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1

Application of malacological analysis to reconstruct climate fluctuations and human activity during the Middle and Late Holocene. Research in the valley of the Grajcarek stream (Pieniny Mts., southern Poland)

Alexandrowicz Witold Paweł

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2023

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Vol. 73, no. 1

85--102

EN

The scope of this analysis included fluvial sediments of the low terrace of the Grajcarek stream in the Małe Pieniny Mts. (Western Carpathians). The structure of the terrace has been surveyed in five profiles. The sedimentary sequence includes alternating layers of gravel and calcareous mud with a maximum thickness of up to 2.2 m. A rich and varied malacofauna has been found in the mud. The age of the sediments was determined using the radiocarbon method. The sediments that make up the terrace cover the younger part of the Middle Holocene and the entire Late Holocene. The analysis of the malacofauna has allowed for the characterization of environmental changes. The most important of them dates back to the Middle Ages and is associated with the phase of intensive settlement in the Pieniny Mts.. It is indicated by deforestation and the related change in the composition and structure of malacocoenoses manifested by the replacement of forest communities by ones with open-country species. Gravel horizons are records of flood periods correlated with wet climatic phases. It is possible to distinguish six such phases covering the following periods: 6600–6100 y cal BP, 5500–5100 y cal BP, 4500–4100 y cal BP, 3200–2300 y cal BP, 2000–900 y cal BP and 400–200 y cal BP. They correspond to the periods of increased fluvial activity of rivers, intensification of mass movements, advances of alpine glaciers and the increase in the water level in lakes.

2

Application of malacological analysis in local and regional palaeoenvironmental reconstructions - a study from the Holocene of Łapsze Niżne (Podhale, southern Poland)

Alexandrowicz W. P., Szymanek M., Rybska E.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 1

89--105

EN

This malacological analysis was conducted at a site with peat and calcareous tufas in Łapsze Niżne, Podhale (southern Poland). The study was carried out in 6 main and several complementary sections, in which 37 mollusc species were recognized represented by almost 11 000 specimens. The study enabled the reconstruction of environmental changes during the accumulation of the Holocene deposits (from the Boreal Phase till present). Conclusions drawn from these reconstructions were compared with results of malacological and palynological studies from other sites in Podhale. As a result, regional environmental reconstructions for the Holocene of the area were made. The specific composition, ecological structure and succession of molluscan assemblages from Łapsze Niżne indicate a significant role for local factors, thus demonstrating the variability of environmental conditions within a geographic region.

3

Palaeotemperature estimation in the Holsteinian Interglacial (MIS 11) based on oxygen isotopes of aquatic gastropods from eastern Poland

Szymanek M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2017

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Vol. 67, no. 4

585--605

EN

For quantitative estimation of past water temperature of four Holsteinian (MIS 11) palaeolakes from eastern Poland, the oxygen isotope palaeothermometer was applied to shells of the aquatic gastropods Viviparus diluVianus and Valvata piscinalis. The δ18O composition of their shells demonstrated the average growth-season water temperatures during the mesocratic stage of the interglacial (Ortel Królewski Lake), during its climatic optimum – the Carpinus–Abies Zone (Ossówka-Hrud, Roskosz and Szymanowo Lakes), and in the post-optimum (Szymanowo Lake). The calculation was based on δ18O Shell values and the δ18O Water assumed for the Holsteinian from the modern oxygen isotope composition of precipitation and the expected amount of evaporative enrichment. The mean oxygen isotope palaeotemperatures of Ortel Królewski lake waters were in the range of 18.1–21.9°C and were uniform for the Taxus and Pinus–Larix zones. Ossówka-Hrud and Roskosz Lakes had mean temperatures of 17.4–21.0°C during the climatic optimum, whereas the temperature of Szymanowo lake waters was estimated at 20.6–21.7°C at that time. These values are concordant with the pollen-inferred July air temperatures noted during the Holsteinian in eastern Poland. Relatively high values of ~25°C in the post-optimum noted at Szymanowo were connected with the presence of a shallow and warm isolated bay indicated by pollen and mollusc records.

