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Source Apportionment of Microplastics in Environment from Sanitary Landfill – A Case Study of Muangpak Municipality Landfill, Thailand

Saengchut Phongthon, Viriya Haritsalak, Kongritti Nirun

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

278--284

EN

The controlling microplastics (MPs) at source is a management method that can effectively reduce the amount of contamination in the environment. The main source of MPs was landfills that the decomposition of solid waste, MPs has an impact on environmental quality especially the health of humans. This research was investigated of MPs contamination at landfill site in the Muangpak municipality for analysis of MPs quantitative and source apportionment of MPs. The results of the composition of municipal solid waste by quartering method found that bio-degradable solid waste was as high as 36.27% followed by general solid waste of 35.97% which was mostly plastic waste and effect the contamination of MPs in the environment. The distribution of MPs in environmental found that highest abundance was 66.44% of leachate sludge pond 1 followed by leachate sludge pond 2 (26.30%), sediment of surface water (3.32%), leachate pond 1 (1.04%), leachate pond 2 (0.80%), groundwater point 3 (0.62%), groundwater point 1 (0.58%), surface water (0.53%) and groundwater point 2 (0.37%). The contamination of polymer types of MPs at higher densities of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) than polypropylene (PP) was found in samples closest to landfill area especially leachate pond more than 90%. The source apportionment of MPs using statistical analysis found that plastic waste has correlated to occurrence of LDPE and plastic bottle waste has correlated to occurrence of HDPE that both types of plastic waste are related to the amount of general solid waste and recycle solid waste increases every year.

2

Folia z poli(alkoholu winylowego) jako alternatywa tworzyw sztucznych wykonanych z PET i HDPE w procesie ekoprojektowania zrównoważonych produktów detergentowych

Nowak Bibianna, Sikora Elżbieta

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 10

1059--1063

PL

Wzrost świadomości i oczekiwań ze strony konsumentów produktów czyszczących i piorących oraz podejmowanie wielu inicjatyw w zakresie zmian ustawodawstwa przez organy UE przyczyniają się do zmian nie tylko w recepturowaniu produktów, ale i sposobie ich aplikacji. Dynamiczny rozwój środków do prania w formie ściśle określonych porcji w otoczce z folii wykonanej z poli(alkoholu winylowego) (PVA) dał możliwość racjonalnego użycia produktu, ograniczając przedozowanie detergentu. Koncepcja skoncentrowania mieszaniny piorącej i jej zamknięcia w otoczce wykonanej z folii z PVA znacznie ogranicza zużycie wody w procesach produkcyjnych (zgodnie z trendem water less) oraz zmniejsza ilość wprowadzanych na rynek tworzyw sztucznych. Folia z PVA dająca możliwość przechowywania, ochrony, przewozu i dostarczania produktu stanowi interesującą alternatywę dla tworzyw sztucznych wykonanych m.in. z PET (poli(tereftalen etylenu)) i HDPE (polietylen o wysokiej gęstości). Artykuł stanowi przegląd literaturowy dotyczący składu, właściwości i procesu wytwarzania folii z PVA.Omówiono zależności pomiędzy składem chemicznym folii a jej właściwościami fizycznymi i rozpuszczalnością w wodzie. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na biodegradowalność folii. Z przeprowadzonego przeglądu literaturowego wynika, że właściwości folii z PVA stwarzają możliwościrozszerzenia jej zastosowania w procesie ekoprojektowania zrównoważonych produktów detergentowych do czyszczenia i pielęgnacji powierzchni twardych.

EN

A review, with 29 refs., of the compn., properties and prodn. process of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film. The relationship between the chem. compn. of the film and its water soly. were discussed. Particular attention was paid to the biodegradability of the PVA film. Both the mechanical properties and the biodegradability of the PVA film create opportunities to extend its use in the eco-design process of sustainable detergent products for cleaning of hard surfaces.

3

Plant balls from a Pomeranian lake, their invertebrate and microplastic components

Witalis Bartosz, Kornijów Ryszard

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 3

307--311

EN

Two balls with similar diameters (approximately 11–12 cm) were found on the bottom of Lake Białe (Kashubian Lake District) at depths of 4 m and 7 m. The structures were made of tightly-packed plant remains represented mainly by decaying leaves of Larix sp. The balls were colonised by invertebrates (Tubificinae, Hirudinea, Isopoda, and insect larvae). They also contained pollutants, namely microplasticsin blue, white, red, and black colours with a length from 500 to 1000 μm. Four other balls had been earlier reported byan other diver in the same lake. According to a report of the local press, similar balls have also been found in Lake Bobęcińskie (Bytowskie Lake District). This article aims to record the first appearance of larch balls in this area.

