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1

Sinice (cyjanobakterie) - dominacja w letnich zakwitach wody na zbiorniku Sulejów

Mankiewicz-Boczek Joanna, Font-Nájera Arnoldo

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 10

11--12

PL

Zakwity wód zdominowane przez toksyczne sinice (cyjanobakterie) są ważnym problemem środowiskowym w erze antropocenu, obserwuje się wzrost ich zasięgu geograficznego oraz częstotliwości, w skali globalnej. W nizinnym, retencyjnym zbiorniku Sulejowski (Sulejów) rokrocznie odnotowywane są, w sezonie letnim, zakwity z sinicami z rodzaju Mircocystis oraz Aphanizomenon. Dodatkowo, pogarszający się stan wody związany jest z cyklicznym wystepowaniem hepatotoksyn sinicowych - mikrocystyn. Wieloletnie badania prowadzone na zbiorniku wskazują na wiodącą rolę stężenia biogenów oraz czasu retencji wody dla rozwoju toksynogennych cyjanobakterii.

EN

Water blooms dominated by toxic cyanobacteria have been an important environmental problem in the Anthropocene, with an increase in their geographical extent and frequency, globally. In the Sulejów - lowland, retention reservoir, cyanobacterial blooms of the genera Mircocystis and Aphanizomenon are recorded annually, during the summer season. In addition, the worsening condition of the water is associated with the cyclic occurrence of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins - microcystins. Long-term studies conducted on the reservoir indicate the leading role of nutrient concentration and water retention time for the development of toxinogenic cyanobacteria.

2

Occurrence of microcystins and anatoxin-a in eutrophic lakes of Saint Petersburg, Northwestern Russia

Chernova E., Russkikh I., Voyakina E., Zhakovskaya Z.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 4

466--484

EN

Cyanobacteria are natural components of many freshwater bodies worldwide. In Russian lakes, the presence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria was also frequently observed. Our study was conducted in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake (Razliv) and Lower Suzdal Lake (Suzdal) in Saint Petersburg region, Northwestern Russia, which differ from one another in eutrophic status and composition of the phytoplankton community. In large, shallow, artificial and hypertrophic Razliv, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Microcystis spp. dominated. Fourteen microcystin variants were identified in this lake. The maximum concentration of extracellular microcystins was 41.37 μg l−1. In eutrophic and shallow Suzdal, dominated by Planktothrix agardhii, nine microcystin variants and anatoxin-a (<0.54 μg l−1) were found. The maximum total concentration of extracellular MCs in this lake was 2.89 μg l−1. Regular studies into the production of cyanotoxins in these water bodies were carried out for the first time. The analyses performed with the application of high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry revealed the presence of microcystins in 59% of the samples collected during a 3-year study. Since both lakes are used for recreational purposes, the regular monitoring program should be implemented to protect water users from a potential risk that was identified in our study.

3

Bioaccumulation of microcystins in invasive bivalves: a case study from the boreal lagoon ecosystem

Paldavičienė A., Zaiko A., Mazur-Marzec H., Razinkovas-Baziukas A.

Oceanologia

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2015

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No. 57 (1)

93--101

EN

In the current study we present the first report on the bioaccumulation of microcystins (MC) in zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha from the eutrophic brackish water Curonian Lagoon. The bioaccumulation capacity was related to age structure of mussels and ambient environmental conditions. We also discuss the relevant implications of these findings for biomonitoring of toxic cyanobacteria blooms in the Curonian Lagoon and potential consequences for D. polymorpha cultivation activities considered for the futures as remediation measure. Samples for the analysis were collected twice per year, in June and September, in 2006, 2007 and 2008, from two sites within the littoral zone of the lagoon. The highest microcystin concentrations were measured in mussels larger than 30 mm length and sampled in 2006 (when a severe toxic cyanobacteria bloom occurred). In the following years, a consistent reduction in bioaccumulated MC concentration was noticed. However, certain amount of microcystin was recorded in mussel tissues in 2007 and 2008, when no cyanotoxins were reported in the phytoplankton. Considering high depuration rates and presence of cyanotoxins in the bottom sediments well after the recorded toxic blooms, we assume mechanism of secondary contamination when microcystin residuals could be uptaken by mussels with resuspended sediment particles.