4

Quaternary stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Poland

Marks L., Dzierżek J., Janiszewski R., Kaczorowski J., Lindner L., Majecka A., Makos M., Szymanek M., Tołoczko-Pasek A., Woronko B.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 3

403--427

EN

Though the stratigraphical and palaeogeographical framework of the Quaternary in Poland is still to be completed, several crucial points have been confirmed recently. The preglacial series, accepted for years as belonging to the Lower Pleistocene, is undoubtedly of Early Pliocene age, with a huge hiatus above almost until the uppermost Lower Pleistocene. The earliest glaciation in Poland (Nidanian) occurred at about 900 ka BP when the ice sheet reached the mid-southern part of the country. The following Podlasian Interglacial embraced the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary in the middle, in a similar fashion to the corresponding Cromerian Complex in Western Europe. The late Early and early Middle Pleistocene interglacials in Poland comprised 2-3 optima each, whereas every one of the younger interglacials was characterised by a single optimum only. The Late Vistulian ice sheet was most extensive in the western part of Poland (Leszno Phase) whereas the younger Poznań Phase was more extensive in the central and eastern part of the country. This was due to the varied distance from the glaciation center in Scandinavia, making the ice sheet margin reach a terminal position in different times. Palaeoclimatological research in the Tatra Mountains has provided new evidence for the atmospheric circulation over Europe. During cold phases of the Pleistocene in Poland a continental climate extended further westwards, quite the opposite that occurring during warmer intervals.

5

Molluscan diversity in stream driftwood: relation to land use and river section

Čiliak M., Čejka T., Šteffek J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 1

124--134

EN

In stream corridors, driftwood represents mainly a dead vegetation biomass and diverse artificial material relocated along a stream by flooding. Most driftwood can contain empty molluscan shells or a minor proportion of live individuals (i.e. molluscan allocoenoses). Drifted material is important for spreading of fauna and flora. Molluscan allocoenoses can provide valuable information on molluscan fauna of the upstream area. The main objective of the study was to describe changes of the species composition, diversity and similarity in molluscan allocoenoses along the model river ecosystem in relation to land use of partial watersheds. In the years 2010–2011, 23 samples of driftwood were taken at 23 sites along the Hron River (Central Slovakia) from the spring to the mouth. Molluscan allocoenoses were composed of 135 species (95 terrestrial and 40 aquatic). The number of species found at particular sites ranged from 29 to 72 with a mean of 48. We confirmed our hypotheses that similarity in molluscan species composition of driftwood from different sampling sites is related to distance between them, the proportion of woodland species is highest in the upper course of the river with highest forest coverage and, finally, the highest total number of species (gamma diversity) in driftwood is in the most heterogeneous (in terms of land use) middle river section. Whereas alpha and gamma diversity were highest in the middle section, beta diversity was lowest. The molluscan assemblages were most variable within the lower section (the highest beta diversity). The studied river with a length of nearly 280 km appeared to be suitable to allow the changes associated with different land use to be reflected in species composition of molluscs. Changes in molluscan community structure documented by repeated driftwood sampling can reveal the changes in land use within the river watershed. Thus, sampling of driftwood can also be used in landscape ecology research.

6

Zastosowanie mięczaków słodkowodnych jako wskaźników zanieczyszczenia środowiska wodnego metalami ciężkimi (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd, Hg)

Piotrowski S.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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T. 18, nr 4

