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1

CaO-based high temperature CO2 sorbents – Literature review

Konopacka-Łyskawa Donata, Czaplicka Natalia, Szefer Andrzej

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 42, nr 4

411–-438

EN

The use of CaO-based adsorbents has a high potential to capture CO2 from various systems due to its high reactivity with CO2, high capacity, and low cost of naturally derived CaO. The application of CaO-based sorbents to remove carbon dioxide is based on a reversible reaction between CaO and CO2. However, multiple carbonation/calcination cycles lead to a rapid reduction in the sorption capacity of natural CaO, and therefore efforts are made to reduce this disadvantage by doping, regenerating, or producing synthetic CaO with stable sorption properties. In this review, the synthesis methods used to obtain CaO-based sorbents were collected, and the latest research on improving their sorption properties was presented. The most commonly used models to describe the CO2 sorption kinetics on CaO-based sorbents were also introduced. The methods of sorbent regeneration and their effectiveness were summarized. In the last part of this review, the current state of advancement of work on the larger scale, possible problems, and opportunities during scale-up of the calcium looping process were presented. Concluding (i) the presented methods of adsorbent synthesis allow for the production of doped CaO adsorbents on a laboratory scale, characterized by high CO2 capture efficiency and good cyclic stability, (ii) the most commonly used in practice models describing CO2 chemisorption are empirical models and the shrinking core model, (iii) the use of sorbent regeneration allows for a significant improvement in sorption capacity, (iv) the scale-up of both the production of new CaO adsorbents and the CO2 capture technology with their use requires further development.

2

Ceramiczne nadprzewodniki wysokotemperaturowe – otrzymywanie proszków YBa2Cu3O7-x metodami syntezy w fazie stałej i w plazmie

Szterner P., Pęczkowski P., Jaegermann Z.

Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych

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2017

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R. 10, nr 29

48--60

PL

Artykuł jest pracą przeglądową, stanowiąc kontynuację cyklu publikacji dotyczących ceramicznych nadprzewodników wysokotemperaturowych ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na nadprzewodnik z rodziny miedzianów – YBa2Cu3O7-x. Związek YBa2Cu3O7-x nazywany jest też YBCO lub Y-123 ze względu na skład stechiometryczny. Należy on do najważniejszych materiałów ceramicznych o właściwościach nadprzewodzących. W artykule przedstawiono różne techniki otrzymania YBa2Cu3O7-x. Szczególny nacisk położono na zobrazowanie metod syntezy w fazie stałej i w plazmie oraz na scharakteryzowanie ich zalet i wad.

EN

This paper is a review and continuation series of articles on ceramic high-temperature superconductors with particular attention to the superconductor family of cuprates – YBa2Cu3O7-x. The YBa2Cu3O7-x compound, called also YBCO or Y-123 on account of stoichiometric composition, is one of the most important superconducting materials. In this paper, different methods useful for obtain YBa2Cu3O7-x powder have been presented. Particular emphasis was placed on method of synthesis in solid state and plasma and characterize their merits and flaws.

3

Ceramiczne nadprzewodniki wysokotemperaturowe – otrzymywanie proszków YBa2Cu3O7-x z wykorzystaniem technik rozpuszczalnikowych

Szterner P., Pęczkowski P., Jaegermann Z.

Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych

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2017

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R. 10, nr 29

61--75

PL

Artykuł jest pracą przeglądową, stanowi kontynuację cyklu publikacji dotyczących ceramicznych nadprzewodników wysokotemperaturowych. W artykule przedstawiono podział i scharakteryzowano techniki otrzymania proszków YBa2Cu3O7-x w fazie ciekłej.

EN

This review paper continues a series of articles on ceramic high-temperature superconductors. In this paper, the division into different solution techniques for obtaining YBa2Cu3O7-x ceramics have been presented.

