Purpose: The structure evolution of amorphous metallic alloys during different kinds of thermal effects is an important problem of disordered systems physics. A precise evolutional model would allow predicting the formation of such a structural state, providing the necessary physical and mechanical alloy properties. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is devoted to the problem of modelling the explosive crystallisation process in metal glasses induced by laser, supplemented by experimental results. Findings: A theoretical model of laser-induced explosive crystallisation in metal glasses is proposed. A pulse laser heating method for the surface processing was developed, making it possible to obtain two-layer structures with an adjustable thickness of the amorphous crystalline layer. Research limitations/implications: The proposed model is assumed to test and optimes for metal glasses of other chemical compositions. Practical implications: A theoretical model of laser-induced explosive crystallisation in metal glasses allows for predicting and controlling structure changes to obtain the desired properties. Originality/value: The investigation of structure changes at rapid heating of amorphous alloys by experimental methods is very limited in obtaining data and their interpretation. For that reason, combining the modelling with experimental measurements is proposed. The results of this work have value for a scientist in material science, physics and engineering, which use nonequilibrium physical processes to obtain new materials, including nanoscale systems.
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The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of moderate vacuum conditions (10 Pa, 1 × 103 Pa and 2 × 104 Pa) on glass forming ability, thermal stability and aging behavior of Co42Cu1Fe20Ta5:5B26:5Si5 amorphous samples in terms of size and distribution of crystalline precipitates. The thinnest parts (300 μm) of the wedge-shaped samples were amorphous for all vacuum conditions, and they had similar compositional, structural and thermal characteristics. However, they represented different microstructural features after heat treatments at 950 K and 1100 K. The same phases precipitated in all samples but the amount and the size of the precipitates increased as the pressure was raised to the normal atmospheric value. The differences in the glass forming ability and the microstructure due to aging are considered to originate from lower thermal characteristics, such as relaxation and reduced glass temperature as well as γ parameter, resulting from the poor vacuum pressure used in the production process. The differences in the microstructures and hardness values caused by heat treatments have been observed.
The paper presents research of metallic glass based on a Mg72Zn24Ca4 alloy. Metallic glass was prepared using induction melting and further injection on a spinning copper wheel. The X-ray diffractometer and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to investigate the phase transformation of the amorphous ribbon. The heat released in the crystallization process, during isothermal annealing, based on the differential scanning calorimeter investigation, was determined to be 166.18 Jg-1. The effect of isothermal annealing temperature on the kinetics of the amorphous alloy crystallization process using differential scanning calorimeter was investigated. For this purpose, two isothermal annealing temperatures were selected. The incubation time decreases as the temperature of the isothermal annealing increases from 300 to 252 seconds. The same relationship is visible in the case of duration of the phase transformation, which also decreases as the temperature of the isothermal annealing increases from 360 to 228 seconds. The obtained results show a significant influence of isothermal annealing temperature on the degree of phase transformation.
The paper describes the primary crystallization of metallic Fe95Si5 glass which was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with non-isothermal methods. The activation energy of crystal transformation was calculated with the equations proposed by Kissinger, Mahadevan and a modified version of the equation developed by Augis and Bennett. Activation energy was determined at Ea = 242.0 - 254.2 kJ / mol, subject to the applied method. The Avrami exponent of crystallization in the amorphous phase n was determined in the range of n = 2.40 - 2.52, depending on the method of calculating the transformation of activation energy.
The Ca50Mg20Zn12Cu18 was assessed with different methods in order to characterize its basic characteristics, and to determine whether the amorphous alloy of such composition would be applicable as an implant material. The XRD analysis was conducted to conclude the structure of the initial material. The Ca50Mg20Zn12Cu18 ingot sample demonstrates crystalline structure containing two main intermetallic phases, however as-cast plates show features of an amorphous material, revealing the characteristic amorphous halo on the x-ray patterns. It was confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy method and fracture images revealing chevron pattern morphology with shell type fracture. Corrosion resistance, was studied using the potentiostatic analysis. The amorphous samples show higher resistance than the crystalline one. Post corrosion surface of the Ca50Mg20Zn12Cu18 alloy exhibits high concentration of magnesium and calcium hydroxides, forming the globular structures in large aggregates of spherical units.
Viscous flow behavior of amorphous Zr65(Ni,Pd)35 alloy has been studied at a heating rate of 20 K/min. The viscosity experimental results are interpreted on the basis of the free volume model. The values of the model parameters obtained are used for estimation of glass forming ability in terms of the Angell parameter, and the fracture strength of the alloys based on its correlation with the glass transition temperature. The glass transition temperature is 663 K. The alloy Zr65(Ni,Pd)35 possesses excellent fracture strength of about 2.28 GPa, comparable to that of stainless steels. The relatively good thermal and excellent mechanical properties make this alloy promising for preparing bulk amorphous samples.
