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Radon – ochrona radiologiczna i wpływ na organizm człowieka

Sommer Sylwester, Włudecka Patrycja, Zielińska Urszula

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2019

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z. 4

16--19

PL

Radon jest radioaktywnym gazem szlachetnym, obecnym w środowisku człowieka. Jest on drugim po paleniu papierosów czynnikiem odpowiedzialnym za powstawanie raka płuc. W 2019 r. do prawa polskiego została zaimplementowana Dyrektywa Rady Unii Europejskiej 2013/59/EURATOM (tak zwana BSS) wymagająca czynnej ochrony przed stężeniami radonu powyżej 300 Bq/m3. Jednak problem jakie stężenia radonu zwiększają ryzyko powstawania nowotworów płuc jest tematem dyskusji naukowej i nie jest jednoznaczny. Cytogenetyczne efekty działania radonu można pokazać przy pomocy testu kometowego w limfocytach krwi obwodowej oraz przy pomocy analizy częstości mikrojąder w komórkach nabłonkowych pochodzących z worka policzkowego.

EN

Radon is a radioactive noble gas present in the human environment. It is the second factor behind lung cancer after smoking cigarettes. In 2019, the European Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM (so-called BSS) was implemented into Polish law, requiring active protection against radon concentrations above 300 Bq/m3. However, the problem of what radon levels increase the risk of lung cancer is a topic of scientific discussion and is not clear. The cytogenetic effects of radon can be demonstrated using a comet assay in peripheral lymphocytes or the micronucleus frequency analysis in buccal epithelial cells.

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Toxicity analysis of coke wastewater treated in a rotating biological contactor and a membrane bioreaktor

Tomaszewski M., Pypeć K., Zgórska A., Ziembińska-Buczyńska A.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2015

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Vol. 11, No. 2

34--40

EN

To investigate the effectiveness of a rotating biological contactor (RBC) and a two-stage membrane bioreactor (MBR) for the treatment of coke wastewater, samples were collected three times (Batches I, II, III) from the “Jadwiga” coke plant in Zabrze, Poland at two-week intervals. The wastewater was then diluted with tap water (1:3 ratio, wastewater : tap water) and then treated at retention times of 4.1 days (RBC) and 7 days (MBR). For phytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests, the wastewater was sampled from various points in the treatment systems and further diluted to produce a range of concentrations. In the phytotoxicity tests (growth inhibition), Lemna minor and Vicia faba were used. A low concentration of wastewater (6.25%) often stimulated growth. Higher concentrations, however, inhibited L. minor growth completely. These tests indicated that the MBR generally reduced growth inhibition more effectively than the RBC. In the genotoxicity tests (chromosome aberrations and micronuclei formation) root meristem cells of V. faba were examined. The genotoxicity of the different batches varied, and neither system was particularly effective for reducing genotoxicity. The results of this study indicate that, because its composition is so variable, coke wastewater should be constantly monitored. Also, because of its potentially high genotoxicity, the ecotoxicological characteristics of coke wastewater should be monitored in addition to basic indicators of wastewater quality, such as COD, BOD, and content of nitrogen compounds.

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Biomonitoring of environmental pollution on the Algerian west coast using caged mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis

Taleb Z.M., Benali I., Gherras H., Ykhlef-Allal A., Bachir-Bouiadjra B., Amiard J-C., Boutiba Z.

Oceanologia

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2009

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No. 51 (1)

63-84

EN

An active biomonitoring study was carried out on the Algerian west coast using wild reference mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) sampled from the Kristel (K) site and transplanted in net cages during one month (between May and June 2007) to Oran Harbour (OH) and Mostaganem Harbour (MH), areas characterised by high levels of urban and industrial pollution. The biological response of the mussels was evaluated by their condition index and the use of a general stress biomarker (evaluation of lysosomal membrane stability: the neutral red retention time (NRRT) method), a genotoxic effects biomarker (determination of micronuclei (MN) frequency) and a neurotoxic effects biomarker (determination of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) concentration). Compared to the K reference specimens, OH and MH caged mussels presented a significant decrease of NRRT in lysosomal haemocytes (56.45 š 26.48 min and 67.25 š 22.77 min, respectively) (78 š 16.97 min for K mussels), an MN frequency respectively 7.3 and 9 times higher in the haemocytes and the gill cells of the OH caged mussels, and 7.2 and 6.4 times higher in the two tissues of the MH caged mussels. Significant inhibition of AChE activity was noted in the gills (16.93 š 3.1 nmol min-1 mg prot-1) and the digestive gland (7.69 š 1.79 nmol min-1 mg prot-1) of the OH mussels, but only in the gills (23.21 š 5.94 nmol min-1 mg prot-1) of the MH mussels, compared to the organs of the K control specimens (35.9 š 6.4 nmol min-1 mg prot-1 in the gills and 11.17 š 0.49 nmol min-1 mg prot-1 in the digestive gland). This study reflects the interest in such in situ biomonitoring assays and the utility of these biomarkers for assessing the effects of pollution in the Algerian coastal marine environment.

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Monitoring the biological effects of pollution on the Algerian west coast using mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis

Taleb Z.M., Benghali S., Kaddour A., Boutiba Z.

Oceanologia

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2007

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No. 49 (4)

543-564

EN

The Algerian west coast is the prime recipient of several forms of pollution; hence, the necessity for an impact assessment of this coastal pollution using a suite of recommended marine biomarkers, including lysosomal membrane stability in living cells by the Neutral Red Retention Time (NRRT) method, the evaluation of micronucleus (MN) frequency, and the determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis, sampled from the large, polluted Oran Harbour (OH) and the Maârouf (Mrf) marine mussel farm between July 2005 and April 2006. The difference in the variations of the annual physical parameters between OH and Mrf corresponds to the influence of the domestic and industrial sewage discharged by the city of Oran. The biological data of the mussels (condition index, protein content) recorded at both sites were related to their natural reproductive cycle. This indicated that intrinsic variation between the sites due to different mussel development phases was minimal. The variation in the AChE activity of some organs of OH and Mrf mussels, with minimal inhibition in July and a higher NRRT recorded in the granular haemocytes in the Mrf than in the OH mussels during the autumn and spring, depends on the quality of the biotope and on generic stress factors. Moreover, the variation in MN frequency, in general reflecting a non-significant seasonal and spatial genotoxic effect of the contamination at the two sampling sites, requires further investigations regarding biotic and abiotic variations.