513--524

PL

Badaniami objęto 17 gatunków mięczaków słodkowodnych, z czego dla 14 gatunków oznaczono koncentracje metali ciężkich (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd i Hg) w tkankach miękkich, a dla 16 gatunków oznaczono stężenia tych pierwiastków chemicznych w muszlach. Łącznie dysponowano wynikami analiz koncentracji metali w 110 próbkach tkanek miękkich i w 119 próbkach muszli. Gatunkami, których tkanki miękkie i muszle najlepiej reagują na zmiany koncentracji metali ciężkich w wodzie i osadach dennych, okazały się: Anodonta anatina, Dreissena polymorpha, Lymnaea stagnalis, Pseudoanodonta complanata i Viviparus contectus. Drugą grupę, odzwierciedlającą w mniejszym stopniu poziomy metali w środowisku, stanowią cztery gatunki: Viviparus viviparus, Sphaerium solidum, Unio pictorum oraz Unio tumidus. Gatunkami najlepiej odzwierciedlającymi poziomy metali w środowisku w poszczególnych układach środowiskowych są: (1) tkanki - woda: Viviparus contectus, Anodonta anatina oraz Viviparus viviparus, (2) tkanki - osady: Anodonta anatina, Pseudoanodonta complanata i Viviparus contectus, (3) muszle - woda: Dreissena polymorpha, Unio pictorum i Lymnaea stagnalis, (4) muszle - osady: Viviparus viviparus, Dreissena polymorpha i Sphaerium solidum. W wodzie powierzchniowej wszystkie sześć badanych metali możemy kontrolować poprzez analizę muszli Dreissena polymorpha, a w osadach dennych Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd i Hg poprzez analizę tkanek oraz Co poprzez analizę muszli Anodonta anatina. Te dwa gatunki wydają się podstawowe do dalszych prac. Dwa gatunki uważa się za gatunki uzupełniające w dalszych pracach. Są to: Lymnaea stagnalis (w wodzie możemy kontrolować Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd poprzez analizę muszli, a w osadach Cu, Pb, Cd poprzez analizę muszli oraz Zn poprzez analizę tkanek), Viviparus contectus (w wodzie możemy kontrolować Cu, Co, Cd poprzez analizę tkanek i Pb poprzez analizę muszli, a w osadach Cu, Zn, Co i Cd poprzez analizę tkanek). W toku dalszych prac należy zrezygnować z gatunków, które od 2001 r. są na liście gatunków chronionych w Polsce. Są to: Sphaerium rivicola, Sphaerium solidum, Unio crassus, Pseudoanodonta complanata oraz Anodonta cygnea.

EN

The research was applied to 17 species of freshwater molluscs, for 14 species the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd and Hg) was marked in soft tissues, and for 16 species the concentration of these metals was marked in shells. This study is based on the analysis of 110 samples of soft tissues and 119 samples of shells. The species that best react to the changes in concentration of the heavy metals in water and sediments are: Anodonta anatina, Dreissena polymorpha, Lymnaea stagnalis, Pseudoanodonta complanata and Viviparus contectus. The second group, which is less related with the environment, are four species: Viviparus viviparus, Sphaerium solidum, Unio pictorum and Unio tumidus. The species most related with the environment in individual arrangements are: (1) tissues - water: Viviparus contectus, Anodonta anatina and Viviparus viviparus, (2) tissues - sediments: Anodonta anatina, Pseudoanodonta complanata and Viviparus contectus, (3) shells - water: Dreissena polymorpha, Unio pictorum and Lymnaea stagnalis, (4) shells - sediments: Viviparus viviparus, Dreissena polymorpha i Sphaerium solidum. In the surface water we can control all six analyzed metals through the shell analysis of Dreissena polymorpha, and in the bottom sediments we can control the concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd i Hg by soft tissues analysis and Co by shell analysis of Anodonta anatina. These two species are crucial for the future research. Two other species are considered as supplementary. Those are: Lymnaea stagnalis (in water we can control the concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd by shell analysis, and in sediments we can control Cu, Pb, Cd by shell analysis and Zn by soft tissue analysis), Viviparus contectus (in water we can control the concentration of Cu, Co, Cd by tissues analysis and Pb by shell analysis, and in sediments we can control Cu, Zn, Co i Cd by tissues analysis). In the future research one should resig from using five species that are under protection in Poland since 2001. Those are: Sphaerium rivicola, Sphaerium solidum, Unio crassus, Pseudoanodonta complanata and Anodonta cygnea.

7

The application of malacological analysis in the study of slope deposits: late Pleistocene and Holocene of the Podhale Basin (Carpathians, Poland)

Alexandrowicz W. P.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2015

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Vol. 65, no. 2

245--261

EN

Slope deposits developed on calcareous sandstone and limestone formations in the eastern part of the Podhale Basin (Carpathians) were studied. In total, the analysis included fifteen profiles of such sediments, which revealed the presence of abundant malacofaunas comprising 39 mollusc species. Five faunistic assemblages differing in species composition and structure were defined in the material studied. Individual assemblages correspond to different climatic and environmental conditions, thereby making it possible to interpret the features of the sedimentary environments and specify the age of the deposits. Faunas with Pupilla loessica and Pupilla sterri containing species typical of loess formations are characteristic of deposits from the coldest phase of the last Glacial period (MIS 2). A fauna with Vertigo genesii, with a large proportion of cold-loving and moisture-loving taxa, is typical of the Younger Dryas. Associations that are dominated by shade-loving species, with Discus ruderatus and Discus perspectivus, correspond to the early and middle Holocene respectively. The investigations show that malacological analysis can be successfully applied to the research into slope deposits, enabling both the depositional conditions and the age of the sediments to be determined.