4

Simultaneous accumulation of anatoxin-a and microcystins in three fish species indigenous to lakes affected by cyanobacterial blooms

Pawlik-Skowrońska B., Toporowska M., Rechulicz J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 4

53-65

EN

A four-year study carried out in a lake with perennial water blooms caused by toxigenic Planktothrix agardhii (Oscillatoriales) and Anabaena lemmermanii, Anabaena flos-aquae, Anabaena spp. and Aphanizomenon issatchenkoi (Nostocales) revealed that the lake-dwelling fish were threatened by simultaneous exposure to intracellular and extracellular microcystins (MCs) as well as anatoxin-a (ANTX). Higher contents of anatoxin-a and microcystins were found in livers than in fish muscles. This is the first report on ANTX accumulation in the common fish, indigenous to European freshwaters during perennial cyanobacterial blooms. Generally, the omnivorous roach (Rutilus rutilus) and Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) accumulated higher amounts of MCs in their tissues compared to mostly predacious perch (Perca fluviatilis), and similar amounts of ANTX. The long-lasting presence of MCs exceeding the safe levels for consumption was found in fish muscles. ANTX accumulation in fish muscles (up to 30 ng g-1 FW) suggests the probability of its transfer in a food chain.

5

Diversity and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in the Italian subalpine lacustrine district

Cerasino L., Salmaso N.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 3

54-63

EN

Nine lakes (Garda, Maggiore, Como, Iseo, Lugano, Idro, Pusiano, Ledro, and Levico) located in the Italian subalpine lacustrine district were chosen for a comparative study of the diversity and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins. All nine lakes are known to host different toxic cyanobacteria, mainly Planktothrix rubescens. An analytical protocol has been used, based on LC-MS technique, for determining 20 different toxins (14 microcystins, 2 nodularins, anatoxin-a and 3 cylindrospermopsins). In the investigation, microcystins were found in all lakes on all sampling dates. Anatoxin-a could be detected in 6 lakes, but it was only present in 4 lakes on all sampling dates (lakes Garda, Iseo, Como, and Maggiore). Nodularins and cylindrospermopsins were not detected at all. The number of microcystins detected in the survey was 9, but 4 were the most abundant (dmRR, YR, dmLR, and LR); they were differently distributed among the lakes, thus providing each lake a unique toxic potential. Statistical analysis showed positive correlations between total microcystin concentrations and eutrophication indicators and also between anatoxin-a concentrations and water temperature, suggesting that anthropic and climate-related stressors can have different impacts on the presence of different cyanotoxins.

6

The effect of cyanobacterial blooms in the Siemianówka Dam Reservoir on the phytoplankton structure in the Narew River

Grabowska M., Mazur-Marzec H.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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Vol. 40, No.1

19-26

EN

The effect of cyanobacterial blooms on the phytoplankton structure in the lowland Narew River (north-eastern Poland) was examined. The studies were carried out at stations situated at different distances from the eutrophic Siemianówka Dam Reservoir. In 2008, the investigated lowland reservoir and the outflowing river were characterized by the dominance of toxic cyanobacteria (from July to October). At a station situated 130 km below the dam, species composition in the river was very similar to that in the shallow reservoir. Planktothrix agardhii was the main and permanent dominant, both in limnoplankton and potamoplankton. The current study indicates that the eutrophic Siemianówka Dam Reservoir is the main and rich source of phytoplankton for the outflowing Narew River. Cyanobacteria were dominant in the river phytoplankton at all sampling stations, but their share in phytoplankton biomass gradually decreased with the distance from the dam. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of microcystins (MCs) in water samples collected from June to October. The toxins, mainly demethylated MC analogues, were detected at a long distance down the river, even 100 km from the dam. Maximum concentration of MCs (14.3 μg l-1) was measured on 13 October, 9.1 km below the dam.

7

Blooms of toxin-producing Cyanobacteria - a real threat in small dam reservoirs at the beginning of their operation

Pawlik-Skowrońska B., Toporowska M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2011

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Vol. 40, No.4

30-37

EN

Large and harmful cyanobacterial blooms appeared in two newly-built artificial reservoirs shortly after being filled with water. Taxonomic composition of cyanobacterial communities was highly variable in both water bodies and fast species replacement was observed. In the first year of the operation of the smaller Konstantynów Reservoir, the mass development of Anabaena flos-aquae and Planktolyngbya limnetica (48.7 and 53.6% of the cyanobacterial abundance) occurred in summer, while in autumn the dominance of Planktothrix agardhii (99.9%, 14.95 × 106 ind. dm-3 ) was noted. The surface scum developed in summer consisted of An. flos-aquae that contained high amounts of anatoxin-a (1412.4 μg AN-a dm-3 of scum) and smaller amounts of microcystins (10 μg eq. MC-LR dm-3 of scum). In the larger Kraśnik Reservoir, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae occurred in high abundance in spring and summer, however, it was replaced created thick surface scum. Simultaneously, a hazardous increase in the total concentration of microcystins (from 13.6 to 788.5 μg eq. MC-LR dm-3 of water with scum) and anatoxin-a (from 0.03 to 43.6 μg dm-3) was observed.