4

Zastosowanie procesów membranowych do usuwania mikroplastików z wody i ścieków

Bodzek Michał, Pohl Alina

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2023

|

nr 4

49--55

PL

Zanieczyszczenie środowiska wodnego mikroplastikami (MPs) jest obecnie problemem na skalę światową. Aby przeciwdziałać temu zagrożeniu, należy z jednej strony ograniczyć liczbę mikrocząstek tworzyw sztucznych przedostających się do środowiska, z drugiej zaś usunąć cząstki już w nim obecne. Jako jedne z głównych dróg przedostawania się mikroplastików do środowiska wodnego wymienia się oczyszczalnie ścieków. Żadna z obecnie dostępnych technologii oczyszczania ścieków nie jest specjalnie zaprojektowana do usuwania tych zanieczyszczeń, jednakże na tle innych procesów techniki membranowe wykazują w tym zakresie duży potencjał. Ponadto połączenie tych procesów z innymi, jak koagulacja czy procesy biologiczne, pozwala na prawie 100-proc. Usunięcie mikroplastików z matrycy. Najbardziej efektywnym rozwiązaniem w tym zakresie są bioreaktory membranowe (MBR), które łączą proces biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków z separacją membranową, wpisując się jednocześnie w trendy „zielonej chemii”. Niemniej jednak potrzebne są dalsze badania, szczególnie w obszarze zminimalizowania foulingu membran, który stanowi główną wadę w procesach membranowych.

EN

The pollution of the aquatic environment with microplastics (MPs) is currently a global problem. To counteract this threat, it is necessary, on the one hand, to limit the number of plastic microparticles entering the environment and, on the other hand, to remove particles already present in it. Wastewater treatment plants are mentioned as one of the main routes of the passage of microplastics into the aquatic environment. None of the currently available wastewater treatment technologies is specifically designed to remove these contaminants, but membrane techniques have great potential in this field as compared to other processes. Moreover, combining these processes with others, such as coagulation or biological processes, enables almost 100% removal of microplastics from the matrix. The most effective solution in this regard are membrane bioreactors (MBR), which combine the biological wastewater treatment process with membrane separation while being in line with the trends of „green chemistry”. Nevertheless, further research is needed, especially in the area of minimising membrane fouling, which is the main disadvantage in membrane processes.

5

Microplastics contamination in commercial fish landed at Lengkong Fish Auction Point, Central Java, Indonesia

Hidayati Nuning Vita, Rachman Fenina O.B., Muslih, Hidayat Rizqi R., Meinita Maria D.N., Hendrayana, Husni Iqbal A., Andriyono Sapto, Sanjayasari Dyahruri

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 58

70--78

EN

Plastic is one of the main pollutant sources that are difficult to decompose and then carried into the ocean and fragmented into smaller parts (microplastics) due to UV radiation and water currents. Their small size means that microplastics are often ingested by aquatic organisms, such as fish. This research aimed to determine the presence, abundance, and types of microplastics in the digestive tract of four dominant fishes landed at Lengkong Fish Auction Point, Cilacap, Central Java, i.e. threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum), mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.), threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus), and hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus). We found microplastics in the digestive tract of four selected fishes with a frequency of occurrence of 100%. The concentration of microplastics in fish digestive tracts is relatively high, with a value range of 12 ±2.86 to 28.33 ±8.11 particles∙ind.-1. Microplastics were found in films, fibres, fragments, and granule shape types with various colours: brown, purple, blue, black, green, transparent, and yellow. The polymers found were polystyrene (PS), nylon, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The present study provides baseline data for microplastics contamination in commercial fish species landed at Lengkong Fish Auction Point, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. The fact that we discovered PU, the most harmful polymer, piques our attention.