4

Area-oriented technology mapping for LUT-based logic blocks

Kubica M., Kania D.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2017

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Vol. 27, no. 1

207--222

EN

One of the main aspects of logic synthesis dedicated to FPGA is the problem of technology mapping, which is directly associated with the logic decomposition technique. This paper focuses on using configurable properties of CLBs in the process of logic decomposition and technology mapping. A novel theory and a set of efficient techniques for logic decomposition based on a BDD are proposed. The paper shows that logic optimization can be efficiently carried out by using multiple decomposition. The essence of the proposed synthesis method is multiple cutting of a BDD. A new diagram form called an SMTBDD is proposed. Moreover, techniques that allow finding the best technology mapping oriented to configurability of CLBs are presented. In the experimental section, the presented method (MultiDec) is compared with academic and commercial tools. The experimental results show that the proposed technology mapping strategy leads to good results in terms of the number of CLBs.

5

Opracowanie technologii wytwarzania dutasterydu o czystości farmaceutycznej

Dams I., Chodyński M., Ostaszewska A., Krupa M., Lipiec-Abramska E., Kubiszewski M., Szczepek W. J.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2015

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T. 94, nr 12

2229-2235

PL

Usprawniono i zoptymalizowano konwencjonalną metodę syntezy dutasterydu. Opracowano nową metodę wydzielania i oczyszczania dutasterydu do czystości farmaceutycznej. Zsyntetyzowano wzorce produktów pośrednich oraz zanieczyszczeń dutasterydu i scharakteryzowano je metodami fizykochemicznymi. Po raz pierwszy dokonano pełnej interpretacji widm 1H i 13C NMR dutasterydu. Opracowano wydajny i powtarzalny proces technologiczny wytwarzania farmaceutycznie czystego dutasterydu, spełniający wymogi dobrej praktyki wytwarzania (GMP) i prawa farmaceutycznego.

EN

A known method for synthesis of dutasteride (R. Davis and al., 2002) was modified and improved by replacing 1,2 eq of SOCl2 with 1,05 eq, use of PhMe as reaction medium and product purifn. by recrystn. from the 1:1 AcOEt/heptane mixt. The new technol. allowed manufacturing the product of pharmaceutical-grade purity (99.31%) with high yield (77,2%). The complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral anal. of dutasteride was carried out.

6

Petri net synthesis based on model behavior

Piech H., Borowik P.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Matematyki i Informatyki Politechniki Częstochowskiej

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2012

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Vol. 11, nr 2

103-111

EN

Modeled processes in this kind of networks are performed with help of Petri (PT) structure. In this realization, we are used tokens as well as sequenced and concurrent fired transitions. There are exploited graph systems and mathematic operators in known approaches. In the proposed approach we use behavioral imitation, based on states matrix. It is treated as a synthesis method and is realized in stages referring to states of modeled objects behavior. There aren't important functional dependences among state attributes in time. In the proposed algorithm, we are not limited by tokens number, which need not be constant. Effectiveness of placements exploitation is not on high level but simplicity of proposed algorithm and clarity of its results, which directly refer to states characteristics are the main advantages of the given method.

7

Nowa metoda syntezy krzemianu trójwapniowego i alitu

Sorrentino F.

Cement Wapno Beton

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2008

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R. 13/75, nr 4

177-183

PL

Spalanie paliw alternatywnych wprowadza domieszkowe składniki do faz klinkierowych, a szczególnie do alitu. Badania wpływu tych domieszek na reaktywność alitu napotykają na trudności wynikające z dostępności większych ilości syntetycznego alitu. Do tej pory synteza tej fazy ograniczała się tylko do badań krystalograficznych i do pomiarów danych termodynamicznych. W artykule porównujemy znane syntezy czystego krzemianu trójwapniowego lub alitu zawierającego roztwory stałe i opisujemy modyfikacje procesu Pechiniego stosowanego w przemyśle ceramicznym. Ten proces pozwala na produkcję większych ilości C3S lub alitu i stwarza nowe możliwości badawcze.