8

Sedimentary imprint of cyanobacterial blooms : a new tool for insight into recent history of lakes

Pawlik-Skowrońska B., Kornijów R., Pirszel J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 4

663-670

EN

Recent history of numerous lakes is, among others, a consequence of anthropogenic activity that led to water eutrophication and excessive phytoplankton development. In nutrient-rich lakes both biomass of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, that may have a substantial impact on aquatic biocenoses, are present not only in water column but also in the bottom sediments. This study demonstrates vertical distribution of microcystins (MC) traces in sediments of two eutrophic lakes - one phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated and the other phytoplankton-dominated. The sediments (1-40/50 cm depth) were sampled from central part of lakes and content of MC traces was determined by means of GC-MS in 1cm core slices. In the sediment profile (1-40 cm depth) of the phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated lake the MC contents ranged from 0.011 in deep layer (35 cm) to 0.910 [mu]g equival. MC-LR g[^-1] d.w. in the surface layer (1 cm) and indicated gradual increase in eutrophication . connected with mass development of cyanobacteria over time. In phytoplanktondominated lake, MC contents (0.0-0.335 [mu]g equival. MC-LR g[^-1] d.w.) oscillated through the core (1-50 cm depth) and were relatively similar in older, deeper (20-50 cm) and younger (1-20 cm) layers what suggests long-lasting but variable intensity of cyanobacteria mass development. The obtained results indicate that traces of microcystins persist and are detectable for several dozens years not only in surface but also in deep sediment layers of lakes affected by former cyanobacterial blooms. They seem to be a reliable tool to follow eutrophication and its consequence - excessive development of cyanobacteria in the past time.

9

Toxin-producing blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in rainwater ponds in Saudi Arabia

Al-Shehri A.M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2010

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Vol. 39, No.4

171-187

EN

The present study describes for the first time the toxin production by Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in three rainwater ponds in Saudi Arabia. The cell density of M. aeruginosa correlated with chlorophyll-a, temperature and nutrient concentrations. Microcystis blooms produced the hepatotoxin microcystin (MCYST) with concentrations of 0.988-3.04 mg g-1 dry weight, and a toxin profile consisting mainly of MCYST-RR, -YR and -LR. MCYSTs were also detected in pond waters at levels exceeding the WHO guideline value (11.2-34.6 μg l^-1). The study suggests the monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria in such potable water sources to protect the public from potent toxins.

10

Morphological, genetic, chemical and ecophysiological characterisation of two Microcystis aeruginosa isolates from the Vistula Lagoon, southern Baltic

Mazur-Marzec H., Browarczyk-Matusiak G., Forycka K., Kobos J., Pliński M.

Oceanologia

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2010

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No. 52 (1)

127-146

EN

The Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic Sea) is a shallow and highly eutrophic water body, with frequent blooms of cyanobacteria dominated by Microcystis and Anabaena species. Two Microcystis strains, MK10.10 and MAKR0205, isolated from the lagoon were characterised in this work. The morphology of the isolates differed significantly with respect to cell size and their ability to form aggregates. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence, both isolates were classified as Microcystis aeruginosa. However, only one isolate, MK10.10, possessed the mcy genes responsible for microcystin biosynthesis and only this strain produced microcystins. The effects of environmental factors, such as light, temperature and salinity, on toxin production turned out to be minor. Under the culture conditions used in the experiments, the biomass of the toxic MK10.10 was always lower. Hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-LC/MS/MS) was used to elucidate the structure of the microcystin (MC) variants produced by MK10.10. Based on molecular ion and fragmentation spectra, the toxins were identified as MC-LR, MC-VR and MC-HIlR. Our study confirmed that some morphological criteria could be useful in preliminarily assessing the potential toxicity of a Microcystis bloom.

11

Toxic cyanobacteria blooms in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian Lagoon

Paldavičiene A., Mazur-Marzec H., Razinkovas A.