6

Microplastics abundance in domestic wastewater as a pollutant source for the Daroy River, Indonesia

Fauzi Mhd., Soewondo Prayatni, Darnas Yeggi, Handajani Marisa, Tedjakusuma Teddy, Nizar Muhammad, Muna Cut R., Nur Ansiha

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

118--125

EN

Domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot, Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia is directly discharged to the Daroy River without any treatment process. Domestic wastewater from Gampong Garot has been one of the contributors to microplastics contamination in the Daroy River. The microplastics (MPs) contained in domestic wastewater might come from used soaps and detergent products, as well as the scouring of clothes during washing. Thus, this study aims to investigate the abundance of MPs in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot. The sampling points were determined based on purposive sampling, with samples taken at the end of the main pipe that directly leads to the Daroy River. Organics in domestic wastewater were removed using 30% H2O2 liquid through a digestion process at a temperature of 75°C. MPs characteristics such as size, shape, and colour were visually analysed using a light binocular microscope at 100× magnification, while the polymer type was analysed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The concentration of MPs in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot was 30.238 ±1.228 particles∙(100 cm)-3 sample. The most common sizes of MPs were found to be in the range of 1,001-5,000 μm, while the dominant colour and shape were transparent and fibre-like. Polyester (PES) was the most detected type of MPs. These findings highlight the need for wastewater treatment before discharge into aquatic bodies.

7

Microplastics Evaluation in Tap Water in Left Side Districts of Mosul City, Iraq

Sultan Mhmood Hameed, Al-Ahmady Kossay K., Mhemid Rasha Khalid Sabri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

353--362

EN

Microplastics (MPs) are considered as recently identified pollutants in the tap water of Mosul city. Limited studies on the quantity and features of microplastics have been reported. Consequently, this study examined the number and characteristics of MPs in tap water from 16 districts in left side of Mosul city, including 8 districts that receive drinking water from the Alaysar aljadid drinking water treatment plant (AJ-DWTP) and 8 districts that receive drinking water from the Alaysar alqadim drinking water treatment plant (AQ-DWTP). Infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and stereo microscopy were used to determine the microplastic abundance, polymer type, and morphology characteristics (colour and shape). The results showed that the abundances of MPs calcualted in tap water in AJ-WDN and AG-WDN were 35 to 70 items/L and 25 to 71 items/L, respectively. The predominant shape of microplastics was fiber and fragment, accounting for 93% of the identified quantities. The most common polymer types were polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (51%) followed by polyamide (PA) (16%). Statistical analysis was conducted on the results using Exel 2019. The microplastic’s risk has been estimated based on the potential risk index of polymers. In both the water distribution networks of AQ and AJ, MPs’ potential risk was significantly similar.

8

Investigation of Microplastic Contamination in Sediments, Water and Aquatic Biota in Lake Beratan, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province – Indonesia

Watiniasih Ni Luh, Hendrawan I. Gede, Nuarsa I. Wayan, Wiradana Putu Angga

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

323--332

EN

Microplastics (MPs) has become a very serious global threat, especially to the health of animals, humans and the environment. In this study we aim to investigate the contamination of MPs in sediment, air, and aquatic biota collected from the waters of Lake Beratan in Bali Province, Indonesia. Lake Beratan is one of the strategic areas that continues to develop as a tourist destination, agriculture and fisheries, as well as a source of water for daily needs. Sediment, water, and aquatic biota samples were collected from 4 stations that represent the Beratan Lake area. Each sample obtained was then followed by the pre-treatment stage using 5 M NaCl solution. Furthermore, the extraction process for each sample used wet oxidation peroxidation (WPO) with the addition of Fe (II) catalyst. The highest average weight of MPs in the sediment samples was obtained at the 1st sampling point of 2.53% which was dominated by soft fragments. The percentage of MPs weight in the water samples was varied at each sampling point with the highest obtained at the 4th point of 99.2% and was dominated by hard-shaped fragments at all sampling points. The collected aquatic biota was also contaminated by MPs of 68% in fish and 36.40% in shrimp. The types of MPs found in the digestive tract of aquatic biota are in the form of fragments, filaments, films and foam. These results indicate that the aquatic environment of Lake Beratan, Bali has MPs content that varies in sediment, water and aquatic biota which are often consumed by the local community. This must be of particular concern and further investigation, especially regarding the environmental management of the lake area and the relevant authorities in formulating regulations to reduce the harmful effects of MPs contamination.

