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PL
Próbki kompostu przydomowego rozdrobniono w młynie nożowym, a następnie w młynie planetarno-kulowym i homogenizowano przy prędkości obrotowej 30 500 rpm. Wielkość otrzymanych cząstek badano za pomocą analizatora dynamicznego rozpraszania światła DLS i analizowano jakościowo za pomocą FTIR. Znaleziono cząstki o średniej wielkości 500 nm, zawierające głównie polietylen.
EN
Backyard compost samples were ground in a knife mill and then in a planetary-ball mill and homogenized at 30 500 rpm. The size of the particles obtained was studied using a DLS dynamic light scattering analyzer and analyzed qual. using FTIR. The av. particle size was 500 nm. They mainly contained polyethylene.
EN
This study aimed to produce gellan gum-based hydrogels with the addition of zinc oxide as a potential dressing material. Hydrogels with ZnO concentrations of 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% were prepared, micrometric and nanometric ZnO particles were used, and a CaCl2 crosslinker was added to one part of the samples. All samples (14 types) produced by the freeze drying method were characterized with high swelling properties (>2000%), what is important to ensure the absorption of exudates from wounds. Samples with ZnO particles cross-linked with CaCl2 lost less mass after incubation in aqueous media and were characterized by better dimensional stability than those without crosslinking. The pH of the extracts of the samples containing ZnO particles was more neutral (pH 7.0-7.6) than that of the control gellan gum samples (pH of 5.5-6.1). The zinc release from cross-linked samples was twice as high for those containing nanometric particles than for micrometric particles (1.94 ± 0.04 mg/l and 0.93 ± 0.02, respectively). Relatively large amounts of released zinc species in the case of samples containing ZnO nanoparticles are promising in the context of the antibacterial properties and treatment of infected wounds. A lower amount of zinc released from samples with ZnO microparticles could be sufficient to prevent the development of the infection. Furthermore, both materials show satisfactory cytocompatibility with L929 fibroblasts, as shown by Alamar blue and live/dead viability tests, making them prospective candidates for wound healing
EN
Because of excellent properties, similar to natural bone minerals, and variety of possible biomedical applications, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a valuable compound among the calcium phosphate salts. A number of synthesis routes for producing HAp powders have been reported. Despite this fact, it is important to develop new methods providing precise control over the reaction and having potential to scale-up. The main motivation for the current paper is a view of continuous synthesis methods toward medical application of produced hydroxyapatite, especially in the form of nanoparticles.
4
Content available Sedymentacja mikrocząstek osadów wodociągowych
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań i obliczeń prędkości sedymentacji zawiesin mikrocząstek osadów pochodzących z płukania systemu wodociągowego. Wykonano również badania wielkości mikro-cząstek osadów wodociągowych i rozkładu ich średnic. Eksperymentalnie określono prędkość sedymentacji zawiesin mikrocząstek oraz porównano ją z obliczoną wg wybranych modeli sedymentacji. Stwierdzono znaczne rozbieżności. Przedyskutowano wpływ średniej średnicy arytmetycznej i geometrycznej mikro-cząstek na obliczeniową prędkość sedymentacji mikrocząstek.
EN
The paper presents the results of research and calculations of sedimentation velocity of microparticle suspensions from a flushing water supply system. Investigations of microparticle diameters and distribution of their size were also carried out. Determined experimentally values of sedimentation velocities were compared with selected sedimentation models. The significant discrepancies between the experimental and calculated values of sedimentation velocities of micro-particles suspensions were found. The influence of arithmetic and geo-metric average diameters of microparticle on the description of experimental data concerning sedimentation velocities of microparticles are discussed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono nowości w dziedzinie specjalnych chemikaliów. Dokonano przeglądu nie tylko produktów nowo wprowadzonych na rynek, lecz także wiedzy o strategiach stosowania, regulacji i monitoringu. Tendencje obecnie występujące w przemyśle, takie jak wprowadzanie środowiska obojętnego w wytwarzaniu papierów z udziałem mas mechanicznych, zwiększenie zawartości wypełniacza i wykorzystanie HYP w składzie typowych receptur papierów wysokogatunkowych doprowadziły do znaczącego rozwoju nowych technologii.
EN
This paper presents a review of recent developments in the area of specialty chemicals on the background of changes in paper technology and the overall industry economic landscape. This paper reviews not only new products introduced to the market, but also mechanistic knowledge, application strategies, control and monitoring, and possible future trends. It is quite clear that the last several years presented a period of optimization of major technologies in terms of cost, impact on product quality and machine efficiency. Developments of new papermaking chemistry technology reflect well on the overall state of the paper industry by focusing on production efficiency and final product performance with a significant focus on overall program cost. Recent industry trends such as neutral pH conversions in mechanical grades, increased filler levels and application of HYP in typical fine paper furnishes triggered significant new technology development. As a result of these activities, several important technologies were introduced and significant intellectual foundations for others were laid.