Oceanologia

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2009

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No. 51 (2)

203-216

EN

The phenomenon of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) blooms in the Baltic and the surrounding freshwater bodies has been known for several decades. The presence of cyanobacterial toxic metabolites in the Curonian Lagoon has been investigated and demonstrated for the first time in this work (2006-2007). Microcystis aeruginosa was the most common and widely distributed species in the 2006 blooms. Nodularia spumigena was present in the northern part of the Curonian Lagoon, following the intrusion of brackish water from the Baltic Sea; this is the first time that this nodularin-(NOD)-producing cyanobacterium has been recorded in the lagoon. With the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), four microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LY, MC-YR) and nodularin were detected in 2006. The presence of these cyanobacterial hepatotoxic cyclic peptides was additionally confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PP1). Microcystin-LR, the most frequent of them, was present in every sample at quite high concentrations (from <0.1 to 134.2 žg dm-3). In 2007, no cyanobacterial bloom was recorded and cyanotoxins were detected in only 4% of the investigated samples. A comparably high concentration of nodularin was detected in the northern part of the Curonian Lagoon. In one sample dimethylated MC-RR was also detected (concentration 7.5 žg dm-3). full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 4.0), 289.5 kB

12

Charakterystyka toksyn produkowanych przez sinice

Gałczyński Ł., Ociepa A.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2008

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Vol. 2, No. 1

177--179

PL

Coraz częstszym problemem w ekotoksykologii są toksyny naturalne. W ciągu kilku ostatnich lat szczególnie aktualnym problemem stała się obecność toksyn sinicowych w silnie zanieczyszczonych wodach jezior i zbiorników zaporowych o dużym stopniu eutrofizacji. Toksyny wytwarzane przez sinice można sklasyfikować według ich właściwości toksykologicznych. Wyróżniamy m.in. neurotoksyny (np. anatoksyna-a, anatoksyna-a(s), saksytoksyna i neosaksytoksyna); wywołujące nowotwory (np. mikrocystyny, lipopolisacharydy); dermatotoksyny (np. lyngbyatoksyna-a, aplysiatoksyna i lipopolisacharydy); hepatotoksyny (mikrocystyny, nodularyny i cylindrospermopsyna). Do gatunków produkujących toksyny zaliczmy np. Microcystis, Anabaena, Nostoc, Nodularia, Aphanizomenon. Najczęściej występującą toksyną jest zaliczana do hepatotoksyn - mikrocystyna. Obecnie znanych jest ponad 70 różnych struktur tych związków. Hepatotoksyny, do których zaliczamy mikrocystyny i nodularyny, są odpowiedzialne za zatrucie zwierząt i ludzi, mających kontakt z toksycznymi zakwitami. Są one bardzo stabilne w wodzie ze względu na swoją strukturę chemiczną. Obecnie znanych jest kilka metod oznaczania toksyn sinicowych w wodzie. Metodą najczęściej stosowaną do jakościowej i ilościowej analizy toksyn sinicowych jest wysokosprawna chromatografia cieczowa z detekcją diodową (HPLC-DAD). Toksyny sinicowe występują powszechnie na świecie. W około 60÷90% zakwitów sinicowych występujących w zbiornikach wodnych na świecie wykazano obecność mikrocystyn. Reasumując, sinice mogą być groźne dla zdrowia i życia. Nie lekceważmy więc zakazów spowodowanych ich pojawieniem się w wodzie, choćby zakazem kąpieli.

EN

Natural toxins cause in ecotoxicology more and morę problems. Compounds (PAH, dioxins, PCB, pesticides, heavy metals, etc.) introduced to the natural environment as a result of industrial and agricultural activity of the man were in a facus of interests of ecologists through the long time. The particularly current problem, since a few last years, is a presence of cyanoprokaryota toxins in polluted waters of lakes and barrage containers with high eutrophication. Toxins are produced by cyanoprokaryota may be categorized according to their toxicological properties. Thus the categories arę neurotoxins (anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin); the tumor promoters (microcystins, lipopolysaccharides); the deematoxins/irritant toxins(lyngbytoxin A, aplysiatoxins and lipopolysaccharides); hepatotoxins (microcystins, nodularins and cylindrospermopsin). Cyanotoxins produced by members of several cyanobacterial genera including Microcystis, Anabaena, Nostoc, Nodulana, Aphanizomenon. There are currently known more than 70 stmctural variations of microcystins (hepatotoxins). Hepatotoxins such as microcystins and nodularins have been responsible for the poisoning of both animals and humans who ingest or come into contact with toxic blooms. They are extremely stable in water due to their stable chemical structure and can tolerate radical changes in water chetnistry, including pH and salinity. There are a few methods of meaning cyanoprokaryota toxins determination in water chemistry. Cyanoprokaryota toxins analysis were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photo-diode array detection. It was demonstrated that about the 60÷90% cyanoprokaryota blooms entering into water reservoirs in world were - microcystins. Recapitulating, cyanoprokaryota, they are organisms they can be dangerous to the health and the life.