9

Investigating Microplastics in the Mediterranean Coastal Areas – Case Study of Al-Hoceima Bay, Morocco

Achoukhi Iliass, El Hammoudani Yahya, Dimane Fouad, Haboubi Khadija, Bourjila Abdelhak, Haboubi Chaimae, Benaissa Chaimae, Elabdouni Aouatif, Faiz Hatim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

176--190

EN

The issue of microplastics pollution is gaining increasing attention as a global environmental concern. These tiny particles, measuring no more than 5 mm in size and coming in various shapes, can affect all types of marine eco-systems as they are easily consumed by a wide range of marine species. Al-Hoceima Bay, with its semi-enclosed nature and heavily affected anthropized coastline, was chosen as the study area for this research. The main objective was to investigate the presence of various microplastic types in Al-Hoceima Bay by implementing a sampling strategy along the coastline. This comprehensive approach was applied on a local scale within the bay (located in the northwest Mediterranean). Three stations were established in the bay, each located at different levels: the supralittoral, medilittoral and interlittoral. Microplastics were collected from these locations and classified into four categories based on their abundance. Digital microscopy was used to count the plastic particles and they were identified by Fourier transform-attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Results showed a higher presence of microplastics in water at 114 particles/L compared to sediment at 70 particles/L. The classification of samples revealed fibers as the most prevalent form, followed by fragments and films being the least commonly found. The abundance of fibers was found to be higher in water 90%, while in sediment it was 31%, however, fragments and leaves were found in higher concentrations in sediment. Polypropylene and polyethylene were identified as the major polymers used in the microplastics analyzed.

10

Chemical Coagulation Applied for the Removal of Polyethylene and Expanded Polystyrene Microplastics

de Oliveira Thaynara Lorrayne, Bacelar Juliana Miranda, Teran Francisco Javier Cuba, Cuba Renata Medici Frayne, Porto Victor Hugo Souza Florentino

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

163--168

EN

Microplastics are emerging pollutants, formed through weathering, with sizes equal to or smaller than 5 mm. They can reach surface and groundwater sources, as well as oceans and seas through natural pathways or from the discharge of liquid effluents, causing immeasurable effects on human beings. This study aimed to evaluate the optimal conditions for the removal of polyethylene (PE) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) microplastics through coagulation and flocculation processes using aluminum sulfate. To achieve this goal, two 22 full factorial designs were employed, including two replicates at the central points. The sizes of the microplastics were fixed at 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm for PE and EPS, respectively. The selected independent variables were Al2 (SO4)3 and pH. The experiments were conducted considering rapid mixing parameters (400 rpm for 1 min), slow mixing (100 rpm for 15 min), and sedimentation (30 min), with a velocity of 0.1 cm•min–1 in the Jar Test. Turbidity determination was applied to quantify the remaining microplastics. Consequently, it was observed that the highest efficiency occurred for PE microplastics at 4.25 mg•L–1 of Al2 (SO4)3 and pH 5, and for EPS microplastics at 6.00 mg•L–1 of Al2 (SO4)3 and pH 4, resulting in removal rates of 96.81% and 96.30% and turbidity levels of 0.38 and 0.50 NTU, respectively. The removal efficiencies of microplastics were similar, with a decrease at pH 6 for both, as low ionic strength prevents the release of H+ ions.

11

Usuwanie mikroplastików z wód i ścieków

Mrowiec Bożena

Instal

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2023

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nr 10

44--49

PL

W artykule opisano charakterystykę procesów oczyszczania wód i ścieków w zakresie usuwania mikroplastików (MPs). Pośród fizycznych metod oczyszczania za najbardziej efektywne w usuwaniu MPs uznaje się procesy membranowe oraz filtrację pospieszną. Metody chemiczne, takie jak: koagulacja, elektrokoagulacja czy zaawansowane utlenianie cechuje zróżnicowana efektywność, jednak są udoskonalane w kierunku poprawy wydajności usuwania MPs. W grupie metod biologicznych najbardziej efektywne są bioreaktory membranowe. Zastosowanie zróżnicowanych i wielostopniowych technologii oczyszczania wód i ścieków daje możliwość eliminacji MPs nawet w zakresie 98-100%. Ograniczeniem zastosowania efektywnej technologii są koszty eksploatacyjne, utylizacja odpadów oraz zapewnienie ograniczenia ponownej migracji MPs do środowiska.