The problem of the disposal of metallurgical slags in the copper-nickel industry also remains open in the Kola Peninsula area, where this kind of exploitation and processing of sulphide Cu-Ni deposits is conducted. The urgent need is to reuse the waste slag heaps through the effective manner of their use based on our available technologies. The slag obtained after processing sulphide copper-nickel ores in the Kola Peninsula contains about 4 wt.% of the ore. The chemical and mineral composition of the slag plays a key role when considering the possibility of its re-use in the context of environmental nuisance. The line of processing Cu-Ni sulfide deposits from the slag proposed by the authors is based on the ability to change the slag phase composition by its oxidation and reduction processes for the enrichment of ore mineralization for reuse.
PL
Kwestia utylizacji żużli hutniczych przemysłu miedziowo-niklowego pozostaje otwarta również na Półwyspie Kolskim, gdzie jest prowadzona eksploatacja i obróbka siarczkowych złóż Cu-Ni. Pilną potrzebą jest ponowne wykorzystanie hałd. W tym celu, przy zastosowaniu dostępnych technologii, poddaje się je efektywnemu przetworzeniu. Podczas przetwarzania siarczkowych rud miedzi z niklem w żużlu pozostaje około 4% wag. minerałów rudy. O ponownym wykorzystaniu żużla decyduje jego chemiczny i mineralny skład, który nie może zagrażać naturalnemu środowisku. Zaproponowany przez autorów projekt linii przetwarzania osadów siarczków Cu-Ni z żużla zakłada uzyskanie zmiany składu fazowego żużla w wyniku utleniania i redukcji w trakcie obróbki cieplnej, koniecznej do wzbogacenia mineralizacji rudnej, a tym samym do jej ponownego użycia.
The newly designed Ti-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) in which case of fracture behavior was observed 1990MPa to compressive strength with a wide plastic deformation around 7% after process of elastic deformation. This phenomenon can be compared with those of Ti-based alloys and other Ti-based BMGs and indicates high potential to be applied in use. It was evaluated the Ti-based BMG for thermal stability that the reduced glass parameters, ΔTx, Trg and γ, are 79K, 0.50 and 0.38, respectively. In addition, it reveals high activation energies for crystallization in which are estimated to Ex1 = 291.77 ±9.71 kJ/mol, Ex2 = 588.77 ±28.88 kJ/mol and Ex3 = 330.26 ±3.61 kJ/mol on kissinger plotting in this study.
The crystallization behavior has been studied in Zr62Al8Ni13Cu17 metallic glass alloy. The Zr62Al8Ni13Cu17 metallic glass crystallized through two steps. The fcc Zr2Ni phase transformed from the amorphous matrix during first crystallization and then the Zr2Ni and residual amorphous matrix transformed into a mixture of tetragonal Zr2Cu and hexagonal Zr6Al2Ni phases. Johnson- Mehl-Avrami analysis of isothermal transformation data suggested that the formation of crystalline phase is primary crystallization by diffusion-controlled growth.
It is expected that damping in amorphous metals change after its recrystallization. For this purpose study of this phenomena was investigated. An alloy Fe75 Z r4Ti3B17Cu1 was manufactured in a very specific conditions to obtain amorphous structure. To confirm structure of the manufactured material basic testing was conducted including XRD, AFM, LFM and SEM with EDS attachment. The study showed that the structure in fact is partially amorphous and partially nanocrystalline. To determine expected change of damping sample in form of rod was tested for bounce height in controlled conditions before and after heat treatment that changed materials structure. Obtained results indicate decrease of damping after heat treatment and therefore confirms initial assumption.
Uważa się, że tłumienie w przypadku metali o strukturze amorficznej powinno ulec zmianie po ich rekrystalizacji. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań tego zagadnienia. Badania przeprowadzono na stopie Fe75Zr4Ti3B17Cu1 wykonanym w taki sposób, aby otrzymać materiał o strukturze amorficznej. W celu określenia oczekiwanej zmiany w tłumieniu badanego materiału, przeprowadzono badania polegające na pomiarze wysokości odbicia, dla próbki przed obróbką termiczną i po takiej obróbce. Otrzymane rezultaty pokazały, że względne tłumienie próbki uległo zmniejszeniu po poddaniu jej obróbce cieplnej, tym samym potwierdzając wstępne założenia.