13

Replacement of chroococcales and nostocales by oscillatoriales caused a significant increase in microcystin concentrations in a dam reservoir

Grabowska M., Pawlik-Skowrońska B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2008

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Vol. 37, No.4

23-33

EN

A two-year study on cyanobacterial development and the dynamics of intracellular microcystins was carried out in a shallow dam reservoir. Potentially toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis wesenbergii, M. aeruginosa, Woronichinia naegeliana, Anabaena spp., Planktothrix agardhii) were observed to be the main component (70-94% total biomass) of the phytoplankton community, in which species composition was unstable and was very different between the 2005 and 2006 summer seasons. Generally, total phytoplankton, cyanobacterial biomass and total microcystin (MC) concentrations in the reservoir were much higher in 2006 than in 2005. The highest MC concentration (173.8 žg MC-LR equivalent dm-3) was seen in 2006 during P. agardhii (Oscillatoriales) domination (max. fresh biomass 50.3 mg dm-3; above 91% of phytoplankton biomass). Positive correlations between microcystin concentrations and cyanobacterial biomass suggest that populations of Nostocales and Oscillatoriales in 2005 and Oscillatoriales (P. agardhii) in 2006 may have been the main producers of MCs in the reservoir. The strong increase in P. agardhii biomass concomitant with a decrease in the total biomass of Chroococcales and Nostocales was responsible for the increase in MC concentration in the Siemianówka dam reservoir.

14

Toksyny wytwarzane przez sinice

Gałczyński Ł., Ociepa A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 1

69-76

PL

Coraz częstszym problemem w ekotoksykologii są toksyny naturalne. W ciągu kilku ostatnich lat szczególnie aktualnym problemem stała się obecność toksyn sinicowych w silnie zanieczyszczonych wodach jezior i zbiorników zaporowych o dużym stopniu eutrofizacji. Toksyny wytwarzane przez sinice można sklasyfikować według ich właściwości toksykologicznych. Wyróżniamy m.in. neurotoksyny (np. anatoksynaa, anatoksyna-a(s), saksytoksyna i neosaksytoksyna); wywołujące nowotwory (np. mikrocystyny, lipopolisacharydy); dermatotoksyny (np. lyngbyatoksyna-a), aplysiatoksyna i lipopolisacharydy); hepatotoksyny (mikrocystyny, nodularyny i cylindrospermopsyna). Do gatunków wytwarzających toksyny zaliczmy np. Microcystis, Anahaena, Nostoc, Nodularia, Aphanizomenon. Najczęściej występującą toksyną jest - zaliczana do hepatotoksyn - mikrocystyna. Obecnie znanych jest ponad 70 różnych struktur tych związków. Hepatotoksyny, do których zaliczamy mikrocystyny i nodularyny, są odpowiedzialne za zatrucie zwierząt i ludzi, mających kontakt z toksycznymi zakwitami. Są one bardzo trwałe w wodzie ze względu na swoją strukturę chemiczną. Obecnie znanych jest kilka metod oznaczania toksyn sinicowych w wodzie. Metodą najczęściej stosowaną do jakościowej i ilościowej analizy toksyn sinicowych jest wysokosprawna chromatografia cieczowa z detekcją diodową (HPLC-DAD). Toksyny sinicowe występują powszechnie na świecie. W około 60-90% zakwitów sinicowych występujących w zbiornikach wodnych na świecie wykazano obecność mikrocystyn. Sinice, mimo ze są organizmami o mikroskopijnych rozmiarach, mogą być groźne dla zdrowia i życia.

