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Analityczne wyznaczanie średniego niedoboru wody

Iwanejko R.

Instal

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2015

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nr 11

64--67

PL

Średni niedobór wody EN jest jedną ze specyficznych miar niezawodności stosowanych dla obiektów i systemów wodociągowych. Niedobór wody powstaje, gdy wskutek niesprawności obiekt nie może w pełni wypełniać swego zadania. Dlatego też miara EN ma istotne znaczenie zarówno przy ocenie stopnia zaspokajania potrzeb odbiorców wody jak i przy ocenie stopnia wypełniania zadań przez producenta wody. Dla większości systemów złożonych z dużej liczby elementów wyznaczanie EN za pomocą metody przeglądu zupełnego jest zbyt pracochłonne. Dlatego w praktyce często stosuje się przybliżoną metodę przeglądu częściowego. Błędu metody najczęściej nie szacuje się, albo oszacowanie jest zbyt grube, a przez to nieprzydatne. Choć z matematycznego punktu widzenia uzyskany wynik jest niewiarygodny, to jednak stanowi podstawę podejmowania decyzji. Dlatego jako cel postawiono sobie znalezienie prostej lecz dokładnej metody wyznaczania średniego niedoboru wody EN. Poszukiwanie metody analitycznej ograniczono do niezawodnościowych struktur podstawowych, gdyż z takich właśnie struktur jest zbudowana większość obiektów wodociągowych. W artykule zamieszczono przykład wyznaczenia EN dla zakładu uzdatniania wody realizującego typowe cząstkowe procesy uzdatniania wody.

EN

The average water shortage EN is one of the specific reliability measures used for water facilities and water supply systems. Water shortage occurs when objects cannot fully carry out their task due to a failure. Therefore, EN is important when assessing whether consumer needs are satisfied and whether the water supplier performs its tasks efficiently. For most complex multi element systems, determination of EN using a complete survey method is too laborious, therefore a method of a partial survey is often used, in practice. The method’s errors are not estimated or the estimates are too rough and thus useless. Although from a mathematical point of view the result is implausible, it is used in the decision-making process. Therefore, the author wanted to find a simple but accurate method for determining the average water shortage EN. The search for an analytical method was limited to basic reliability structures, which can be found in most water supply facilities. The article shows an example calculations of EN for a water treatment plant employing typical water treatment processes.

2

Using a code leveler to measure the length of short segments

Kuchmister J., Ćmielewski K., Ćmielewski B., Mąkolski K.

Reports on Geodesy

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2011

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z. 1/90

207-214

EN

During measurements or setting out geometrical values of engineering objects various inconveniences and obstacles can appear while using traditional geodesic measurement methods. Such situations can happen during the process of measurement or setting out as a result of the length of the project, based on building – assembly which is used to precisely set subassemblies of machines or devices. The authors use, to measure a segment of precise length, an equipped code leveler which allows them to skip obstacles present in the measured space which is necessary to perform geodetic monitoring. The poster shows results of the performed fragmental and complex researches – measurements of the applied device and setting out and measuring horizontal lengths. Chosen natural influences: environmental, legislative actions, measurement failures and others, which can influence the results of observations by means of DNA 03 leveler, were defined as a result of fragmentaristic researches. Running complex research works based on the long term allowed one to define measurement precision of various segments length by means of battens of various division (fiberglass batten: metrical and code division, precise code batten).

3

Application of kinematic models of geodesic network for surveying settlement dynamics of a suspension bridge deck

Kowalski R., Kornatowska Ż., Miksa A.

Reports on Geodesy

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2011

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z. 1/90

EN

Specific character of the engineering geodesy is based, among other things, upon the complexity and variety of surveying methods used for performing particular tasks. They should be adjusted to the specific conditions of the surveyed object and its’surroundings. A choice of the adequate methods of survey results handling is equally important for the correct description of the researched phenomenon. This paper presents a concept for measuring suspension bridge span deflection inducted by atmospheric conditions, in particular suspension cable length changes caused by insolation. The survey was performed using modified trigonometric levelling, incorporating monitoring of temporary refraction factor changes considered during bridge span dynamics calculations. Movement parameters of the selected points were calculated using a kinematic model of geodesic network. Assessment of approximate movement parameters indispensable for the method application was made with an assumption of a static model of realised observations.