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EN
The microalloying elements such as Nb, V are added to control the microstructure and mechanical properties of microalloyed (HSLA) steels. High chemical affinity of these elements for interstitials (N, C) results in precipitation of binary compound, nitrides and carbides and products of their mutual solubility – carbonitrides. The chemical composition of austenite, as well as the content and geometric parameters of undissolved precipitates inhibiting the growth of austenite grains is important for predicting the microstructure, and thus the mechanical properties of the material. Proper selection of the chemical composition of the steel makes it possible to achieve the required properties of the steel at the lowest possible manufacturing cost. The developed numerical model of carbonitrides precipitation process was used to simulate and predict the mechanical properties of HSLA steels. The effect of Nb and V content to change the yield strength of these steels was described. Some comparison with literature was done.
EN
The research results of the effect of thermomechanical treatment conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti and Ti–V microalloyed steels were presented. The steel forged parts studied were intended to be used in the automotive industry. The method of thermomechanical treatment and forging conditions were developed based on the analysis of precipitation kinetics of MX interstitial phases in a solid solution and the austenitizing temperature effects on the prior austenite grain size. To reveal the microstructure, the light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used. Very high mechanical properties of the forgings along with guaranteed toughness were obtained as a result of the optimal use of grain refinement and precipitation strengthening by dispersive particles of carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides of microadditions introduced into steel. Depending on the variant of thermomechanical treatment used to the forgings, the following range of the mechanical properties, after tempering at 600°C, were obtained: YS0.2 from 696 to 850 MPa, UTS from 770 to 932 MPa, KV from 186 to 215 J, and the HBW hardness of 220÷250.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań struktury, właściwości mechanicznych oraz hartowności stali konstrukcyjnych C–Mn o różnym stężeniu mikrododatków Ti, V i B, przeznaczonych do wytwarzania odkuwek energooszczędną metodą obróbki cieplno-plastycznej.
3
Content available remote Cellular Automata model of carbonitrides precipitation process in steels
EN
Cellular Automata (CA) model of carbonitride precipitation in microalloyed steels is presented in the paper. The model accounts for an increase of dislocation density due to plastic deformation and predicts kinetics of precipitation as well as stereological parameters of precipitates. Precipitation of compounds plays crucial role in controlling of properties of alloys. In low alloyed steels the microalloying elements: Ti, Nb, V are added in order to control their microstructure and mechanical properties. The most important tool in development of new processing technologies is numerical modelling. Modelling is a mathematical description of the relation between the main process variables and the resulting material properties. Many thermodynamics models were developed in the second half of the 20th century. For example the model of carbonitrides precipitation in microalloyed steels is considered works of Dutta & Sellars (1987), Dutta et al. (1991), Dutta et al. (2001). The models allow calculate kinetics of precipitation and stereological parameters of precipitates as a function of processing parameters. CA model proves to be very efficient in modelling various phenomena in materials science. The transition rules transfer the mathematical model and the knowledge regarding precipitation into the cellular automata space.
4
Content available remote Obróbka cieplno-plastyczna odkuwek ze stali mikrostopowych
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu obróbki cieplno-plastycznej przez kucie na strukturę i własności mechaniczne nowo opracowanej stali mikrostopowej zawierającej: 0,31% C, 1,41% Mn, 0,033% Ti, 0,008% V i 0,003% B. Zastosowana obróbka cieplno- plastyczna pozwala na uzyskanie drobnoziarnistej struktury austenitu podczas odkształcenia plastycznego na gorąco oraz wytwarzanie odkuwek uzyskujących po kontrolowanym chłodzeniu z temperatury końca obróbki plastycznej i następnym wysokim odpuszczaniu korzystny zespół własności mechanicznych i gwarantowaną odporność na pękanie. Odkuwki wytworzone metodą obróbki cieplno-plastycznej poddane następnie odpuszczaniu w zakresie temperatury od 550 do 650°C wykazują: Rp0,2 – od 993 do 925 MPa, Rm – od 1061 do 978 MPa, oraz KV-40 – od 60 do 69 J.