EN

The article presents characteristics of the processes of water and wastewater treatment in the field of microplastics (MPs) removing. Among the physical methods of treatment membrane techniques and rapid filtration are the most effective in MPs eliminating. Chemical methods such as coagulation, electrocoagulation and advanced oxidation are moderately effective, but they are being improved to higher efficiency of MPs removal. In the group of biological methods, membrane bioreactors are the most effective. The use of diversified and multi-stage water and wastewater treatment technologies makes it possible to MPs eliminate even in the range of 98-100%. The application of effective technology is limited by operating costs and the problem of waste disposal, so that the removed MPs are not returned to the environment.

12

Investigating the content of microplastics and other extraneous particles in Polish bottled water

Aleksander-Kwaterczak Urszula, Gaj Dominika, Stelmach Alex, Wróbel Tomasz P.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 4

335--353

EN

Bottled water has enjoyed a global increase in popularity since it is generally perceived to be superior in quality to tap water and necessary when tap water is non-potable. As a result, ensuring that it meets the requisite quality standards is of vital importance. This work aims to examine the content of solid particles, including microplastics, in bottled water available in Polish stores. The second aspect is the preliminary determination of the influence of the water gassing process, together with thermal and light factors, on the content of particles in the water. The number of particles was counted by colour and shape, with the number ranging from 87 to 188 per litre of water; on average, there were 136 ±32 particles per litre of water, demonstrating that water from disposable plastic bottles is contaminated with various substances. The difference in the number of particles may be due to the origin of the waters, the processes they were subjected to prior to bottling, the properties of the bottles as packaging, and the conditions and length of storage and transport. Additional Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis confirmed that about 75% of the particles were polymers, and 50% of them were plastics. Particularly alarming is the fact that the bottled waters mostly contained microplastic particles (MP) of smaller sizes, the kind which is recognized as being the most dangerous to human health. In the study, most particles were in the form of irregular shapes, which may indicate that they come from the destruction of waste or plastic products. This is also indicated by the domination of colourless particles. More particles were found in waters exposed to high and low temperatures than in waters stored at room temperature, potentially indicating that storage conditions for drinking water are important. Taking into account the results obtained, increasing attention should be paid to the health risks posed by such microplastics and there is a clear need to introduce legal regulations on the matter. The lack of any legal guidelines or unified standards in the field of MP research means that the results are not always representative, and it also makes it difficult to compare the results from different studies.

13

Microscopic Method to Verify the Efficiency of Removal of Organic Pollutants from Microplastic Surfaces

Majewski Kamil Artur

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2023

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Vol. 33, no. 1

90--98

EN

The purification of microplastic samples is a crucial step in environmental research, aiming to remove contaminants and ensure accurate analysis. This study explores various methods for purifying microplastics, focusing on the removal of organic contaminants, specifically fulvic acids. Comparative analysis using microscopic imaging techniques was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods. The results highlight the complexities involved in microplastic purification and the challenges associated with different approaches. While some methods showed promising outcomes, such as the sonification method, it was also observed that they could potentially alter the microplastic structure. Additionally, the limitations and potential interferences of other purification methods, such as Fenton's solution, were identified. This study underscores the importance of selecting purification methods that minimize negative impacts on microplastics and ensure reliable analysis. Further research is needed to optimize purification techniques and fully understand their effects on microplastic integrity. This research contributes to the broader goal of developing robust methodologies for microplastic analysis in environmental studies.

14

A review of methods for the isolation of microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment

Ormaniec Paulina, Mikosz Jerzy

Technical Transactions

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2022

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Vol. 119, iss. 1

art. no. e2022010

EN

Wastewater treatment plants are considered to be one of the largest sources of microplastics in the natural environment. The problem of microplastics has been widely studied in many environments. It remains a subject of the growing interest for researchers. By definition, microplastic is plastic that does not exceed 5 mm in size. There are three stages in the study of microplastics in wastewater: sampling, treatment, and the identification of microplastics. This paper aims to review the strategies for sampling microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and their laboratory treatment to isolate microplastics. The collection of samples from the wastewater treatment plant is based on two mechanisms, namely a continuous filtering and pumping system and instantaneous sampling (steel bucket, glass jar, telescopic sampling). The removal of organic and inorganic matter is carried out with the use of physical and chemical analyses. The subject of this article is the compilation of the generally available research methods on microplastics. Based on the literature analysis, conclusions were drawn regarding the recommended methods of microplastic detection.