EN
It is expected that damping in amorphous metals changes after their recrystallization. For this purpose a study of this phenomena was investigated. A Fe75Zr4Ti3B17Cu1 alloy was manufactured in very specific conditions to obtain amorphous structure. To determine expected change of damping, a sample in form of a rod was tested for bounce height in controlled conditions before and after heat treatment that changed the material structure. The obtained results indicate a decrease of damping after heat treatment and therefore confirm the initial assumption.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań struktury i wybranych własności magnetycznych szkieł metalicznych na osnowie żelaza. Próbki do badań w postaci taśm wytworzono metodą “melt spinning”. W ramach badań własności magnetycznych wyznaczono indukcję nasycenia oraz natężenie pola koercji i wartość namagnesowania. Zakładając, że namagnesowanie można podobnie zdefiniować jak w przypadku paramagnetyków (klasyczna teoria ferromagnetyzmu wykorzystująca model pola molekularnego – pola Weissa) opracowano metodykę opisu własności magnetycznych dla badanych stopów amorficznych. Ilościowy wpływ pierwiastków stopowych (B,Si) na własności magnetyczne badanych materiałów pozwolił określić wartość współczynnika mocy wpływu β, której wielkość zastępuje stałą pola molekularnego.
EN
The paper presents the results of structural and magnetic properties of selected iron- basedmetallic glasses. The samples in the form of tapes were prepared by "melt spinning".The study of the magnetic properties were determined saturation induction,magnetic coercivity and value of the magnetization. Taking advantage of the fact that the magnetization is defined similarly as in the case of paramagnetics (a classic theory of ferromagnetism that uses molecular field model –Weiss field) description model of the magnetic properties of amorphous material. Quantitative impact of alloying elements (B, Si) on the magnetic properties of the material allowed to determine the effect of power factor β , which replaces the fixed constant of molecular field.
The paper summarizes briefly the current status of research in the field of nanocrystallization of metallic glasses especially highlighting the influence of glass composition and conditions of devitrification process on size, morphology and composition of crystallization products. Conventional crystallization creates a nanocrystalline structure only in glasses with particular compositions. Any metallic glass ,decomposing in a primary crystallization process, can be converted into partially nanocrystalline material using non-conventional methods of heat treatment, e.g. high-temperature or low-temperature nanocrystallization. Temperature of devitrification process influences sizes and compositions of crystallization products for any volume fraction of crystalline phase. The change of crystallites sizes can change their morphologies. The change of a crystallite composition usually affects the lattice parameter but also can result in a change of crystallographic structure of the same phase or in formation of another phase. Composition of primary crystallites is dependent on temperature as well as on time of devitrification process. The lower the annealing temperature and the shorter the annealing time (smaller crystallites) the more the crystallites composition differs from the equilibrium state.
W pracy badano wpływ wielkości frakcji amorficznego proszku wiązanego polimerem na właściwości magnetycznie miękkie i mechaniczne. Proszek został otrzymany poprzez niskoenergetyczne mielenie amorficznej płytki wytworzonej metodą wtłaczania ciekłego stopu do miedzianej formy. Na podstawie badań dyfrakcji promieni rentgenowskich stwierdzono, że kompozyty miały strukturę amorficzną. Wykorzystując magnetometr wibracyjny zmierzono statyczne pętle histerezy magnetycznej, na podstawie których wyznaczono parametry takie jak: magnetyzacja nasycenia (μoMs.) oraz pole koercji (Hc). Zmierzono mikrotwardość wykorzystując metodę Vickersa. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że wielkość amorficznych cząstek istotnie wpływa na zmianę parametrów magnetycznych jak i mechanicznych badanych kompozytów. Dodatkowo stwierdzono, że osnowa polimerowa izolująca amorficzne cząstki wpłynęła na pogorszenie parametrów magnetycznie miękkich w porównaniu do masywnych płytek.
EN
In the paper investigates the effect of the volume fraction of amorphous powders on the soft magnetic and mechanical properties. The powder was obtained by low-energy milling of amorphous plates produced by the injection of a liquid alloy into a copper mold. On the basis of X-ray diffraction, it was found that the composites had an amorphous structure. Using the vibrating sample magnetometer, the static hysteresis loops were measured, on which basis the basic magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization (μoMs) and the coercive field (Hc) were determined. Microhardness was measured using the Vickers method. From the examinations, it was found that the size of the amorphous particles significantly influences the change of magnetic and mechanical parameters of the studied composites. Additionally it was found that the polymeric matrix insulating the amorphous particles affected the deterioration of soft magnetic parameters in comparison to the massive plates.
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In this work the mathematical foundations of the mechanics of elastic undamageable materials are presented. In particular the governing differential equations are derived for both the scalar and tensorial cases. In the isotropic case it is found that the resulting scalar differential equations are simple and easy to solve. However, in the anisotropic case the tensorial differential equations are complicated and unsolvable at this time. The current work presents the solution in the form of explicit nonlinear stress-strain relations for the simple one-dimensional case. However, the general solution of the three-dimensional case remains unattainable at the present time. Only the governing tensorial differential equations are derived for this latter case. It is to be noted that the term “undamageable” is reflected in the context of the material stiffness and not the property of indestructibility due to various loading conditions. Thus, the undamageable material reflects that no microcracks or microvoids occur as well as no plastic yielding in the material. To illustrate this concept, a last section is added on applications.