EN
The paper presents the results of a study on the influence of thermomechanical treatment by forging on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly developed microalloyed steel containing 0.31% C, 1.41% Mn, 0.033% Ti, 0.008% V and 0.003% B. The applied thermomechanical treatment allows to obtain a fine- -grained microstructure of austenite during hot-working and to manufacture forged parts with an advantageous set of mechanical properties and guaranteed crack resistance after controlled cooling from the finish plastic deformation temperature and successive tempering. Forgings produced with the method of thermomechanical treatment, consecutively subjected to tempering in the temperature range 550-650°C, demonstrate the following values: YS0.2 – 993-925 MPa, UTS – 1061-978 MPa and KV-40 – 60-69 J.
PL
W pracy dokonano oceny skuteczności oddziaływania mikrododatku boru na polepszenie hartowności drobnoziarnistych stali konstrukcyjnych typu HSLA, przeznaczonych do wytwarzania odkuwek metodą obróbki cieplno-plastycznej, poddawanych następnie wysokiemu odpuszczaniu. Przedmiotem badań były nowo opracowane stale mikrostopowe, do których oprócz B w stężeniu 0,003% wprowadzono mikrododatek Ti w stężeniu zapewniającym pełną osłonę dla boru przed wiązaniem się tego pierwiastka w azotki BN. Ocenę hartowności badanych stali przeprowadzono na podstawie próby Jominy’ego hartowania od czoła oraz metoda analityczna, według procedury zawartej w normie ASTM 255-89, pozwalającej na wyznaczenie idealnej średnicy krytycznej uwzględniającej oddziaływanie mikrododatku boru. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że nowo opracowane stale charakteryzują się wysoką hartownością i mogą być przydatne do wytwarzania odkuwek o stosunkowo dużych przekrojach.
EN
The effectiveness of boron microaddition impact on improving hardenability of fine-grained HSLA type constructional steels, assigned for production of forgings with the method of thermomechanical processing, subsequently subjected to the high-temperature tempering, has been evaluated in presented work. The subject of the research were newly developed microalloyed steels, to which, in addition to B at a concentra- tion of 0.003%, Ti microaddition has been introduced at a concentration assuring complete shielding for boron not to bond into BN nitrides. Evaluation of hardenability of the investigated steels was carried out on the basis of Jominy hardening test and the analytical method, accor- ding to the procedure included in ASTM 255-89 standard, which allows determination of the ideal critical diameter, taking into account the influence of boron microaddition. Obtained results revealed that newly elaborated steels are characterized with high hardenability and can be suitable for production of forgings with relatively large sections.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy możliwości optymalizacji parametrów procesu kucia metodą obróbki cieplno-plastycznej stali z mikrododatkami Ti i V oraz Ti, Nb i V za pomocą modelowania matematycznego naprężeń uplastyczniających otrzymanych z plastometrycznych prób ściskania na gorąco. Do opisu naprężenia uplastyczniającego wykorzystano model reologiczny zaproponowany przez C.M. Sellarsa. Na podstawie tego modelu przebieg eksperymentalnych i teoretycznych krzywych naprężenie-odkształcenie został zweryfikowany, stosując minimum funkcji celu, dla najdokładniejszego dopasowania analizowanych krzywych badanych stali. W procedurze identyfikacji naprężeń uplastyczniających wyznaczonych na podstawie próby osiowosymetrycznego ściskania na gorąco niezwykle przydatna okazała się metoda analizy odwrotnej. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają na stwierdzenie, że przyjęty w pracy model reologiczny wraz z wyznaczonymi metodą analizy odwrotnej współczynnikami opisują w sposób zadowalający wartości naprężenia uplastyczniającego badanych stali.
EN
The article concerns the possibility to optimize the parameters of forging process with the method of thermo-mechanical treatment of steel with microadditions of Ti and V and Ti, Nb and V by means of mathematical modelling of yield stress obtained from conducted plastometric hot compression tests. To describe the yield stress, rheological model proposed by C.M. Sellars was used. Based on this model, the course of experimental and theoretical stress-strain curves has been verified using a minimum of goal function, for the most accurate matching of analyzed curves of investigated steels. In the procedure for identification of yield stresses, determined basing on axisymmetrical hot-compression test, the method of inverse analysis. Obtained results allow to conclude that assumed rheological model along with coefficients, determined with the method of inverse analysis, describe satisfactorily the values of yield stress steels of studied steels.
