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EN
The paper presents the experimental results on the determination of melt parameters such as the energy of the boundary, contact angle, density and kinematic viscosity of low and medium alloy steels at different temperatures, as well as the dispersion of their dendritic structure in solidified castings. The analysis of the data obtained allowed revealing using mathematical models the influence of the chemical composition and temperature of melts on their properties and the dendritic structure of castings. It was established the variation of the melt parameters depending on the particular chemical elements of steels as C, Si, Mn, O, P, V, Cr. The established analytical dependences shown that increasing density and viscosity contributes to the dispersion of the dendritic structure and viscosity is of the major effect. The derived quantitative patterns allows to evaluate structure formation of cast structural low and medium alloy steels.
2
Content available Difference melt model
EN
The basic objective of the research is to construct a difference model of the melt motion. The existence of a solution to the problem is proven in the paper. It is also proven the convergence of the difference problem solution to the original problem solution of the melt motion. The Rothe method is implemented to study the Navier-Stokes equations, which provides the study of the boundary value problems correctness for a viscous incompressible flow both numerically and analytically.
EN
Purpose: of this paper is to study the structure of melts of quasi-binary system Bi2Te3-PbTe by means of X-ray diffraction method. The aim of the research was to investigate the short range order in melts comparing it with the structure in solid state. Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of the structural factors, radial distribution functions of atoms and basic structural parameters showed that the structure of melts at temperatures near the liquidus shows microheterogeneity. Findings: On the basis of the analysis of structural factors, functions of the radial distribution of atoms and basic structural parameters, it is shown that in the given concentration the short range order structure of liquid alloys of pseudo-binary PbTe-Bi2Te3 system is microinhomogeneous and is characterized by the presence of associates, whose atomic arrangement is like to the structure of solid compounds, existing in this concentration range. Research limitations/implications: To complete the understanding of short-range order effect on the formation of the physical properties of Pb-Bi-Te alloys, further studies of the thermoelectric properties of these alloys in the liquid state are needed. Practical implications: The promise of the considered direction requires an experimental and theoretical study of the processes of bulk, thin film and nanostructured material. In this case, it is necessary to develop a technology for the synthesis of compounds of Pb-Bi-Te system, obtaining thin films and nanostructures using the vapour phase methods with studying the mechanisms of thermoelectric properties of the material formation and optimization of technological regimes for obtaining effective thermoelectric materials based on compounds of Pb-Te-Bi system. Originality/value: The processes of structure formation of nanosystems with given characteristics are investigated, because among numerous thermoelectric materials, bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and its alloys are the most important thermoelectric materials used in state-of-the-art devices near room temperature, and lead telluride (PbTe)-based alloys are extensively used in power supplies for space exploration and generators for use at medium to high temperatures.
EN
The calculation method of the heat and electric characteristics of induction crucible holding furnace with take into account the variable melt level in crucible is developed. The structural model of the mixer is received. The model of the control system of the mixer with indirect estimation of the temperature is developed.
PL
Opracowano metodę obliczania charakterystyk cieplnych i elektrycznych indukcyjnego pieca tyglowego do przetrzymywania metalu z uwzględnieniem zmiennego poziomu kąpieli w tyglu. Otrzymano model strukturalny mieszalnika. Model systemu regulacji z pośrednią oceną temperatury.
PL
Wykonano oprogramowanie do gromadzenia i przetwarzania danych opisujących wytopy wykonywane w piecu próżniowym, VSG 50. Program, przeznaczony do pracy w środowisku Windows, umożliwia gromadzenie w bazie danych parametrów technologicznych i danych o materiałach wsadowych, selekcje wytopów według zadanych kryteriów, wykonywania obliczeń uzysków i ich analizy statystycznej oraz obliczania wsadu dla wytopów według zadanych kryteriów i na podstawie obliczonych uzysków.
EN
Software for collecting and processing data that describe melts carried out in VSG 50 vaccuum furnace was made. The program, to be operated under the Windows environment, allows collection of technological parameters and data on charge materials in the database, selection of melts according to the preset criteria, carrying out calculations ofyields followed by the statistical analysis, and caleulation of charge for melts according to thepreset criteria based on the calculated yields.