EN

Natural toxins cause in ecotoxicology more and more problems. Compounds (PAH, dioxins, PCB, pesticides, heavy metals, etc.) introduced to the natural environment as a result of industrial and agricultural activity of the man were in a facus of interests of ecologists through the long time. The particularly current problem, since a few last years, is a presence of cyanoprokaryota toxins in polluted waters of lakes and barrage containers with high eutrophication. Toxins are produced by cyanoprokaryota may be categorized according to their toxicological properties. Thus the categories are neurotoxins (anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin); the tumor promoters (microcystins, lipopolysacchańdes); the dermatoxins/irritant toxins(lyngbyatoxin-a, aplysiatoxins and lipopolysaccharides); hepatotoxins (microcystins, nodularins and cylindrospermopsin). Cyanotoxins produced by members of several cynnopr-oka~yota genera including Microcystis, Anabaena, Nostoc, Nodularia, Aphanizomenon. There are currently known more than 70 structural variations of microcystins (hepatoxins). Hepatotoxins such as microcystins and nodularins have been responsible for the poisoning of both animals and humans who ingest or come into contact with toxic blooms. They arc extremely stable in water due to their stable chemical structure and can tolerate radical changes in water chemistry, including pH and salinity. There arc a few methods of cyanoprokaryota toxin determination in the water. Cyanoprokaryota toxins analyses were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photo-diode array detection. It was demonstrated that about the 60-90% cyanoprokaryota blooms entering into water reservoirs in world were - microcystins. Recapitulating, cyanoprokaryota, they are microrganisms they can be dangerous to the health and the life.

15

Toxic Cyanobacteria strains in lowland dam resevoir (Sulejów Res., Central Poland): amplification of mcy genes for detection and identification

Mankiewicz-Boczek Joanna, Urbaniak Magdalena, Romanowska-Duda Zdzisława, Izydorczyk Katarzyna

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 2

171-180

EN

Excessive eutrophication causes the growth of microcystin-producing Cyanobacteria and leads to an increased human health risk. This paper reports the analyses of Cyanobacteria toxigenicity (the degree of potential toxicity) in lowland dam resevoir (Sulejów Resevoir, Central Poland) by the use of PCR-based methods. The resevoir (area 22 km2, mean depth 3.3 m) is very eutrophic water body permanently blooming with blue-green algae (mainly Microcystis aeruginosa). For identification of cyanobacterial genus the 16S rRNA region was used. Cyanobacterial genus was detected during the whole monitoring period in summer 2003. The potential toxicity of cyanobacteria was determinated by amplification of selected mcyA,B,E genes in the microcystin biosynthesis pathway. All of the analyzed genes were detected at the beginning of the growing season during low cyanobacterial biomass (0.67 mg 1^-1). 89% of the samples were found to be positive for mcyA detection. Early detection of mcy genes at the beginning of summer preceded a period of the highest microcystins concentration (2.91 [mi]g 1^-1 in maximum) and toxicity established by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - enables determination of microcystins concentration) and PPIA (protein phosphatase inhibition assay - enables estimation of microcystins toxicity). We show that toxigenic (potentially toxic) strains of cyanobacteria occured in Sulejów Resevoir throughout the summer and genetic markers were effective in early identification of microcystin-producing genera. Application of molecular methods in parallel with toxicity testes can provide complete information to prevent any human healt risk.

16

Wpływ usuwania domieszek wód powierzchniowych na efektywność destrukcji mikrocystyn w procesie chlorowania

Jodłowski A., Jurczak T., Mankiewicz J., Sobieraj M.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2004

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T. 7, nr 3/4

277-289

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad wpływem usuwania domieszek występujących w wodzie naturalnej na skuteczność destrukcji mikrocystyn (MC) w procesie chlorowania. W badaniach wykorzystano wodę naturalną pobieraną ze Zbiornika Sulejowskiego, którą zanieczyszczono dodatkowo ekstraktem zawierającym MC. Wodę poddawano oczyszczaniu w procesie filtracji oraz porównawczo koagulacji i filtracji. Chlorowanie prowadzono z użyciem podchlorynu sodu. Badania obejmowały wpływ dawki chloru na stopień usuwania MC z wody oraz zależność stopnia destrukcji MC od czasu kontaktu z chlorem. Stwierdzono, że efektywność destrukcji MC wzrastała wraz ze zwiększaniem stopnia usuwania domieszek wody. Destrukcja MC następowała we względnie krótkim czasie, wynoszącym 15 minut. Wymagana dawka chloru umożliwiająca destrukcję MC była pięciokrotnie mniejsza w przypadku wody oczyszczonej w procesie koagulacji i filtracji niż wody surowej.