EN
Purpose: The article concerns the possibility to optimize the parameters of forging process with the method of thermo-mechanical treatment of steel with microadditions of Ti and V and Ti, Nb and V by means of mathematical modelling of yield stress obtained from conducted plastometric hot compression tests. Design/methodology/approach: To describe the yield stress, rheological model proposed by C.M. Sellars was used. Based on this model, the course of experimental and theoretical stressstrain curves has been verified using a minimum of goal function, for the most accurate matching of analyzed curves of investigated steels. Numerical calculations with the method of finite element method (FEM) were performed taking into consideration test results of compression of specimens in Gleeble 3800 simulator, in a temperature range of 900-1100°C and at the strain rate of 1-50 s-1. Findings: Rheological model assumed in the study, proposed by C.M. Sellars, describing the yield stress of investigated steels with microadditions as a function of strain, strain rate and temperature, proved to be the proper and effective tool for appropriate adjustment of the course of experimental and theoretical a-s flow curves, determined in plastometric hot compression tests. The best matching accuracy of analyzed curves was determined in the work by minimum value of the goal function, which represented simultaneously the best performance of applied inverse solution of finite element method. It has been found that the best matching accuracy of analyzed a-s curves was obtained for constructional steel containing 0.28% C and microadditions of Nb, Ti and V. Practical implications: Optymalization of yield stress values on the new-developed microalloyed steels by the use of mathematical modelling. Originality/value: Obtained results allow to conclude that assumed rheological model along with coefficients, determined with the method of inverse analysis, describe satisfactorily the values of yield stress steels of studied steels.
PL
W artykule opisano modyfikację składu chemicznego wtrąceń niemetalicznych pierwiastkami ziem rzadkich w nowo opracowanych stalach mikrostopowych. Badane stale przeznaczone są do produkcji elementów kutych metodą obróbki cieplno-plastycznej. Wytopy wykonano w indukcyjnym piecu próżniowym, a modyfikację wtrąceń niemetalicznych przeprowadzono miszmetalem w ilości 2,0 g na 1 kg stali. Skład chemiczny i morfologię wtrąceń niemetalicznych modyfikowano dodatkami Ce, La i Nd. Stwierdzono, że stale cechuje duża czystość metalurgiczna związana z małym stężeniem siarki (0,004%), fosforu (od 0,006 do 0,008%) oraz tlenu (6 ppm). Dużej czystości metalurgicznej odpowiada mały udział powierzchniowy wtrąceń niemetalicznych, wynoszący około 0,077%. Zdecydowaną większość stanowią drobne, globularne wtrącenia tlenkowo-siarczkowe lub siarczkowe o średniej powierzchni przekroju 17 mm2.
EN
The modification of the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions by rare-earth elements in the new-developed microalloyed steels has been discussed in the paper. The investigated steels are assigned for production of forged elements by thermo-mechanical treatment. The steels were melted in a vaccum induction furnace and modification of non-metallic inclusions was carried out by the michmetal in the amount of 2.0g per 1kg of steel. The chemical composition and morphology of non-metallic inclusions was modified by additions of Ce, La and Nd. It was found that using material charge of high purity and a realization of metallurgical process in vacuum conditions result in a low concentration of sulfur (0.004%), phosphorus (from 0.006 to 0.008%) and oxygen (6 ppm). The high metallurgical purity is confirmed by a small surface fraction of non-metallic inclusions averaging 0.077%. A large majority of non-metallic inclusions are fine, globular oxide-sulfide or sulfide particles with a mean cross-section of 17 μm2.
EN
The goal of the work was to describe the forging conditions of thermomechanical treatment for Ti-V and Ti-Nb-V microalloyed steels. Conditions of hot-working allowing to obtain both the desired microstructure and mechanical properties of forgings were selected taking into consideration: precipitation analysis of MX-type (M – Nb, Ti, V; X – N, C) interstitial phases in austenite; research on the influence of the austenitizing temperature on the g-phase grain size; investigation of the continuous compression of specimens; and examination of the kinetics of recrystallization of plastically deformed austenite. The precipitation analysis of MX-type interstitial phases in austenite was conducted on the basis of a simplified thermodynamic model for equilibrium conditions as proposed by Adrian, assuming that individual MX phases are soluble in austenite. The effect of the austenitizing temperature in a range from 900 to 1200°C on the prior austenite grain size was investigated to verify the precipitation analysis of MX-type phases. The work also presents the results of the effect of Nb, Ti and V microadditions on flow stress, recrystallization kinetics and microstructure. Plastometric tests were carried out using the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical test simulator. The studies provide the basis for a proper design of the manufacturing process for thermomechanical treatment of forged machine parts obtained from high-strength microalloyed steels.