8

Diversity of Mollusca in lowland river-lake system: lentic versus lotic patches

Jakubik B., Koperski P., Lewandowski K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 2

335--348

EN

Longitudinal organisation of macroinvertebrate fauna along river is one of the most important problem commonly used to explain the functioning of flowing water ecosystems. The river system can be treated as a mosaic of landscapes patches and riverine macroinvertebrates’ community structure is a function of longitudinal changes in its key abiotic patterns. The aims of the study was to analyse the taxonomic structure of molluscs in the river-lake system, to compare river and lake malacofauna and to determine the factors responsible for its diversity in lakes and river stretches. The study based on comprehensive analysis of malakofauna sampled at 10 sites in the Krutynia River and in all 19 lakes it flows through were performed in the years 2008–1011. River Krutynia is one of the most important rivers in Masurian Lakeland (north-eastern Poland) with length of 100 km and mean annual discharge of 10.6 m3 h-1. It forms a characteristic river-lake system typical for the lakeland landscape in Central Europe. The density and taxonomic composition of molluscs were found as strongly dissimilar in a local scale – between closely located lakes and between particular parts of flowing waters, divided by the lakes. Multivariate methods were used to demonstrate a clear dissimilarity of lake and river malakofauna and to show that the mean content of phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter in bottom sediments were correlated with each other in lakes but not in the river. The most important species differentiating river sites into larger groups with respect to the similarity was Theodoxus fluviatilis while Stagnicola corvus and Anisus vortex were such species differentiating lakes. The numbers and percentages of Dreissena polymorpha and Unionidae were negatively correlated with nutrients in river sediments. There was a strong positive relationship between nutrients’ concentrations in sediments and the percentages of Viviparus, Obtained results of multiple regression indicate a strong effect of nutrient and organic matter concentrations in the sediments and the distance from the site to the lake on the domination structure of molluscs.

9

Impact of the Salinity Gradient on the Mollusc Fauna in Flooded Mine Subsidences (Karvina, Czech Republic)

Kašovská K., Pierzchała Ł., Sierka E., Stalmachová B.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

87--99

EN

This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in flooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mgl-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fieldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mgl-1).. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identified as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically significant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity significantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono reakcję wodnych gatunków mięczaków (Mollusca), jako grupy modelowej, na zasolenie wód zbiorników powstałych w nieckach osiadania rejonu Karwiny (Czechy). Analizę występowania wodnych gatunków mięczaków przeprowadzono w obrębie 10 obiektów. Wody badanych zbiorników tworzyły gradient zasolenia w zakresie od <500 do >1000 mg·l-1. W ich obrębie stwierdzono występowanie łącznie 12 gatunków wodnych mięczaków, w tym jednego gatunku, który uznano za potencjalny indykator znacznego zasolenia zbiorników. Wyniki analizy statystycznej wykazały istotną pozytywną zależność między zawartością rozpuszczonych substancji nieorganicznych i występowaniem gatunku Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). Wykazano, że gradient zasolenia w istotny sposób wpływa na skład gatunkowy fauny mięczaków, kształtujących się w zbiornikach w nieckach osiadania oraz mieć wpływa na bioróżnorodność tej grupy.