The primary crystallization process of Fe95Si5 metallic glass was investigated by DSC and X-ray diffraction methods. The crystalline phase α-Fe(Si) was identified during the primary crystallization process. The activation energy of crystallization Ea has been calculated in the frame of two models: Kissinger and Ozawa. The activation energy for primary crystallization of amorphous Fe95Si5 alloy are determined as 235.2 and 247.3 kJ mol-1 by means of the Kissinger and Ozawa equations, respectively.
PL
Proces krystalizacji pierwotnej szkła metalicznego Fe95Si5 badano metodą różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej (DSC) oraz dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej. Zidentyfikowano fazę powstającą podczas pierwszego etapu krystalizacji jako α-Fe(Si). Obliczono energię aktywacji przemiany krystalicznej na podstawie dwóch modeli: Kissingera oraz Ozawy. Energia aktywacji obliczona z równań Kissingera i Ozawy wyniosła odpowiednio 235,2 oraz 247,3 kJ mol-1.
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Purpose: The goal of this work is to investigate structure and properties of Fe54Cr16Mo12C18 alloy rods with different diameters obtained by the pressure die casting method. Design/methodology/approach: Master alloy ingot with compositions of Fe54Cr16Mo12C18 was prepared by induction melting of pure Fe, Cr, Mo, C elements in argon atmosphere. The investigated material were cast in form of rods with different diameters. Glassy and crystalline structures were examined by X-ray diffraction. The microscopic observation of the fracture morphology was carried out by the SEM with different magnification. The thermal properties of the studied alloy were examined by DTA and DSC method. Findings: These materials exhibit high glass-forming ability, excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Research limitations/implications: It is difficult to obtain a metallic glass of Fe54Cr16Mo12C18 alloy. The investigations carried out on the different samples of Fe54Cr16Mo12C18 bulk metallic alloy allowed to state that the studied ribbon was amorphous whereas rods were amorphous – crystalline. Originality/value: The formation and investigation of the casted Fe-Cr-Mo-C bulk materials and the study of glass-forming ability of this alloy.
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Purpose: This paper presents the investigations results of fabrication and structure tests binary Ni-Nb metallic glasses. Design/methodology/approach: The studies were performed on Ni60+xNb40-x (x=0, 1, 2) alloys in form of ribbon and rods up to 2 mm. For the purpose of fabrication test pieces, melt spinning and pressure die casting methods were used. The main index for determine glass forming ability was thickness of specimens. To the tests of samples structure X-ray diffraction phase analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. Owing to good mechanical properties of Ni-based metallic glasses, microhardness of cast rods were examined. Findings: X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis have revealed that samples in form of ribbons were amorphous, while cast rods were crystalline. Practical implications: The relationship between amorphous structure and good mechanical properties could be promising for many engineering application. The Ni-based bulk metallic glasses are newcomers engineering materials which may be applied to a new type pressure sensor exhibiting higher capability and higher sensitivity Originality/value: Paper present quite new type of binary metallic glasses based on Ni. For the sake of alloy simplicity it is possible that this alloys will be used in many applications.
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The primary crystallization of Co78Si9B13 metallic glass starts at 648 K and as a consequence of this the ?-Co(Si) phase with needle morphology is created. The second stage of crystallization (at 773 K) is the eutectic and as a result of this ?-Co(Si) and boron phases: (Co,Si)3B, (Co,Si)2B are formed. The crystallites of these phases have layer morphology. These characteristic morphologies in the first and second stages lead to the increase in coercivity.
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W referacie przedstawiono wyniki modelowania charakterystyk magnetycznych szkła metalicznego o składzie chemicznym Fe40Ni38Mo4B18. Zastosowano model Jilesa-Athertona-Sablika, w którym parametry modelu wyznaczono z wykorzystaniem strategii ewolucyjnej (μ+λ) dla każdej pętli histerezy z osobna. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały przydatność modelu Jilesa-Athertona-Sablika do opisu tego typu materiałów. Uzyskany dla wszystkich pętli histerezy współczynnik korelacji Pearsona r2 przekracza 0,99, co jest w zupełności wystarczające przy wykorzystaniu modelu do zastosowań technicznych.
EN
Paper presents result of the modeling of magnetic characteristics of Fe40Ni38Mo4B18 metallic glass. Jiles-Atherton-Sablik model was applied. Parameters of the model were determined for each magnetic hysteresis loop. Results indicated, that used model is suitable for modeling of characteristics of metallic glasses. Achieved Pearson r2 coeficient exceeds 0,99 and is useful for technical applications.
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