PL
Celem pracy było opracowanie warunków kucia metodą obróbki cieplno-plastycznej stali mikrostopowych typu Ti-V i Ti-Nb-V. Warunkiobróbki plastycznej na gorąco, zapewniające pożądaną mikrostrukturę i własności mechaniczne odkuwek, dobrano z uwzględnieniem: analizy wydzielania się w austenicie faz międzywęzłowych typu MX (M – Nb, Ti, V; X – N, C), badań wpływu temperatury austenityzowania na wielkość ziarn fazy g, badań ciągłego ściskania próbek oraz badań kinetyki rekrystalizacji austenitu odkształconego plastycznie. Analizę wydzielania faz międzywęzłowych typu MX w austenicie przeprowadzono na podstawie modelu zaproponowanego przez Adriana, zakładającego rozpuszczalność w warunkach równowagi termodynamicznej, indywidualnych faz MX w austenicie. Badania wpływu temperatury austenityzowania w zakresie od 900 do 1200°C na wielkość ziarn austenitu pierwotnego przeprowadzono w celu weryfikacji analizy wydzielania faz typu MX. Wpracyprzedstawiono także wyniki badań wpływu mikrododatków Nb, Ti i V na krzywe płynięcia, kinetykę rekrystalizacji i mikrostrukturę. Badania plastometryczne przeprowadzono przy użyciu symulatora termomechanicznego Gleeble 3800. Przeprowadzone badania stanowią podstawę prawidłowego projektowania procesu technologicznego obróbki cieplno-plastycznej kutych elementów maszyn o wysokiej wytrzymałości ze stali mikrostopowych.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu obróbki cieplno-plastycznej przez kucie na strukturę i własności mechaniczne stali mikrostopowej zawierającej 0,28% C, 1,41% Mn, 0,027% Nb, 0,028% Ti, 0,019% V i 0,003% B. Zastosowana obróbka cieplno-plastyczna pozwala na uzyskanie drobnoziarnistej struktury austenitu podczas odkształcenia plastycznego stali na gorąco oraz wytwarzanie wyrobów kutych uzyskujących po kontrolowanym chłodzeniu z temperatury końca obróbki plastycznej i następnym wysokim odpuszczaniu korzystny zespół własności mechanicznych i gwarantowaną odporność na pękanie. Odkuwki wytworzone metodą obróbki cieplno-plastycznej poddane następnie odpuszczaniu w zakresie temperatury od 550 do 650 °C wykazują: Rp0,2 od 994 do 939 MPa, Rm od 1084 do 993 MPa oraz KV-40 od 77 do 83 J.
EN
The work presents research results of the influence of thermo-mechanical treatment via forging on microstructure and mechanical properties of newly elaborated microalloyed steel containing of 0.28% C, 1.41% Mn, 0.028% Ti, 0.019% V and 0.003% B. Applied thermo-mechanical treatment allows obtaining fine-grained microstructure of austenite during hot-working and production of forged parts, which acquire advantageous set of mechanical properties and guaranteed crack resistance after controlled cooling from finishing plastic deformation temperature and successive tempering. Forgings produced with the method of thermo-mechanical treatment, consecutively subjected to tempering in the temperature range from 550 to 650 °C, reveal the values of YS0.2 equal from 994 to 939 MPa, UTS from 1084 to 993 MPa and KV -40 from 77 to 83 J.
11
Content available remote Cellular Automata model of precipitation in microalloyed niobium steels
EN
Proposition of a Cellular Automata model of carbonitride precipitation in microalloyed niobium steels is presented in the paper. Transition rules based on the current knowledge regarding precipitation were formulated. The model accounts for an increase of dislocation density due to plastic deformation and predicts kinetics of precipitation as well as shape of precipitates. Numerical tests confirmed qualitatively good predictive capabilities of the model.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono propozycję modelu wykorzystującego metodę automatów komórkowych do opisu kinetyki proccsów wydzieleniowych w stalach mikrostopowych z niobem. Wykorzystując wiedzę dotyczącą procesów wydzieleniowych sformułowane zostały reguły przejścia dla modelu. Model uwzględnia zmiany gęstości dyslokacji w wyniku odkształceń plastycznych i przewiduje kinetykę procesu wydzieleniowego oraz kształt wydziel eń w glikoazotków niobu. Wykonane testy numeryczne potwierdziły jakościowo dobrą dokładność modelu.