10

Environmental changes of the Mazovian (Holsteinian /~MIS 11) palaeolake near Szymanowo (eastern Poland) in the light of malacological analysis

Szymanek M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2014

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Vol. 64, no. 2

249--260

EN

The malacofauna of the palaeolake deposits at Szymanowo (eastern Poland) was investigated. It represents the younger part of the climatic optimum of the Mazovian (Holsteinian) Interglacial (~MIS 11) and possibly the postoptimal period. The mollusc assemblage is composed of both standing and running water species, mostly connected with temperate climate. The presence of biostratigraphical indicators of the Mazovian, Viviparus diluvianus (Kunth, 1865), Lithoglyphus jahni Urbański, 1975 and Pisidium clessini Neumayr, 1875, is noteworthy. Variability in the structure and composition of the assemblage enables palaeoecological reconstruction. Changes in the water-level, vegetation and energy conditions are inferred from the malacological succession. Three stages of the lake development were distinguished. The first one is connected with deeper conditions and predominance of V. diluvianus and L. jahni. The second one, dominated by Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758), records a fall of the water-level and the growth of aquatic plants, evidenced by high frequencies of Valvata cristata Müller, 1774 and Acroloxus lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758). The third stage corresponds to another rise of the water-level and an increase in V. diluvianus, L. jahni, Valvata piscinalis Müller, 1774 and Pisidium henslowanum (Sheppard, 1823), which evidence some higher energy conditions.

11

Malacofauna on coal - ash settling basins comparison of a functional basin to a basin abandoned for 26 years

Pech P., Fric Z. F.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 39, nr 3

73--85

EN

A composition of snail fauna in a functional coal-ash settling basin has been compared to that of a partly reclaimed coal-ash settling basin which had been abandoned for 26 years, using a nature reserve as a control. A total of 24 molluscan species were found at the control site, 21 species in the internal area of the abandoned settling basin and six species in the internal area of the functional settling basin. Numerous and relatively diverse malacofauna have become established on the abandoned coal ash settling basin, consisting mainly of high populations of a low number of widespread species.

12

Effects of habitat conditions on the diversity and abundance of molluscs in floodplain water bodies of different permanence of flooding

Jurkiewicz-Karnkowska E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 1

165-178

EN

Riverine floodplains are regarded as one of the most heterogenous and dynamic ecosystems. In natural state they encompass a variety of wetland sites like pools, lakes, channels etc. related and linked with the flood pulses; being the hot spots of high and specific biodiversity they are often under protection. The diversity and abundance of molluscs in the floodplain water bodies were investigated in order to find the shaping impact of chemical factors of water and sediments. The water bodies were located within 140 km section of the lower Bug River valley (eastern Poland, 190 to 50 km of the river course). The investigations were carried out in the years 2007-2009 in 25 permanently flooded, 25 semi-permanent sites (i.e. habitats partly dried-up because the water volume has decreased significantly during low river discharge) and 24 temporary water bodies holding water for at least few months (up to 8-9 months). The first group of sites consisted of large water bodies (the area above 1000 m2, depth mostly exceeded 2 m) representing earlier and middle successional stages. The second group contained relatively shallow (1-1.5 m) water bodies of medium or large size (from below 500 to above 1000 m2) representing more advanced successional stages. Temporary water bodies were very diverse in size (from about 100 to 1000 m2) their depth ranged from below 0.5 m to about 1 m and they mostly represented less advanced successional stages. Molluscs were collected from the bottom (using a hand net) and from macrophytes (using a frame). Concentrations of oxygen, nitrate and ammonia nitrogen, phosphates, calcium, chlorides, as well as BOD[5], pH and conductivity were measured in water. Organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus content in bottom sediments were determined, as well as C/N and N/P ratio.Permanent water bodies supported the richest malacofauna - 52 species (over 91% of all species found within the study area), whereas in semipermanent sites and temporary ones 29 and 36 mollusc species were found. Mean number of species per site amounted to 18.7 [plus or minus] 4.0, 7.7 [plus or minus]3.2 and 9.6 [plus or minus] 5.1 in permanent, semi-permanent and temporary water bodies respectively. Mean values of Shannon-Weaver index (H.) in three site groups mentioned amounted to 3.18 [plus or minus] 0.55, 2.18 [plus or minus] 0.72 and 2.07 [plus or minus] 0.83, respectively. Mean density of molluscs significantly differed among site groups (from 80 indiv. m[^-2] in semi-permanent sites to 292 indiv. m[^-2] in temporary ones) being the highest in temporary habitats (the range of values from 34 to 1840 indiv. m[^-2]). Phosphates, ammonia nitrogen and pH of water significantly influenced the abundance of molluscs, whereas oxygen concentration and BOD[5] affected species richness, diversity and abundance of molluscs within the permanent water bodies. In the other site groups chemical parameters of water did not affect significantly the mollusc communities. The influence of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus content in bottom sediments on malacocoenoses was not significant. The quality of organic matter contained in bottom sediments expressed as C/N (the range of values from 8 to over 40) showed structuring influence on malacocoenoses. Low food quality (C/N> 17), especially in many semi-permanent habitats, may constrain the development of molluscan communities.