EN

Periodical occurance of intense blue-green algal blooms in impounded water which is used for municipal supply is an indication of the elevated nutrient level. Some blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) such as Microcystis produce cyclic heptapeptide toxins including microcystins (MCs). MCs are commonly classed as hepatotoxins due to the damage of liver cells after consumption. There are currently known more than 70 structural variations of MCs. That diversity is caused by the presence of variant amino-acids. MC-LR is the most toxic among them. MCs can be removed during water treatment by activated carbon or by ozonation but these methods are relatively expensive. Chlorination may be an effective and practical method for the removal of MCs from drinking water. The drawback of this process is the formation of undesirable byproducts in the case of organic matter presence in the treated water. Chlorine is the reagent commonly employed in the disinfection of drinking water. The low natural organics concentration ensures the target compounds (MCs) destruction. Results of the investigations on the effect of natural organic matter removal on MCs degradation by chlorination during surface water treatment are presented in the article. Natural surface water taken from the Sulejów Reservoir contaminated additionally with MCs generated by the blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa was purified in the laboratory by the application of filtration or coagulation/filtration methods. The MCs concentrations were similar to those typically observed in raw water (about 10 mg/l). Sodium hypochlorite was used as a chlorinating agent. Effect of chlorine dosage and contact time on the MCs degradation was assessed in this work. The destruction of the toxins was monitored using three methods including PPIA (Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay), ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) and HPLC-DAD (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The kinetics of the MCs destruction and chlorine consumption for the chlorination of natural organic matter with an excess of chlorine was investigated. MCs destruction and chlorine consumption could be described by second order kinetics. Rate constants for MCs destruction were between 0.027 l/mg min. for MC-LR, similar to that obtained for total MCs (0.016 l/mg min.) and 0.077 l/mg min. for MC-YR (pH = 7). It was stated that toxins degradation efficiency increased as the water contamination decreased. Degradation of MCs took place within relatively short time of 15 minutes. Rate constants for the destruction of total MCs were of 0.042 l/mg min. in the water after filtration and 0.079 l/mg min in the water after coagulation/filtration processes when the pH was equal 7. The required dosage of chlorine for the MCs destruction was five times lower when water treatment by the coagulation/filtration processes was applied.

17

Usuwanie mikrocystyn z użyciem pylistego węgla aktywnego podczas koagulacji domieszek wody powierzchniowej

Jodłowski A., Jurczak T.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2004

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T. 7, nr 2

173-184

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad koagulacją domieszek wody pobranej w okresie późnego lata ze Zbiornika Sulejowskiego, zanieczyszczonej dodatkowo mikrocystynami (MC), toksynami pochodzenia sinicowego. W badaniach użyto MC wyekstrahowanych z naturalnego materiału biologicznego zdominowanego przez sinice Microcystis aeruginosa. Sumaryczne stężenie analizowanych form MC wynosiło ok. 10 µg/l (MC-LR, MC-RR i MC-YR). Podczas usuwania domieszek rozpuszczonych, w tym MC, wykorzystano pylisty węgiel aktywny (PWA) CWZ-22. Czas kontaktu PWA z wodą surową wynosił 15 minut oraz dodatkowe 45 minut podczas flokulacji i sedymentacji. Domieszki w postaci koloidów i zawiesin o wysokim stopniu dyspersji oraz dodanego PWA usuwano z wody przy użyciu siarczanu glinu i porównawczo wstępnie zhydrolizowanego koagulantu PAC 10WA. Większą skuteczność usuwania substancji rozpuszczonych stwierdzono po skojarzeniu PWA i siarczanu glinu. W wyniku zastosowania adsorpcji przy użyciu PWA CWZ-22 i koagulacji siarczanem glinu osiągnięto wysoki stopień usuwania MC z wody (usunięto 63% MC-LR przy dawce CWZ-22 wynoszącej 50 mg/l), chociaż nie uzyskano całkowitej ich eliminacji. Zadowalający stopień usuwania MC uzyskano po wydłużeniu sumarycznego czasu kontaktu domieszek wody z PWA do ok. 1,5 h.

EN

Results of the investigation on the treatment of water taken from the Sulejów Reservoir (Central Poland) during late summer are presented in the article. Water was contaminated additionally with microcystins (MCs) generated by blue-green algae. MCs were extracted from the natural biological material collected from the Sulejów Reservoir in which the blue-green algae Microcystins aeruginosa dominated. Total MC's concentration was of about 10 µg/l (MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR). Microcystins analysis were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photo-diode array detection. Microcistin concentrations were determined by comparision of peak areas with those of standards. Comparison of isotherms obtained for MC-LR, MC-YR and MC-RR suggested that three variants did not show a significant difference in sorption performance. Applied contact time was of 15 minutes. Colloids and suspended matter as well as introduced PAC with adsorbed MCs were removed by means of alum and in comparison by polyaluminium chloride (PAC 10WA). Higher efficiency of dissolved matter removal from purified water was obtained as a result of PAC, CWZ-22 and alum application. MC-LR percentage removal equal 63% was obtained as a result of 50 mg/l of PAC and 120 mg/l of alum introduction. Unfortunately, entire elimination of MC was not obtained. Total MC concentration was reduced from 9.4 to 1.0 mg/l when the contact time was as long as 1.5 hour.