EN

Burning secondary combustibles, using wastes as substituted raw material introduce minor elements into the clinker phases and particularly in the alite. The researches on the influence of these elements on the reactivity of alite have been limited by the availability of large quantity of synthetic material (i.e. C3S, alite,). Up to now, the synthesis of these products have been restricted to crystallography, standard for analysis or for measurement of thermo-dynamic data. In this paper, we compare the existing process to synthesize pure tricalcium silicate or solid solution (alite) and we describe a modification of the Pechini process, originated from the ceramic industry. This process that allows a large scale production of C3S or alite, and thus opens the door to fruitful researches.

8

Leki przeciw grypie. Synteza tamiflu® - leku gromadzonego, aby zapobiec epidemii ptasiej grypy

Karchier M., Michalak K., Wicha J.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2007

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[Z] 61, 1-2

7-42

EN

Influenza (flu) and related viral infections present a constant threat to public health. World-wide efforts have been recently initiated (coordinated by WHO) to prevent global epidemic in view of spreading deadly bird flu virus (H5N1) among people. Attention has been focused on Tamiflu® (1, Figure 1), synthetic, orally active drug manufactured by Hoffmann - La Roche On the surface of the flu virus there are located two proteins important for infecting animal cell: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (sialidase). Hemagglutinin is responsible for the recognition of specific sialic acids in the cell membrane glycoconjugates; neuraminidase is involved in subsequent hydrolysis of sialic acid residue and is crucial for the virus propagation. Sialic acids are sugar-related keto-acids, as neuraminic acid 2. Their structure is specific for a given species. Functions of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase have been targeted in systematic search for anti-flu drugs. The first efficient neuraminidase competitive inhibitor Relanza® (Zanamivir) has been obtained as a mimic of hypothetic oxonium ion involved in sialic acid hydrolysis. Many structures related to Zanamivir have been investigated]. The most successful line of research has been aimed at synthesis of carbocyclic neuraminic acid derivatives from (-)-quinic or (-)-shikimic acids. The Gilead-Roche "first generation" analogue with the double bond oriented toward the hydroxy-group 33 proved more active than its counterpart 34. Further modification of the structure 33 was based on X-ray analysis of protein - inhibitor complexes and led to Tamiflu®. Prime synthesis of Tamiflu® from (-)-shikimic acid involved several steps. Since this starting material is rather expensive more economic approaches have been studied. The technological approach to the key epoxide 75 from (-)-quinic acid involves bicyclic lactone 70 controlled dehydration to form 73 and regiospecific acetal reduction using borane-dimethylsulfide complex in the presence of a silylating agent. Use of the developed methods and shikimic acid as the starting material allowed for an efficient access to the target epoxide 75. The epoxide 75 has been transformed into the final product in several steps. Most advanced synthetic routes transforming 75 into Tamiflu® rely upon the use of tert-butylamine and then diallylamine. Current studies on transformation of glucose into shikimic acid by genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli are likely to secure supplies of this convenient starting material for Tamiflu® production. E. J. Corey et al. have developed enantioselective total synthesis of Tamiflu®. [2+4] cycloaddition reaction of butadiene and trifluoroethylacrylate in the presence of a chiral oxazoborolidine catalyst provided cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid derivative (87, Scheme 19). Transformation of 87 into 99 embraced several steps, including the novel haloamidation (86 into 97). The synthesis route involved 12 steps and afforded Tamiflu® in 25% overall yield. Catalytic enantioselective reaction of the easily accessible meso-aziridine 101with trimethylsilylazide provided the cornerstone to total synthesis of Tamiflu® by M. Shibasaki et al. [48]. The synthetic route from azide 102 to the target involved several steps (Schemes 23 and 24). Among them the efficient allylic oxidation of 109 and the nickel-catalyzed conjugate addition of trimethylsilylcyanide to ?,?-unsaturated ketone 110 that contribute to general synthetic methodology. In the synthesis developed by Cong i Yao [51], the starting material - serine-derived aldehyde 117 (Garner's aldehyde, Scheme 25) has been selected from the "chiral pool". The synthesis involves a sequence of diastereoselective reactions and the ring-closure metathesis reaction (130 into 131) using the II generation Grubbs catalyst. Approaches to Tamiflu® illustrate the impressive achievements of organic synthesis. However, at present the high cost of this drug may hamper its broader application.