6
Content available remote Równanie turbulentnego ruchu wtrąceń w nieruchomej kąpieli metalowej
PL
Przedstawiono różniczkowe równania opisujące turbulentny ruch cząstek w nieruchomej cieczy. Rozwiązanie pozwala śledzić tor i prędkość ruchu w zdefiniowanym obszarze cieczy przy dowolnych warunkach początkowych. Opracowany na podstawie równań program komputerowy umożliwia badania symulacyjne.
EN
Investigation showed, that bismuth limits effect of modification silumin AlSiTCuMg with strontium.
EN
A Polish glass manufacturing transcription, from a German technikal journal Dingler's polytechnisches Journal 89 (1843) Band was presented. For the first time The Journal published the description and the drawings - Beschreibung des Verfahren der reticulirten venetianischen Glaser, von Franz Pohl - that is the description of the process used for the replication of the Venetian network filigree glass (in German: reticulirten Glaser) by Franz Pohl. Franz Pohl (1813-1884), of Czech origin (Neu Welt), was connected with Lower Silesia throughout his life. A master glass blower, a practitioner and an inventor of glass making techniques in the area of an industrial production of glass tableware. In the years 1841-42, a designer and a builder of the Josephine Glassworks (Josephinenhutte) at Szklarska Poręba (Schreiberhau), Jelenia Góra Valley (Hirschberger Tal), Lower Silesia. A technology manager of many years , at the Director's post of the Glassworks. Franz Pohl started to work for Preussler again in the years 1837-1841, at the Orle-Carlsthal. Cooperating with a German chemist, Dr. W.E. Fuss, he worked out a method of making the old Venetian mosaic glass - millefiori. There, he also began experiments in creating aventurine (copper) glass. It was at the Carlsthal Glassworks, in the years 1839-1841 that, for the first time, Franz Pohl made network filigree glass (vetro filigrana a'reticelli) according to his own idea. He was accompanied by German glass blower, A. Seidel. Franz Pohl, the inventor of an original method of reproducing the historical Venetian network filigree glass (vetro filigrana a'reticelli), was to the 1849 year the only glass practitioner in the whole Europe who had thoroughly published and documented, with descriptions and drawings, his own technological process of production.
PL
W KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. stosuje się dwa procesy do produkcji miedzi blister. Pierwszy o tradycyjnej technologii z etapem konwertorowania kamienia miedziowego i drugi z jednostadialnym przetopem koncentratu w piecu firmy Outokumpu. W polskich koncentratach miedziowych występuje również ołów i kobalt. Podczas przerobu koncentratów kobalt gromadzi się w żużlach konwertorowych, częściowo również przechodzi do tych żużli ołów. Kobalt można odzyskać z żużli konwertorowych, a jednym z etapów procesu jest rozpuszczanie stopu Cu-Fe-Pb-Co otrzymanego przez redukcję żużli. Obecność ołowiu w stopie utrudnia, a przy większej ilości uniemożliwia jego rozpuszczanie. Konieczne jest zatem usunięcie ołowiu ze stopu przed jego przeróbką hydrometalurgiczną. Jedną z możliwości jest odpędzenie ołowiu do pyłów przy pomocy gazów przepuszczanych przez top. Taką metodę zastosowano w prezentowanych badaniach. Przedstawiono obliczenia termodynamiczne oraz wyniki badań laboratoryjnych otrzymane podczas odpędzania ołowiu ze stopu Cu-Fe-Pb-Co do pyłów, przy zastosowaniu gazów obojętnych i redukcyjnych.
EN
In KGHM copper smelters, two processes are used for blister production. First it is a conventional one with matte converting stage, and second is the Outokumpu single-stage process. In both processes, Polish concentrates are used, which comprise also lead and cobalt. Cobalt is to be recovered from converter slag, and one of the stages of the process is leaching of Cu-Fe-Co-Pb alloys which are reduced from the slags. Unfortunately, lead makes this process very sluggish, and therefore it has to be removed before leaching. A possible solution to the problem is the lead removal from the reduced alloy by neutral or reducing gas injection into melt. This option was investigated, and laboratory scale results as well as thermodynamic background of the process are presented.
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