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EN
The present work aims at investigating the effect of microwave local positions (i.e. before crushing (BC), after crushing (AC) and after milling (AM)) on microwave-assisted flotation of chalcopyrite and pyrite in a porphyry copper complex deposit. Individual given samples for each state were pre-treated with a variable power microwave at a power level of 90 to 900W for 15, 30, and 60s. Furthermore, froth floatation experiments were carried out using a laboratory mechanical Denver flotation cell on both microwave-treated and untreated samples. Particle surface properties were characterized by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The results showed that the chalcopyrite and pyrite floatabilities increased monotonically by rising the exposure time and power level for the uncrushed preconditioned samples (BC) due to the enhancement of mineral liberation degrees together with the formation of sulphide species and polysulphides on the mineral surfaces. However, flotation results of treated samples for the crushed one (AC) revealed an optimum range. Formation of intensive oxide layers on the mineral surfaces of milled samples (AM) led to a substantial reduction in their recoveries by increasing the microwave’s power level and the sample’s exposure time. The results obtained from mineral’s floatabilities in recleaner stage showed that the microwave-assisted sample at 900W for 30s at BC state favourably provided 5% higher S.E.’s than that of the untreated sample. Finally, it was concluded that the microwave pretreatment of samples induced the best floatability responses if it located before the crusher.
EN
In this paper a design of millimeter-wave six-port device for LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic) technology is presented. Furthermore, problems with implementation of the project taking into account requirements of LTCC technology are discussed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono projekt sześciowrotnika na fale milimetrowe przygotowanego do realizacji w procesie technologicznym niskotemperaturowego współwypalania ceramiki (ang. Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic, LTCC). Omówiono także problemy związane z przygotowaniem projektu, uwzględniając wymagania i ograniczenia technologii LTCC.
EN
In this paper a design of millimetre-wave six-port device for LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic) technology is presented. Furthermore, problems with implementation of the project taking into account requirements of LTCC technology are discussed.
PL
[...]Implementacja autonomicznych systemów w państwach europejskich oraz brak możliwości współpracy z innymi systemami spowodowały, że Komisja Europejska od 2004 roku prowadzi szeroko zakrojone działania w zakresie interoperacyjności tych systemów. Interoperacyjność oraz budowa architektury tych systemów powoduje konieczność opracowania norm, dotyczących m.in. rozwiązań technicznych, bezpieczeństwa, protokołów przekazywania danych między elementami systemu i jego otoczeniem. Konieczne jest zatem opracowanie Krajowego Systemu Automatycznego Pobierania Opłat za przejazd autostradami i drogami szybkiego ruchu. Ważną cechą tego systemu powinna być unifi kacja wykorzystywanych w systemie urządzeń technicznych, tak aby zapewnić jego integralność.[...]
EN
The paper refers to some problems of the EETS interoperability. DSRC systems are used in the most of European Union members countries (Austria, France, Spain, Italy) based on Dedicated Short Range Communication (microwave band – 5,8 GHz). The different resolution is used the global positioning GPS and wireless communication GSM based systems (the mentioned system has been implemented in Germany, in the future in Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, UK). The electronic toll collection systems in the European Union member states are not interoperable, therefore European Commission has taken bold steps to address that issue. The fi rst one was Directive 2004/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the interoperability of electronic road toll systems in the Community. The second was decision to launch Europe’s own Galileo system, that is predicted to improve upon both the accuracy and reliability of GPS. On June 26, 2004, the US and EU signed an agreement to coordinate Galileo and GPS. Furthermore the authors present the structure of electronic toll collection system that meets interoperability standards. The most important of its will be OBU (equipped with GPS, GSM and DSRC module – 5,8 GHz), that will be compatible with implemented EETS in EC.
EN
The paper refers to some problems in worldwide applications of electronic toll collection systems. According to the Directive 2004/52/EC, these systems should use one or more of the following technologies: satellite positioning, mobile communications using the GSM-GPRS standard and 5, 8 GHz microwave technology. Authors have analyzed systems which meet these requirements. As a result of the analysis, it has turned out that only system using satellite positioning technology and mobile communications (GSM/GPRS) is the best toll solution of unique capabilities. Authors will present the initial structure of GSM/GPS based Toll Collection System for Poland.