13

Heavy metal distribution in the different p arts of mollusks by using multivariate analysis

Nikolov M., Simeonova P., Mitev V.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 3

223-229

EN

The mollusk samples were obtained from several locations along the Black Sea coast (gulf of Varna and Gulf of Burgas, Bulgaria). The samples were dissected into five different soft tissues. The soft tissues and the shell were then analyzed for heavy metals. It was found that the highest concentrations of Cu (112-178 [mi]g/g dm) and Zn (117-161 [mi]g/g dm) were found in the tentacle; the highest concentrations of Cd (4.41-5.37 [mi]g/g dm), Pb (53.2-63.8 [mi]g/g dm) and Ni (26.1-27.9 [mi]g/g dm) were found in the shell. On the other band, the highest Fe concentrations (910-2921 [mi]g/g dm) were found in the operculum. The cluster analysis revealed that the accumulation of heavy metals were clustered into a few groups, where the metals found in the shell were significantly different from the other soft tissues. Results from the cluster analysis were further complimented by the correlation analysis and multiple stepwise linear regression which revealed that the accumulation by the different parts were interrelated with one another. It was also found that the soft tissue was the most influential part in accumulation of heavy metal studied. Thus, it indicates the ability oft he mollusks to accumulate heavy metal, hence fulfilling the criteria as a good biomonitor.

PL

Próbki mięczaków były pobierane w kilku miejscach wzdłuż wybrzeża Morza Czarnego (Zatoka Warna i Zatoka Burgas, Bułgaria). Z próbek wyodrębniono pięć różnych tkanek miękkich. W tkankach miękkich i skorupach omaczano metale ciężkie. Stwierdzono, największe stężenia Cu (112-178 [mi]g/g s.m.) i Zn (117-161 [mi]g/g s.m.) w mackach; a największe stężenie Cd (4.41-5.37 [mi]g/g s.m.), Pb (53.2-63.8 [mi]g/g s.m.) i Ni (26.1-27.9 [mi]g/g s.m.) stwierdzono w skorupie. Z drugiej strony, największe stężenia Fe (910-2921 [mi]g/g s.m.) stwierdzono w pokrywie skrzelowej. Analiza klastrów ujawniła, że akumulowane metale ciężkie były pogrupowane w kilka skupień, w których metale oznaczone w skorupkach były inne od tych zidentyfikowanych w tkankach miękkich. Wyniki analizy klastrów były weryfikowane przez analizę korelacji i regresji liniowej wielostopniowej, które wykazały, że akumulacja w różnych częściach była wzajemnie ze sobą powiązana. Stwierdzono również, że w tkankach miękkich kumuluje się najwięcej metali ciężkich. W związku z tym wskazano na zdolność mięczaków do kumulowania metali ciężkich, a tym samym stwierdzono, że spełniają one kryteria charakteryzujące dobre biomonitory.

14

Aquatic mollusc communities in riparian sites of different size, hydrological connectivity and succession stage