PL
W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań związanych z opracowaniem technologii produkcji odkuwek z pominięciem dodatkowych zabiegów obróbki cieplnej. W opracowanej technologii zastosowano nagrzewanie materiału do kucia i przyspieszone-kontrolowane chłodzenie odkuwek bezpośrednio po procesie kształtowania. W ramach badań określono charakterystyki materiałowe stali węglowo-manganowej i stali z mikrododatkami tytanu i wanadu. Przeprowadzono symulacje numeryce i fizyczne kucia oraz przyspieszonego chłodzenia. Weryfikację opracowanej technologii przeprowadzono w warunkach przemysłowych.
EN
This paper presents the results of research on development of technology for manufacturing of forgings without additional heat treatments. In this technology, the heating of material to be forged and accelerated-controlled cooling of forgings immediately after forming are used. As a part of the research, the material characteristics of carbon and manganese steel as well as steel with micro-additives of titanium and vanadium were determined. Numerical and physical simulations of forging and accelerated cooling were performed. The developed technology was verified under the industrial conditions.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wpływu parametrów odkształcenia na odkształcalność na gorąco i kinetykę mięknięcia stali mikrostopowej zawierającej 0,28 %C, 1,41 %Mn, 0,027 %Nb, 0,028 %Ti i 0,019 %V. Ciągłe oraz przerywane próby ściskania próbek przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem symulatora Gleeble 3800. Próbki badano w zakresie temperatury od 900 do 1100 °C z szybkością odkształcenia 1, 10 i 50 s-1. Próby ciągłego ściskania przeprowadzono w celu wyznaczenia krzywych s-e oraz energii aktywacji procesu odkształcenia plastycznego. W celu wyznaczenia kinetyki rekrystalizacji austenitu odkształconego plastycznie przeprowadzono przerywane próby ściskania z wytrzymaniem izotermicznym próbek między kolejnymi odkształceniami przez czas od 2 do 100 s.
EN
The paper presents the results of the effect of deformation parameters on the hot-deformation behavior and softening kinetics of the microalloyed steel containing 0.28 %C, 1.41 %Mn, 0.027 %Nb, 0.028 %Ti, and 0.019 %V. Continuous and double-hit comspression tests were performed using the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator. The samples were investigated at the temperature range from 900 to 1100 °C and strain rate of 1, 10 and 50 s-1. Continuous compression tests of samples were performed in order to obtain s-e curves and activation energy of plastic deformation. To determine the recrystallization kinetics of plastically deformed austenite, discontinuous compression tests of samples with applied deformation were performed with isothermal holding of specimens between successive deformations for 2 to 100 s.
EN
The modification of the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions by rare-earth elements in the new-developed microalloyed steels was discussed in the paper. The investigated steels are assigned to production of forged elements by thermomechanical treatment. The steels were melted in a vaccum induction furnace and modification of non-metallic inclusions was carried out by the michmetal in the amount of 2.0 g per 1 kg of steel. It was found that using material charge of high purity and a realization of metallurgical process in vacuous conditions result in a low concentration of sulfur (0.004%), phosphorus (from 0.006 to 0.008%) and oxygen (6 ppm). The high metallurgical purity is confirmed by a small fraction of non-metallic inclusions averaging 0.075%. A large majority of non-metallic inclusions are fine, globular oxide-sulfide or sulfide particles with a mean size 17 m2. The chemical composition and morphology of non-metallic inclusions was modified by Ce, La and Nd, what results a small deformability of nonmetallic inclusions during hot-working.
15
Content available remote Hot deformation behavior and softening kinetics of Ti–V–B microalloyed steels
EN
Results of the effect of deformation parameters on the hot-deformation behavior and softening kinetics of two Ti–V–B-microalloyed steels were presented in the paper. The investigated steels are assigned to production of forged elements for the automotive industry by thermo-mechanical treatment. Research was conducted by compression test at elevated temperature. Hot compression test was performed using the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator at the temperature range from 900 °C to 1100 °C and strain rate of 1, 10 and 50 s−1. The σ–ε curves were determined on the basis of continuous compression and double-hit compression tests.
