general microeconomics and are not specific for the Polish coal market. Then the structure of the Polish coal market is identified. Two typical structures have been differentiated. The first one, which comprises small consumers, is similar to perfect competition as there are many sellers, there is no limit to enter the market and information on the price is available. The second structure of large consumers is similar to oligopolistic market with few sellers, barriers to entry and limited information on prices. Since the microeconomic theory gives rational prices only in specific cases, sellers and buyers use different methods to determine prices and their rational boundaries. It is proved that long-term marginal cost constitutes the base for the formation of coal prices. This cost could be estimated on the basis of average long-term cost or incremental cost. The paper gives some formulas how to estimate long term marginal costs, and recommends the average long-term cost as the base for the price formation. Buyers use netback method to estimate the maximum of the price they can pay. Additionally parity and two-tier pricing rules are considered. These methods could be used both by regulators and market agents. The paper concludes with some remarks on the boundaries for coal prices, which exist in the Polish eco- nomy. The upper boundaries are import parity and netback prices whereas export parity and long term marginal cost form the lower boundary. Prices of substitutes could also intervene in coal price formation, but their impact is not easy to determine. These boundaries form ranges of rational coal prices.