PL
W referacie przedstawiono światowe rozwiązania w zakresie elektronicznego pobierania opłat drogowych. Zgodnie z Dyrektywą 2004/52/WE, systemy tego typu powinny uwzględniać przynajmniej jedną z technologii: nawigację satelitarną, łączność bezprzewodową GSM/GPRS oraz łączność mikrofalową krótkiego zasięgu 5,8 GHz. Autorzy dokonali analizy systemów, spełniających wymagania dyrektywy. Najlepszym rozwiązaniem okazał się system, wykorzystujący pozycjonowanie satelitarne oraz łączność GSM/GPRS, ze względu na unikalne możliwości w tym zakresie. W referacie zaprezentowano strukturę systemu dla Polski.
PL
W referacie przedstawiono strukturę funkcjonalną Krajowego Systemu Automatycznego Poboru Opłat (KSAPO) zgodnie z wymaganiami Unii Europejskiej, określonymi w Dyrektywie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2004/52/WE. Według dyrektywy systemy elektronicznego pobierania opłat drogowych powinny uwzględniać przynajmniej jedną z technologii: nawigację satelitarną, łączność bezprzewodową GSM/GPRS oraz łączność mikrofalową krótkiego zasięgu 5,8 GHz. Najlepszym rozwiązaniem dla Polski jest system, wykorzystujący pozycjonowanie satelitarne oraz łączność GSM/GPRS, ze względu na unikalne możliwości w tym zakresie. W referacie scharakteryzowano elementy KSAPO, do których należą; Krajowa Centrala Automatycznego Poboru Opłat, urządzenie pokładowe OBU, montowane w pojeździe oraz bramki kontrolne.
EN
The paper refers to functional structure of the National Automatic Toll Collect System (NATCS) according to the European Community requirements determined in Directive 2004/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Electronic Toll Collection Systems should use one or more of the following technologies: satellite positioning, mobile communications using the GSM-GPRS standard and 5, 8 GHz microwave technology. The best solution for Poland is system using satellite positioning technology and mobile communications (GSM/GPRS) is the best toll solution of unique capabilities.
EN
Th e paper refers to some problems of European Electronic Tolling Service (EETS) implementation in Poland. Motor Transport Institute has developed the structure of the National Automatic Toll Collection System (NATCS). It consists of National Automatic Toll Collection Centre (NATCC), OBU and control subsystem. NATCS system is based on a combination of mobile communications using the GSM-GPRS standard technology, the satellite-based global positioning system (GPS) and 5,8 GHz microwave technology. An innovative element of NATCS is the On-Board Unit (OBU), which automatically calculates the amount of charge due taking into account the vehicle category (admissible weight, number of axles), road distance and the emissions class (ecological aspect). The control subsystem distinguishes between automatic enforcement through control gates, enforcement by mobile teams, and patrol teams. Th is presented kind of system is the best toll solution for Poland because of unique capabilities.
EN
The paper refers to some problems of worldwide applications in electronic toll collection systems for motorways and expressways. According to Directive 2004/52/EC, these systems should use one or more of the following technologies: satellite positioning, mobile communications using the GSM-GPRS standard (reference GSM TS 03.60/23.060) and 5.8 GHz microwave technology. Authors have analyzed systems, which meet these requirements, especially the states as follows: The United State of America, Japan, Taiwan, Austria, Czech Republic, France, Norway and Germany. As a result of the analysis, it has turned out that only system using satellite positioning technology and mobile communications (GSM/GPRS) is the best toll solution of unique capabilities and this kind of technologically sophisticated system should be implemented in Poland. Author will present the initial structure of GSM/GPS based Toll Collection System for Poland. This type of system has many advantages. The first is absence of the need for new road infrastructure (gantries), operators can keep using the existing infrastructure. System works without toll booths, extra lanes, speed restrictions or complex structures along toll roads. The second is much greater flexibility in defining or changing payment by simply redefining the “virtual” toll areas. It means ability to adapt easily and quickly to changes in charge parameters (road classes, vehicle types, emission levels, times slots etc). The third is the systems ability to support other value-added services on the same technology platform.
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