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EN
The paper presents main provisions of methodology of manure utilization systems evaluation. All costs, starting with the costs related to manure cleaning in premises to the costs of increasing the biological yield obtained from its use, including the soil fertility value changes, were considered. The target function is offered a minimum of complex costs of entering the required amount of nutrients and organic matter per unit area for the planned yield. The effective technical solutions of calculations based on the proposed method include: construction of a boom conveyor with a hydraulic drive and described performance, scraper and screw types of conveyors, automatic scraper loading installation of manure from livestock buildings. The proposed solutions will reduce losses of nutrients by 50-70%, and will allow production of 20 million tons of grain annually.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia główne punkty metodologii oceny systemów do utylizacji gnojowicy. Rozważania objęły wszelkie koszty, od kosztów związanych z oczyszczaniem gnojowicy w budynkach po koszty związane ze zwiększeniem biologicznego plonu uzyskanego w wyniku jego zastosowania, w tym zmiany wartości żyzności gleby. Funkcja celowa otrzymuje minimalną wysokość kosztów całościowych związanych z wprowadzeniem wymaganej ilości składników odżywczych i masy organicznej na jednostkę powierzchni planowanego plonu. Skuteczne rozwiązania techniczne obliczeń w oparciu o proponowane metody obejmują: budowę belkowego podajnika z napędem hydraulicznym, automatyczna instalacja ładująca gnojowicę z budynków inwentarskich. Proponowane rozwiązania zredukują straty składników odżywczych o 50-70% i pozwolą na produkcję 20 milionów ton zbóż rocznie.
PL
Energia elektryczna to towar szczególny, który jest zwykle produkowany zgodnie ze zmianami zapotrzebowania. Tymczasem możliwości magazynowania energii elektrycznej istnieją a zasobniki energii elektrycznej mogą być (i coraz częściej są) stosowane do realizacji różnych celów w systemie elektroenergetycznym. Budowa zasobników przynosi określone, aczkolwiek niekiedy trudno wymierne, korzyści; pociąga za sobą też określone, zwykle znaczne, koszty. Artykuł dotyczy metodyki oceny ekonomicznej opłacalności magazynowania energii elektrycznej. Przedstawiono korzyści i koszty zasobników energii elektrycznej w różnych obszarach aplikacyjnych. Opisano metodykę oceny ekonomicznej opłacalności magazynowania energii elektrycznej.
EN
Electricity is a special commodity, which is usually produced according to demand changes. Meanwhile, possibilities for electricity storage exist and energy storage technologies can be (and increasingly are) used to achieve different purposes in the electric power system. Energy storage applications brings certain, sometimes difficult to quantify, benefits, entails a certain, usually significant costs. The article concerns a methodology of economic assessment of electricity storage profitability. Presents the benefits and costs of electric energy storage in different application areas. Describes the major assumptions methodology of evaluating the economic viability of energy storage.
PL
Artykuł stanowi uzupełnienie dwóch poprzednich publikacji (por. 1), a omówiono w nim wyniki analizy szczególnych postaci modelu starzenia się papieru bezkwasowego w odniesieniu do wskaźnika pochłaniania energii (TEA) i oporu przedarcia (FT) papieru.
EN
The article is a supplement of two previous publications (cf. note 1) on the new explanation of the ageing process reasons for acid-free paper, in which the mathematical relationship between the relative change rate of tensile energy absorption (TEA) and of tear resistance (FT) during artificial ageing of the acid-free paper and thermal parameters of that ageing in dry air could be expressed – as it has been shown experimentally – by equations combining both the elements of the theories of Nissan & Sternstein and the equations of Arrhenius and of Eyring. Therefore, it is possible to extrapolate the results of artificial ageing to natural ageing conditions. The general form of the equation derived is the same for both investigated the properties of the acid-free paper. In the published article the results of the analysis of both ageing model forms are discussed which are speciafic for each one of these paper strength characteristics. It has been shown that both models differ in absolute values of coefficients identified on the basis of regression equations. Introducing the numerical values of these coefficients and assuming that the ageing process takes place at the constant temperature 23°C permitted a substantial simplification of the equations, and this made easier to trace the effects of the technological parameters of the acid-free paper manufacture (its composition and the SR pulp slowness) on resistance of the paper to ageing. Using computer graphic analysis of these patterns showed that the decisive influence on the values of the coefficients appearing in the equations, and thus on the resistance to ageing of the acid-free paper, has a beating degree of its pulp. Its effect on the value of the relative reduction in both studied mechanical properties of the acid-free paper manifests itself only after a relatively long time prediction. The lower limit of 95% prediction interval is proposed to adopt for practical applications of the relative value of property changes in the acid-free paper being a result of its natural ageing. Absolute values of the strength of the acid-free paper after a certain time of its ageing depend not only on the relative rate of change but also on the level of its initial value. On the basis of the comparison curves of the minimum of tear resistance values, corresponding to the lower limit of 95% prediction interval, it can be stated that tear resistance values of the acid-free paper will equalise after a relatively long period of its natural ageing, regardless of the initial values of tear resistance. Using the elaborated model, it can be estimated that the studied handsheets of acid-free paper – which technological parameters has deliberately been limited to the area ensuring its high level of resistance to ageing – will retain sufficient strength after a period of at least 1,000 years. It refers to their natural ageing at 23°C and the moisture content in them less than 5%, ensuring the presence of the water in them in the form of monomolecular adsorption layer; as is the case in the so-called normal storage conditions recommended for long-term storage of paper archival media. Therefore, the model omitted the moisture content in paper, because the content being equivalent to the normal storage conditions will have no significant impact on the number of hydrogen bonds in the paper which determines its mechanical properties. Often emphasized the importance of the moisture is related to its effects rather in conjunction with other external and internal factors, especially the microbiological and chemical ones, and those only slightly depend on the matter of acid-free paper deliberately created for archival purposes.
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