9

Badania efektywności metod syntezy automatów skończonychzaimplementowanych w pakiecie ZUBR

Salauyou V., Klimowicz A., Grześ T., Dymitrova-Grekov T., Bułatova I.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2006

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R. 52, nr 6 bis

44-46

PL

W artykule przedstawiono pakiet programów ZUBR automatyzacji projektowania logicznego systemów cyfrowych na programowalnych układach logicznych. Opisano metody syntezy automatów skończonych zaimplementowane w pakiecie ZUBR. Wyniki badań eksperymentalnych potwierdzają efektywność opracowanych metod w porównaniu do metod stosowanych w pakietach przemysłowych pod względem kosztu realizacji i szybkości działania.

EN

In this paper the software package ZUBR for logical design of digital devices on programmable logic devices is presented. The methods of synthesis of finite state machines (FSM) implemented in package ZUBR are described. Experimental results show the higher efficiency (lower cost and higher device speed) of proposed synthesis methods in comparison with industrial design systems.

10

Alkohol betulinowy i jego pochodne

Tomaszkiewicz-Potępa A., Piękoś M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2002

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[Z] 56, 11-12

983-1001

EN

Betulinic alkohol (lup-20(29)-en-3,28-diol) is a naturally occuring triterpene compound forming the principal extractive substance of the birch bark. The content of betulinol in the outer bark varies between 10-30% depending on the growth condition, age, season etc. Chemically, betulinol is a pentacyclic triterpene alcohol belonging to a lupane series of compouds. The characteristic feature of the lupane group is the five membered ring E and a-isopropyl group at C-19. Suberin and triterpenoids, the two major component groups in the outer bark of birch, have been investigated by many workers. Analytical procedures, starting with sample extraction and hydrolysis with ethanolic alkali, were developed for routine analysis, which triterpenoids to be identified by the chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The functional groups in the betulinol molecule comprise primary and secondary hydroxyl groups and a double bond. Methods of synthesis and use of the chemical modification of betulinol has been investigated by many workers. The most investigated products from betulinol now are betulinic acid and his derivatives. It was isolated for the first time from many of plants. Betulin was convert to betulinic acid using two different synthetic routes. The first approach involved an oxidation of betulin using Jones reagent to betulonic acid and subsequent NaBH4 reduction to betulinic acid. The second approach involved steps utilizing different protecting groups on the alcohol functional groups of betulin and Jones’ oxidation to circumvent the isomerization of the secondary alcohol of betulinic acid. Betulinic acid was identified as a highly selective inhibitor of human melanoma. It has recently been reported to possess antitumor activity against cultured human melanoma cells. Betulinic acid has been modified at C-3, C-20 and C-28 positions. A series of w-undecanoic amides of betulinic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for activity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). A novel series of w - aminoalkanoic acid derivatives of betulinic acid were synthesized and evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Effect of betulinic acid and radiotherapy on survival was demonstrated by autors.

11

Karbacukry (pseudocukry) i cyklofellitole

Frankowski R., Smiatacz Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2001

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[Z] 55, 3-4

221-243

EN

Investigations into carba-sugars have been initiated by McCasland in 1966. Studies in this area have subsequently been continued by Suami and Paulsen , whereas cyclophellitols were investigated by a Japanese team headed by Umezawa. By now, cyclophellitols are also studied by Jung, Roberts and Ziegler. The first chapter of this review paper deals with the definition of carba-sugars and reports on first syntheses of the compounds. The second chapter is devoted to the detection of carba-sugars in Nature, their structure and biological activity. The structure and antibiotic/inhibitory activities have been presented of such carba-sugars as validamycins A and E, validamine, acarbose, trestatine B, amylostatine, valiolamine, validatol and other representatives of this group of compounds including prostaglandins. Induction of a sweet taste by carba-sugars based on the triangle of sweetness has been discussed. The third chapter deals with the common methods of synthesis of carba-sugars. These are as follows: - those based on the Diels-Alder cycloaddition; - syntheses of carba-sugars from inositols; - transformation of one carba-sugar into another by chemical modification of its molecule; - syntheses from naturally occuring sugars and their derivatives. The fourth chapter is confined to cyclophellitols, the derivatives of pseudosugars containing oxirane ring at positions C-1 and C-2. Their detection, properties and syntheses have been desribed. The thiirane and aziridine analogues of cyclophellitols have been mentioned, as well.