15

Preliminary approach to ecological risk assessment of microplastics in selected coastal regions of Baltic Sea

Krasowska Katarzyna, Dereszewska Alina, Popek Marzenna

Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes

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2022

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Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2022

133--142

EN

The aim of the study is to provide a primary understanding of the risk of microplastics (MPs) pollution in selected coastal regions of the Baltic Sea waters. This chapter presents preliminary data on the presence of MPs in superficial layers of seawater and sediments of the Puck Bay and Gulf of Gdansk. The environmental risk assessment has been performed for microplastics of the order of size from 0.3 to 5 mm. The detected fragments of microplastics and synthetic textile fibres are present in amounts that do not pose a significant threat to the marine ecosystem. However, microplastics contamination is projected to continue to increase in the region of the Baltic Sea, so it is necessary to monitor and take precautionary actions to minimise concentrations of microplastics in these environments.

16

Mikroplastik w środowisku naturalnym

Samsonowska Katarzyna, Kaszuba Alicja

Polimery

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2022

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Vol. 67, nr 1

28--33

PL

Ze wzrostem produkcji tworzyw polimerowych gwałtownie zwiększyła się ilość odpadów plastikowych. Problem dotyczy nie tylko akwenów, gdzie odpady z tworzyw tworzą dryfujące wyspy śmieci, ale także plaż i niekontrolowanych wysypisk. Realnym niebezpieczeństwem dla środowiska naturalnego oraz zdrowia ludzi i zwierząt jest tzw. mikroplastik.

EN

With the increase in plastic production, the amount of plastic waste has increased sharply. The problem concerns not only waters where plastic waste forms drifting islands of rubbish, but also beaches and uncontrolled landfills. The real danger to the environment and human and animal health is the so-called microplastic.

17

Mikroplastik w środowisku i jego usuwanie w technologiach oczyszczania wody i ścieków

Pohl Alina, Bodzek Michał

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

|

nr 4

38--43

PL

W ciągu ostatnich lat światowa produkcja tworzyw sztucznych szybko się rozwinęła, a powstające z tych tworzyw śmieci stały się jednocześnie jednym z najszybciej rosnących strumieni odpadów komunalnych na świecie. Rozkład tworzyw sztucznych do mikro- i nanodrobin pogłębia dodatkowo problem zanieczyszczenia środowiska tymi materiałami. Ze względu na małą gęstość i mały rozmiar tych cząstek są one łatwo odprowadzane do kanalizacji ściekowej, a następnie do oczyszczalni ścieków, które są ich głównymi odbiorcami przed zrzutem do zbiorników wodnych. Żadna ze stosowanych obecnie technologii oczyszczania ścieków czy uzdatniania wody nie jest przeznaczona do usuwania cząstek tworzyw sztucznych. Efektywność usunięcia mikroplastików z zastosowaniem różnych metod, w tym fizycznych, chemicznych czy biologicznych, daje zróżnicowane wyniki. Najlepsze efekty w zakresie usunięcia mikroplastiku z wody i ścieków uzyskuje się, stosując technologie hybrydowe czy zaawansowane procesy oczyszczania trzeciego stopnia w technologii oczyszczania ścieków.

EN

In recent years, the global production of plastics has developed rapidly, and the waste generated from them has also become one of the fastest growing municipal waste streams in the world. The decomposition of plastics into micro- and nanoparticles additionally aggravates the problem of environmental pollution with these materials. Due to the low density and small size of these particles, they are easily discharged into the sewage system, and then to the wastewater treatment plants, which are their main recipients before discharging them into water reservoirs. Among various wastewater and water treatment technologies that are in use today, none is designed to remove plastic particles. The effectiveness of microplastics removal using a variety of methods, including physical, chemical and biological ones, produces varying results. The best effects in terms of removing microplastics from water and wastewater are achieved by using hybrid technologies or advanced tertiary treatment processes in wastewater treatment technology.

18

Występowanie mikroplastików w słodkich wodach powierzchniowych

Mrowiec Bożena

Instal

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2022

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nr 10

64--67

PL

Artykuł przedstawia charakterystykę zanieczyszczeń z tworzyw sztucznych - mikroplastików (MPs), ich występowanie w słodkich wodach powierzchniowych na różnych kontynentach oraz metody usuwania tych zanieczyszczeń z wody. Badania wskazują znacznie zróżnicowane zawartości MPs wodach słodkich, od 10-2 do 108 cząstek/m3. Z punktu widzenia wykorzystania wód powierzchniowych, jako wody przeznaczonej do spożycia, obecność MPs staje się wyzwaniem dla projektantów i technologów systemów oczyszczania wody. Do efektywnych sposobów usuwania MPs z wód zalicza się procesy membranowe i filtrację pospieszną. Metody chemiczne jak koagulacja, elektrokoagulacja czy zaawansowane utlenianie są udoskonalane w kierunku efektywnej eliminacji MPs. Problem zanieczyszczenia wód śródlądowych MPs wskazuje na podjęcie natychmiastowych działań w zakresie ograniczenia odprowadzania MPs do środowiska wodnego i efektywnego oczyszczania wody.