18

Cyanobacterial toxins in fresh and brackish waters of Pomorskie Province (northern Poland)

Mazur H., Lewandowska J., Błaszczyka A., Kot A., Pliński M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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Vol. 32, No. 1

15-26

EN

Hepatotoxic cyclic peptides and neurotoxic alkaloids are the most common groups of cyanobacterial toxins. They pose a serious threat to human and animal health; each year they are responsible for several cases of animal fatalities (mammals, fish and birds). In Polish water bodies toxic blooms of cyanobacteria are also frequently observed. In this work, a procedure for anatoxin-a analysis has been modified to obtain a sensitive and selective method for routine studies of bloom samples. The presence of cyanobacterial neuro and hepatotoxins in fresh and brackish waters of Pomorskie Province was examined. Hepatotoxins, microcystins or nodularin, were detected in all phytoplankton samples dominated by the cyanobacteria of Microcystis and Anabaena genera or by Nodularia spumigena. HPLC-PDA analysis showed the presence of anatoxin-a only in one sample collected in coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk and dominated by Anabaena.

19

Peptydowe toksyny cyjanobakterii

Łukomska J., Kasprzykowski F., Łankiewicz L., Grzonka Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2002

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[Z] 56, 1-2

57--82

EN

This review presents chemical and biological aspects of secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. The main goal of the work was to present studies related to microcystins and nodularins. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) growing both in freshwater and marine environment release to the medium numerous secondary metabolites. Some of cyanobacteria produce lethal toxins (cytotoxins and biotoxins). Therefore, cyanobacteria can be harmful for mammals, birds and fish, and also cause effects on human health. The secondary metabolites are the mostly derivatives of amino acids and peptides or depsipeptides. The best described among cyanobacteria toxins are the hepatotoxins: microcystins and nodularins. These toxins cause severe intrahepatic haemorrhage and hypovolaemic shock, and act as tumor promoters. Microcystins and nodularins are potent inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A protein phosphatases. Microcystins and nodularins, which are cyclic hepta- or penta-peptides, respectively, consists of various uncoded amino acid residues. The most characteristic and unique amino acid residue is Adda [(2S,3S,8S,9S,4E,6E)-3-amino-9-metoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-deca-4,6-dienoic acid]. Typical isolation of these toxins is realized by extraction combined with reversed-phase chromatography. Structure-activity relationship studies of microcystins and nodularins have revealed indispensability of Adda moiety, and two carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acids, for the activity towards phosphatases. The total synthesis of both toxins represents quite a big challenge because of the necessity of preparation of Adda, as well as many other uncoded amino acids (D-erythro-b-methyl-aspartic acid, Masp; dehydroalanine, Dha, or dehydrobutyrine, Dhb, and their N-methyl derivatives etc.) prior to a final cyclization. Syntheses of Adda, the compound with four chiral centers and two specific configurations at the double bonds, were carried out mostly by the condensation of the previously obtained C1-C4 and C5-C10 fragments. Microcystins and nodularins are quite stable compounds in aqueous solution. They can be destroyed and removed by chlorination, or by treatment with ozone (Scheme 9) combined with ultrafiltration. On the other hand, microcystins and nodularins could be modified for example by esterification (Asp and/or Glu residues), transformation of guanidine moiety of arginine, Michael type addition to dehydroamino acids (Dha, Dhb). These modifications provide less toxic compounds, with interesting biological activities.

20

Stability of cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR and nodularin in seawater and BG-11 medium of different salinity

Mazur H., Pliński M.

Oceanologia

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2001

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No. 43 (3)

329-339

EN

Microcystins and nodularin are potent hepatotoxins produced by fresh and seawater cyanobacteria. The persistence of three hepatotoxins - microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR and nodularin - was investigated in sterile BG-11 medium of different salinity and in water collected from the Gulf of Gdansk. After 21 days of incubation at 17 š 1oC and constant illumination of about 40 žmol photon m-2 s-1 the concentration of toxins decreased by about 30-37%. No significant changes in toxin concentration in the BG-11 media of different salinity were observed. When toxins were incubated in non-sterile seawater, their concentrations decreased markedly. It is likely that some strains of bacteria are responsible for the breakdown of the toxins. Nodularin turned out to be more resistant to biodegradation than the two microcystins. The influence of certain components of cyanobacteria cells on the accelerated rate of toxin degradation was also considered.