Jurkiewicz-Karnkowska E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 1

99-118

EN

The aim of the present study was to describe the diversity and abundance of the mollusc communities in long and diverse series of riparian water bodies (59 in total) and to compare them with previous (two years before) studies based on much shorter series of sites (21 in total). An attempt was made to check whether the previous analysis of mollusc groupings is suitable to the classification of the riparian sites of a large area. The studies were carried out in the years 2004-2006 in left-bank part of the valley between 53 and 152 km of the course of the lowland medium sized natural river (Bug River, Eastern Poland) in 59 water bodies differing as regards size (from about 0.01 to a few ha), location in the valley, hydrological regime and successional stage. The samples were collected from the bottom (with dredge) and from macrophytes. The high species richness and diversity were found within the study area despite that the natural floodplain fragments were quite small (about 10% of the whole investigated fragment of the river valley). 52 mollusc species were noted: 36 snails and 16 bivalves (over 50% more than in the preliminary series). Relatively rich malacofauna existed in larger and younger water bodies, as well as in some temporary ones, but located in the active floodplain. Species diversity of individual habitats was comparable to that reported from the earlier study (Jurkiewicz-Karnkowska 2006), i.e. H' values amounted to 2-3 in most cases. However, there were more cases where H' values exceeded 3, as well as H' values were higher at larger scale, i.e. site groups and the total study area (3.5-4.5). The most common species (F [Greater-than or equal to] 50%) within the investigated area were Lymnaea stagnalis, Bithynia tentaculata, Planorbarius corneus, Anisus vortex, Radix balthica and Viviparus contectus. The most frequent species usually constituted significant components of mollusc communities of individual water bodies. The only species with percentages exceeding 10% of total mollusc abundance at the scale of the study area were P. corneus and L. stagnalis. The abundance of molluscs was of the order of several to a few hundred individuals per sample (0.5-1 m[^2] of bottom). Basing on the occurrence of molluscs in the investigated habitats I-V groups of water bodies were distinguished applying multivariate analysis. They differed in abundance, dominance pattern and diversity of malacocoenoses, as well as frequencies of individual species. Especially high distinctness of malacocoenoses of small temporary water bodies was found.

15

Zawartość metali ciężkich (Cu, Zn, Pb, w wybranych elementach ekosystemu estuarium Odry Co, Cd, Hg)

Piotrowski S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 6

213-218

EN

The content of Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd and Hg accumulated in water, mollusc shells and 15-cm layer of bottom sediments in Lake D1bie, Domi1?a and Roztoka Odrzanska is analysed. The metal concentrations range from 99.82 to 99.88% in bottom sediments, from 0.09 to 0.16% in water and from 0.01 to 0.04% in shells. There is some diversity in distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the study areas due to diversity of heavy metal concentrations in the Odra River Estuary. The metal successions in mollusc shells of the three areas under consideration are identical: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg. The distribution of metals in water and mollusc shells indicates greater concentrations of metals in molluscs. In particular, when considering the mass ratio, the water mass is greater than the mass of shells, varying from 3100 (Lake Dąbie) to 20000 (Domiąża). The content of metals in the shells ranges from 7.33% to 22.39% of their total amount in the analysed ecosystems.

16

Assemblages of molluscs at the Palaeolithic site Kraków-Spadzista

Alexandrowicz S. W.

Folia Quaternaria

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2007

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nr 77

31-36

EN

The sequence of three molluscan assemblages characterizing changes of the climate was found in the section of the middle and upper Vistulian loess. The first assemblage includes a relatively rich fauna with Arianta arbustorum, corresponding with the interpleniglacial or interstadial. Assemblages with Succinea oblonga and Pupilla loessica occur in the upper part of loess covering deposits of the bone-bed type. They point to the cold-humid and cold-dry phases of the Vistulian pleniglacial, respectively.

17

Minute patellogastropods (Mollusca, Lottiidae) from the Middle Miocene of Paratethys

Anistratenko O., Anistratenko V.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2007

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Vol. 57, no. 3

343-376

EN

The protoconch and teleoconch morphology of lottiid patellogastropods that inhabited the Central and Eastern Paratethys in the Badenian and Sarmatian are described and illustrated. Eleven species belonging to the genera Tectura, Blinia, Flexitectura and Squamitectura are considered as valid: Tectura laevigata (EICHWALD, 1830), T. compressiuscula (EICHWALD, 1830), T. zboroviensis FRIEDBERG, 1928, T. incognita FRIEDBERG, 1928, Blinia angulata (D.ORBIGNY, 1844), B. pseudolaevigata (SINZOV, 1892), B. reussi (SINZOV, 1892), B. sinzovi (KOLESNIKOV, 1935), Flexitectura subcostata (SINZOV, 1892), F. tenuissima (SINZOV, 1892), and Squamitectura squamata (O. ANISTRATENKO, 2001). The type material of species introduced by W. FRIEDBERG (1928) is revised and lectotypes are designated for T. zboroviensis and T. incognita. The taxonomic status and position of this group of species is discussed. Data on palaeogeographic and stratigraphic distribution, variability and the relationships of Middle Miocene Lottiidae Gray, 1840 are presented.