EN
The paper presents analysis of the precipitation of MX-type (M—microalloying element, X—interstitial element) phases in austenite of constructional steels microalloyed with Nb, Ti, V and B, assigned for production of forged elements with the use of thermo-mechanical treatment. The calculations were conducted basing on the dependence of solubility product of MX-type phases in austenite as a function of temperature. The analysis was done on the basis of a simplified thermodynamic model for equilibrium conditions, assuming that individual MX-type phases are soluble in austenite. The solubility of TiN, TiC and NbC as a function of temperature as well as the simplified temperature sequence of precipitation of these phases have been determined. The effect of austenitizing temperature in a range from 900 to 1200 °C on grain size of prior austenite was investigated to verify the analysis. A grain growth corresponds well with a course of a precipitation process, though the limitation of the current model arising from a lack of consideration of complex carbonitrides and the kinetics of a precipitation process should be taken into account. The studies provide the basis for proper design of manufacturing process of thermo-mechanical treatment for high strength forged elements of microalloyed steels.
EN
Purpose: The modification of the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions by rare-earth elements in the new-developed microalloyed steels was discussed in the paper. The investigated steels are assigned to production of forged elements by thermo-mechanical treatment. Design/methodology/approach: The modification of the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions by rare-earth elements in the new-developed microalloyed steels was discussed in the paper. The investigated steels are assigned to production of forged elements by thermo-mechanical treatment. Findings: The high metallurgical purity is confirmed by a small fraction of non-metallic inclusions averaging 0.075%. A large majority of non-metallic inclusions are fine, globular oxide-sulfide or sulfide particles with a mean area 17 μm2. The chemical composition and morphology of non-metallic inclusions was modified by Ce, La and Nd, what results in a small deformability of non-metallic inclusions during hot-working. Research limitations/implications: Transmission electron microscopy investigations of non-metallic inclusions after initial hot-plastic working is predicted. Practical implications: Introduction of mischmetal in the amount of 2 g per 1 kg of steel causes total modification of chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions. Originality/value: The presence of dispersive, complex modified oxysulfide-type non-metallic inclusions can have advantageous influence on a decrease of grain growth of austenite during hot working similarly as MX interstitial phases. The factors mentioned above should favour the production of forgings with high strength and ductility.
EN
Purpose: The paper presents analysis of the kinetics of precipitation of MX-type (M - metal, X - metalloid) interstitial phases in austenite of constructional steels microalloyed with Nb, Ti, V and B, assigned for production of forged machine elements with the use of thermo-mechanical treatment. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis was conducted basing on the dependence of solubility of MX-type phases in austenite as a function of temperature. The research of influence of austenitizing temperature in a temperature range from 900 to 1200°C on grain size of primary austenite has been used to verify the analysis. Findings: The kinetics of TiN, TiC and NbC precipitation as well as the temperature sequence of precipitation of these phases have been determined. The investigation of influence of austenitizing temperature on the grain size of primary austenite confirmed correctness of the analysis. Research limitations/implications: The analysis was done basing on the thermodynamic model proposed by Adrian, assuming that only individual, single MX phases are soluble in austenite. Practical implications: The studies provide the basis for proper design of manufacturing process of thermomechanical treatment of high strength forged machine parts obtained from microalloyed steels. Originality/value: The kinetics of precipitation of interstitial phases in newly elaborated microalloyed steels has been compiled.
PL
W pracy przeprowadzono analizę kinetyki wydzielania się w austenicie faz międzywęzłowych typu MX w nowo opracowanej stali mikrostopowej przeznaczonej do wytwarzania kutych elementów maszyn metodą obróbki cieplno-plastycznej. Weryfikację przeprowadzonej analizy stanowiły badania wpływu temperatury austenityzowania w zakresie od 900 do 1200 oC na wielkość ziaren austenitu pierwotnego. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy opracowano temperaturowe warunki kucia badanej stali.
EN
In this work, the analysis of releasing kinetics of MX-type interstitial phases in the austenite in newly worked out microalloy steel, was made. The investigated steel is assigned for production of forged parts of machines by thermo-mechanical treatment. As a verification of the analysis, the effect of austenitizing temperature, at the range of 900÷1200 °C, on the grain size of primary austenite was investigated. The temperature conditions of forging process of investigated steel were determined on the basis of the carried out analysis.