12

O metodach syntezy polieterów z monometrów oksiranowych

Stolarzewicz A., Neugebauer D.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2000

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[Z] 54, 1-2

127-138

EN

Methods of the oxiranes polymerization and the influence of the process conditions on the structure and properties of polyethers obtained are discussed. There are presented new methods for the synthesis of polyethers with hydroxyl end groups. In one of them double metal cyanide (DMC) complexes are used for the polymerization of propylene oxide and other oxiranes. The high activity is shown by a system containing Zn3(Co(CN) 6) 2 with the addition of zinc chloride, dimethoxyethane and water. Diols and triols with Mn up to 10 000, and with a very low amount of the monol fraction are obtained from propylene oxide. Potassium hydride and a crown ether are applied as the anionic initiator system in another method. Polymers of propylene oxide are formed in this case with Mn within the range between 6 000 and 12 000. They are mainly diols and they also contain the monol fraction. The chain transfer reaction to the monomer does not occur or its rate is strongly limited in the polymerization of some other oxiranes by potassium hydride. It allows to obtain the molecular weight of polyethers higher than that in the presence of the anionic initiators known so far. The Mn = 39 000 is found for example for poly(butylene oxide).

13

Teoria uniwersalnych globalnie pasywnych obwodów kompensacyjnych

Siwczyński M.

Jakość i Użytkowanie Energii Elektrycznej

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2000

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T. 6, z. 1

77-86

PL

Podstawowym elementem pasywnego obwodu kompensacyjnego jest tzw. uniwersalna gałąź zawierająca źródło napięcia sterowane prądem i napięciem zaciskowym. Jest ona w stanie zrealizować dowolny optymalny stan w obwodzie elektrycznym. W pracy opisano metodę syntezy optymalnych obwodów kompensacyjnych o strukturze czwórnika, zasilanych z rezerwuaru energii

EN

The so called versatile compensatory branch is a basic element of the passive compensatory network. It has a voltage source controlled by the terminal current and voltage signals. The branch can realize each pair of the optimal voltage-current signals on the terminals. This article presents a method for the synthesis of optimal passive two-port compensatory networks, supplied from the reservoir of electrical energy

14

Dibenzotetraaza[14]annuleny. Cz.1.

Eilmes Julita, Ptaszek Marcin

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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1999

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[Z] 53, 5-6

306-328

EN

The title dibenzotetraaza[14]annulenes belong to the class of the synthetic tetraaza macrocyclic ligands of bioinorganic relevance. Their similarity to porphyrins makes them attractive as models of important biological systems like for example hemoproteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin), cytochromes and metalloenzymes (e.g. oxygenses, peroxidases, catalase). Dibenzotetraaza[14]annulene and porphyrin ligand both have four coplanar nitrogen donor atoms and substantial bond unsaturation and delocalization in the macrocyclic framework. However, the dibenzotetraaza[14]annulenes are Hückel anti-aromatic (4n), whereas the porphyrins are fully delocalized aromatic (4n+2). There is also remarkable difference in the confoormation of the macrocyclic ligand which is flat in porphyrins and taa system (R1=R3=H) and saddle-shaped in the case of other dibenzotetraaza[14]annulenes (R1=R3?H). The conformation of the ligands greatly influences the metal coordination geometries in their metal complexes. Structure of the dibenzotetraaza[14]annulenes is discussed in details in part II. The purpose of this article is to provide the readers with the preparative methods of the synthesis of various dibenzatetraaza[14]annulenes. Reactivity of the macrocyclic framework is also reviewed, as a method of further modification of the ligand structure. (...)