PL
Przedstawiono doświadczalne i numeryczne wyniki badania morfologii cząstek dekstranu otrzymywanych techniką suszenia rozpyłowego. W wyniku tego procesu można otrzymać cząstki puste w środku typu hollow particles o różnej średnicy oraz grubości powłoki (shell). Do opisu teoretycznego procesu suszenia zastosowano model o parametrach rozłożonych. Pozwolił on na przedstawienie wpływu, jaki na kształt i budowę cząstek wywierają takie parametry procesu, jak temperatura powietrza suszącego oraz wielkość kropli.
EN
The paper presents the experimental and numerical results of dextran par¬ticles morphology obtained by means of spray drying method. This process can produce hollow particles which differ in diameter and shell thickness. For theoretical description of spray drying process the distributed parameter model was used. The model allowed one to present the influence of such process parameters as drying air temperature and droplet size on particle shape and its structure.
PL
Przedstawiono sposób syntezy mikrocząstek cynowych na podłożu niemetalicznym metodą bezprądową. Zaproponowano następujący sposób otrzymywania: (I) synteza zarodków katalizatora Pd, (II) bezprądowe osadzanie miedzi z roztworu alkalicznego z zastosowaniem formaldehydu jako reduktora, (III) wytwarzanie ziaren cynowych na drodze cementacji cyny(II) miedzią w roztworze kwaśnym, (IV) osadzanie cyny z roztworu silnie alkalicznego na drodze dysproporcjonacji Sn(II). Średnia wielkość poszczególnych ziaren metalicznych wynosiła: 0,7 nm Pt, 2 [mi]m Cu, 10 [mi]m Sn (cementacyjnie) i 4 [mi]m Sn (autokatalitycznie). Przeprowadzono także dodatkowe pomiary elektrochemiczne z zastosowaniem różnych typów elektrod.
EN
The paper presents electroless deposition of tin microparticles on non-metallic substrate. The following method was proposed: (I) synthesis of Pd catalytic nuclei for copper electroless deposition, (II) electroless deposition of copper from an alkaline solution using formaldehyde as a reducing agent, (III) cementation tin by copper nuclei in an acid solution, (IV) tin electroless deposition in a strong alkaline solution. Average grain sizes were: 0,7 nm Pt, 2 [mi]m Cu, 10 [mi]m Sn (cemented) i 4 [mi]m Sn (autocatalytic). Electrochemical studies were also performed using various electrode substrate.
EN
This paper reviews recent advances concerning antibiotic-loaded microparticles application in osteomyelitis treatment. We discuss different methods utilized for microparticles' preparation, i.e. double emulsification, simple emulsification and spray drying. Materials comprised of sphere-shaped matrices are also presented. We point out that the most commonly used microsphere-building components are biodegrad¬able aliphatic polyesters such as poly(lactide-co-glicolide) PLGA, poly(sebacic-ricinoleic-ester-anhydride) P(SA-RA) and poly(lactic-co-hydroxymethyl glycolic acid) PLHMGA. Biopolymers like gelatin, starch or chitosan are also applied as antibiotic carriers. Relationship between preparation method, type of material and its crosslinking degree, microparticles' immobilization steps and the amount of loaded antibiotic are reported as the main factors controlling release rate of drugs in osteomyelitis treatment. And finally, several approaches to produce injectable formulations as well as implantable three dimensional scaffolds with the use of microparticles are described. All in all, this proves that antibiotic-loaded microspheres are a versatile form of biomaterials in osteomyelitis therapy.
PL
Sformułowano model numeryczny suszenia rozpyłowego układów wieloskładnikowych, uwzględniający niejednorodność stężeń i temperatur oraz możliwość krystalizacji jednego ze składników. W wyniku przeprowadzonych symulacji stwierdzono, że dla małych kropli niejednorodności składu powstających cząstek są na ogól niewielkie. Większe niejednorodności mogą wystąpić w przypadku bardzo wysokiej temperatury powietrza suszącego oraz gdy rozpuszczalność jednego ze składników kropli jest stosunkowo niska.
EN
The numerical model of spray drying, taking into account inhomogcncity of concentrations and temperature as well as possibility of crystallization of one of the component, has been built. As a result of simulations it has been found that for small droplets the inhomogeneity of composition of the particles produced are very small. Noticeable inhomogenities may appear only in the case of very high temperature of drying air or when the solubility of one of the droplet component of is quite small.
EN
Impact of powders and sewing needles accelerated by explosion on various obstacles has been studied. Formation of channels up to 100 particle diameters in length has been observed when corundum and tungsten powders impacts on steel and duralumin at speeds up to 2 km/s. A mechanism of such super deep penetration of powder jets into metals has been proposed. The possibility of destroying by needles such objects as plexiglass blocks, antimeteorite screens, containers with elastic and explosive materials with a released energy exceeding the energy of needles has been shown. At impact speeds up to 400 m/s the depth of needles penetration into metals is 3-5 times higher than the one calculated for pointed rods at plastic work. The obtained results can be useful for modeling of impact of meteorites, space scraps and technological wasteson space aircrafts and their components.
EN
The paper deals with the possibilities for initiating electrical breakdown in vacuum by microparticles. Duration of the travel of charged spherical microparticles of various diameters accelerated by the electric field, and their velocities in the moment of impact against the electrode of opposite polarity are calculated. It was shown that the velocities are sufficiently high to induce plastic deformations of surfaces of the electrodes. The calculation was carried out in the Matlab environment.
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