18

Communities of aquatic molluscs in floodplain water bodies of lowland river (Bug River, East Poland)

Jurkiewicz-Karnkowska Ewa

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 2

253-266

EN

The present study aimed at describing composition, species richness, dominance patterns and diversity of mollusc communities aswell as frequency of individual species within selected water bodies of the valley of large Poland lowland river (lower Bug River). Suitability of molluscs in the ordination of the investigated habitats wasevaluated. The studies were carried out in the years 2003-2004 in left-bank part of the valley between 2.5-6.5 and 90-107 km of the river course in 21 water bodies heterogenous as regards size, location and successional stage. The dredge was used. 34 mollusc species were found: 23 snails and 11 bivalves. At individual sites from 2 to 15 species were noted (4 - 18 including molluscs found only as empty shells). Relatively rich malacofauna existed in larger water bodies in comparison with small stagnant and isolated ones located outside the embankment. Malacocoenoses of the investigated habitats exhibited considerable species diversity (H' = 2-3 in most habitats). Lymnaea stagnalis, Bithynia tentaculata, Planorbarius corneus and Viviparus contectus were the most frequent species (F > [or] = 50%). These species as well as moderately frequent ones constituted significant components of mollusc communities of individual water bodies. Frequencies and dominance patterns of molluscs inhabiting younger and older water bodies distinctly differed. The abundance of molluscs was mostly of the order of several to a few dozen individuals per sample (0.5-1 m2 of bottom). Principal component analysis and classification (PCCA) basing on the occurrence of molluscs expressed as the classes of abundance enabled to distinguish 4 groups of water bodies, amongwhich 2 were more distinct. The comparison of malacofauna on these two groups exhibited significant difference in frequencies. Species (S) and percentage (Psc) similarities among malacocoenosesof the investigated water bodies were generally weak or moderate, which presumably results from isolation among majority of them. More cases of high values of similarity indices were found within the gropu of small and shallow water bodies in comparison with larger and deeper ones. This may result mainly from higher habitat homogeneity at later stages or hydrarch succession. Generally higher species than percentage similarity was observed indicating the differences in dominance relations among sites with similar composition of malaconfauna.

19

Subfossil mollusc shells of the Baltic Sea and the possibilities of their usage in the stratigraphy and correlation of the Baltic Sea sediments

Tavast Elvi

Geologos

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2000

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Vol. 5

31--40

EN

Subfossil mollusc shells in Estonia are widely spread both in contemporary and ancient sediments and for a long time they have served successfully for stratigraphical, palaeogeographical and archaeological purposes. There are extremely good conditions for the investigation of the subfossil mollusc fauna in Estonia. The bedrock in coastal area consists here mainly of limestones and dolomites, which are covered with carbonaceous till and aqueoglacial deposits. In Estonian nearshore environs molluscs had suitable living conditions and enough material to build up the shells. They are better preserved than in neighbouring countries. The molluscs can give precise information about the conditions of palaeobasins. This is primarily due to their good preservation and a large number of species. Their history began in the Palaeozoic Era and they are spread nearly in all biotopes. The molluscs are rather susceptible to the environment they inhabit and can therefore give information about the water depth, salinity, temperature and isotopic composition of water. Malacological method will give a great help in the correlation of the on- and offshore deposits and landforms and this method is well developed in Estonia.

20

Molluscan assemblages from cave and slope sediments of the Częstochowa Upland (Poland)

Alexandrowicz W. P.

Folia Quaternaria

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2000

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nr 71

113-137

EN

Deposits accumulated in small karst forms are widespread in the Częstochowa Upland. Loam abounding in limestone lumps and scree, and initial rendsina-type soils are the two main types of these sediments. Shells of molluscs occur frequently in both types of them. Molluscan assemblages are composed of land snails including woodland, open-country and mesophile species. Particular communities correspond with present-day fauna of molluscs living within the Częstochowa Upland. Mollusc-bearing cave and slope sediments have been collected from twenty-five logs deriving from eighteen localities. Deposits filling small karst forms and rendsina soils are connected with the Upper Holocene, especially with the Historical Period.