EN

The paper presents characteristics of plastic pollutants - microplastics (MPs), their occurrence in fresh surface waters on different continents and methods of removing these pollutants from water. The investigations show the concentration of MPs varies considerably in fresh waters, from 10-2 to 108 particles/m3. From the point of view of using surface waters as drinking water, the presence of MPs becomes a challenge for designers and technologists of water treatment systems. Effective methods of MPs removing from water include membrane processes and rapid filtration. Chemical methods such as coagulation, electrocoagulation and advanced oxidation are being refined towards the effective MPs elimination. The contamination of inland waters by MPs indicates that immediate actions are required to limit the discharge of MPs into the aquatic environment and effective water treatment.

19

Mikroplastiki - czy są dla nas szkodliwe?

Bogdanowicz Aleksandra

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2022

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Nr 5

12--15

PL

Mikroplastiki stanowią zanieczyszczenie o charakterze globalnym, o czym świadczy ich obecność w różnych ekosystemach (m.in. w wodzie, glebie, powietrzu). Co więcej, mogą być one transportowane w środowisku na duże odległości, docierając tym samym do bardzo odległych i odludnych miejsc. Zanieczyszczenie produktów przeznaczonych do spożycia oraz atmosfery mikroplastikami powoduje, że człowiek jest narażony na ich spożycie i wdychanie, jednakże możliwe konsekwencje zdrowotne z tym związane nie są znane. W niniejszym artykule zestawiono najważniejsze informacje na temat występowania mikrodrobin plastiku w środowisku wodnym, powietrzu, jak również produktach żywnościowych. Ponadto przedstawiony został aktualny stan wiedzy na temat wpływu mikroplastików na człowieka w oparciu o dostępne dane literaturowe.

EN

Microplastic pollution is global, as evidenced by their presence in various ecosystems (including water, soil, air). What's more, they can be transported in the environment over long distances, thus reaching very remote and desolate areas. Contamination of food products and the atmosphere with microplastics means that people are exposed to the consumption and inhalation of these micropollutants, however, the possible health consequences are unknown. This article summarises the most important information on the occurrence of microplastics in the aquatic environment, air and food. Furthermore, the current state of knowledge on the effects of microplastics on humans is presented based on available literature data.

20

Pollution of Beach Sand From Selected Recreational Reservoirs by Microplastics

Popenda Agnieszka, Wiśniowska Ewa

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 4

230--241

EN

The presence of microplastics have been ubiquitously confirmed in aquatic environment possessing the potential risk to the health of ecosystem. Most studies concerning microplastics are focused on water bodies, but it is considered that sediments and sands from the beaches may to be a long-term sink for microplastics. High concentrations of microplastics have been found in sand beach in Europe and all over the world. In the present studies samples of beach sand originating from three beaches of recreational reservoirs in Southern Poland (Silesian Voivodship) were analysed. Preliminary screening tests were done to evaluate the degree of microplastics pollution of the selected sandy beaches. Samples were taken once from three places on the beaches of each reservoir. Beach sections parallel to the waterline were selected at each study at the swash zone – about 1 m above the waterline. Previously, no studies were done on the presence of microplastics in these beaches. The samples taken from the beach were homogenized and mixed with saturated NaCl solutions, after separation of microplastics the pollutants were counted under optical microscope (under magnification 40 -100 x). It was found that in all three places the microplastics occurred in the beach sand samples. The most contaminated samples originated from Lisiniec recreation park (Adriatyk) which contained 340 ± 222 particles per kg/d.m. The most abundant fractions in the examined samples were fibres and fragments, the less abundant ones were granules. It can be concluded that recreational reservoirs beaches can be significantly contaminated by microplastics particles, but simultaneously the concentrations of these micropollutants can vary a lot between the individual places.