20
Content available remote Modelling the hardenability and tempering of high strength steels
EN
The aim of the present work is to develop the hardenability and tempering models for various quenching and tempering treatments of high strength/martensitic steels. The main aim for the steel industry is to reduce the number of tests (Jominy) that will be carried out during development of new hardened steel grades, thereby reducing costs in the development stage. Other important aims are tailoring of mechanical properties with respect to alloying of the steels and reduction of weight by usage of steels with higher strength. In many cases steels are over alloyed to ascertain full hardenability. This can however increase the cost of the steel with no beneficial gain in the mechanical properties. With the help of modelling hopefully over alloying can be avoided. So, the benefit with modelling is reduced costs for material development as well as production costs with improved properties of the final products. Basis for the hardenability model is divided in three sub-models: 1. Dissolution of particles during reheating. Alloying elements generally increase hardenability when in solution in the austenite. 2. Calculation of hardenability distance kinetically depending on the dissolution of particles. Equilibrium of elements in solution or in particles is determined with ThermoCalc with a database for HSLA steels. Multiplication factors for alloying elements based on Grossmans work are used for calculation of Ideal diameter for 50% martensite in the centre of a bar. For comparison with Jominy bars, the Ideal diameter is transformed to Jominy distance. Also boron is considered since many quenched steels contain this alloying element, having a large effect on hardenability. 3. Grain growth with consideration taken to particles and their dissolution. Larger grains increase hardenability. The hardenability model will be used specifically for steel containing less than 0.4% C. For low carbon steels modified relations should be used. Below 0.2% C alloying elements such as Cr and Mo contribute less to hardenability. Therefore other relations must be used to fully describe the influence of alloying elements on hardenability. Combination effects occur, not only due to presence of particles and their ability to dissolve during reheat. Also interaction effects such as those for Mo and Ni in low carbon steels. According to the literature a high Ni-content (>0.75 wt-%) increases the influence of Mo on hardenability. In general the influence of individual alloying elements are lower than for steels with higher C-contents. The tempering model is based on experimental information from the literature. In this sense it is empirical. By combining the data from hardenability calculations using the hardenability model room temperature hardness and ultimate tensile strength after tempering in the temperature range 20-700 °C are calculated. The final properties are dependent on dissolution of alloying elements already during reheat before quench. In this paper comparisons of different alloys are given for hardening and tempering. Examples of verifications to experimental data are given both for the hardenability model as well as the tempering model. The tempering model generally functions well in comparison with experimental data. The pre-history before quench is important and affects the level of hardness and strength. In current work we try to take this into consideration by first applying the hardenability model.
PL
Celem projektu jest opracowanie modeli hartowalności i odpuszczania dla różnych zabiegów obróbki cieplnej wysoko wytrzymałych stali martenzytycznych. Model hartowalności opracowany w KIMAB jest podzielony na trzy składowe: (i) Rozpuszczanie cząstek w czasie wygrzewania, (ii) Wyznaczenie obszarów zahartowanych w oparciu o kinetykę rozpuszczania cząstek i (iii) rozrost ziaren (uwzględniając wpływ rozmiaru i objętości cząstek na efekt piningu Zenera. Model hartowalności przewiduje Idealną Średnicę, odległość Jominy'ego dla 50% martenzytu oraz twardość powierzchni stali po hartowaniu. Przykłady obliczeń dla stali z SSAB Oxelósund są przedstawione w artykule i porównane z wynikami doświadczeń. W K1MAB opracowano również doświadczalny model odpuszczania, który opiera się na danych doświadczalnych zaczerpniętych z literatury. Obliczona została twardość i wytrzymałość na rozciąganie hartowanych stali, otrzymanych z Ovako Bar, po odpuszczeniu w temperaturach 150°-700°C, i wyniki porównano z pomiarami. Model odpuszczania funkcjonuje poprawnie i ogólit skano zgodność z danymi doświadczalnymi. Niemniej j historia zmian temperatury przed hartowaniem ma wpływ i powinna być uwzględniona, ponieważ rzutuje i twardość i wytrzymałość stali. Stosując razem modele hartowalności i odpuszczania można badać wpływ nierozpuszczonych cząstek na własności stali po obróbce cieplnej.
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