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Spectrophotometric Colour Matching in Melange Fibre Blends

Sabir E C, Yesil Y

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2011

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Vol. 19, no. 5 (88)

125--128

EN

Colour effect is obtained from mixing different coloured fibres before the blend. In the production of mélange colored textile materials, the incorrect prediction of fibre colors, which will provide the mélange colour desired, constitute a major problem for textile businesses. In this study, an attempt was made at estimating the mix of fibre colours to obtain the mélange colour desired before production. For this purpose, polyester and viscose fibres were used in yellow, red and blue colours. These fibres were obtained in different ratios, three colour mixes and 720 mélange coloured bands . The colour values of these bands measured by a spectrophotometer were expressed in CIELab 1976 units. The Stearns – Noechel model was the basis for colour forecasting. A new approach has been developed for calculating coefficient M in the model. This approach results in each mixture, and a different coefficient M was calculated for all the wavelengths in the range 400 - 700 nm. Colour calculations were made using the M coefficients. The average colour difference between the colour values measured and those calculated were found to be 0.95 CIELab units. This result suggests that in fibre blends, estimating the colour of the Stearns – Noechel model might be a sufficient result.

PL

Efekt kolorystyczny uzyskuje się przez mieszanie przędz o różnych kolorach przed połączeniem. Odpowiednie dobranie kolorów dla przędz wielobarwnych stanowi poważny problem produkcyjny. W artykule opisano próbę doboru kolorów przed produkcją. Stosowano przędze poliestrowe i wiskozowe o kolorach żółtym, czerwonym i niebieskim o różnym wzajemnym stosunku. Uzyskano 720 kolorowych taśm. Wartości kolorystyczne tych taśm mierzono spektrofotometrem i wyrażono w jednostkach układu CIELab z 1976. Podstawą przewidywania kolorów był model Stearnsa-Noechela. Opracowano nową metodę obliczania współczynnika M w powyższym modelu. Zróżnicowane współczynniki M obliczono dla długości fal w zakresie 400-700nm. Współczynniki te wykorzystano dla obliczenia danych wartości kolorystycznych. Stwierdzono, ze średnia różnica kolorów pomiędzy wartościami pomierzonymi a obliczonymi wynosiła 0,95 jednostek CIELab. Ten wynik sugeruje,że stosując model Stearnsa-Noechela uzyskano zadowalające wyniki przy określaniu koloru taśm przędz wielobarwnych.

2

Kompleksy chaotyczne w rejonie gorlickim (polskie Karpaty zewnętrzne)

Jankowski L.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2007

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nr 426

27-52

PL

Badania terenowe w okolicach Gorlic uwidoczniły istnienie kompleksów o chaotycznej litologii typu "bloki w matrix", które w opracowaniach kartograficznych zwykle były brane za niektóre człony litostratygraficzne, jak np. łupki pstre czy warstwy inoceramowe. Badania terenowe i badania stratygraficzne potwierdziły chaotyczny charakter utworów budujących "płaty" i"półwyspy" Łużnej i Harklowej oraz mioceński wiek matrix spajającego bloki lub fragmenty profili. Najczęściej występującym w Karpatach zewnętrznych rodzajem kompleksów chaotycznych są melanże tektoniczne oddzielające poszczególne elementy tektoniczne. Ponadto występują zdeformowane tektonicznie olistostromy wieku mioceńskiego. W celu wyjaśnienia mechanizmu usadowienia "półwyspów" przyjęto hipotezę spływu grawitacyjnego typu zsuwu czy ześlizgu lub hipotezę zsunięcia osadów wzdłuż aktywnej skarpy uskokowej. Badania terenowe pozwoliły także odkryć strefy tzw. pozasekwencyjnych nasunięć tektonicznych, którym towarzyszą melanże, oraz ujawniły szereg wystąpień kompleksów chaotycznych w innych rejonach Karpat polskich.

EN

Geological research in Gorlice region has revealed existence of chaotic complexes "block in matrix" type. These chaotic complexes usually were taken for some "flych" members as e.g. variegated shales or Inoceramus beds. The research have also revealed chaotic character of the so called Łużna and Harklowa "peninsulas" and outliers and confirmed Miocene age of embedding matrix. The most frequent types of the chaotic complexes on the area studied are wide tectonic melanges that separate individual tectonic elements. There occur deformed olistostromes of the Miocene age. To explain of the seat of Łużna or Harklowa "penninsulas" and outliers a hypothesis of slumping from active slope or slumping from active fault scar was applied. Zones so called out-of-sequence thrusts associated with broad zones of melanges were also recognised during extensive field work.

3

In situ growth of monazite in anchizonal to epizonal mudrocks: first record from the Variscan accretionary prism of the Kaczawa Mountains, West Sudetes, SW Poland

Kryza R., Zalasiewicz J. A., Charnley N., Milodowski A. E., Kostylew J., Tyszka R.

Geologia Sudetica

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2004

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Vol. 36

39-51

EN

We report the first occurrence of diagenetic or low grade metamorphic monazite from the Palaeozoic mudrock successions of the Kaczawa Complex of the West Sudetes, Poland. Where observed in relation to the enclosing mudrock, this monazite comprises tiny irregular grains, less than 20 microns in diameter, intergrown with the surrounding matrix minerals. This monazite resembles previously described examples of diagenetic monazite from elsewhere in the world in mostly possessing low contents of Th and U but differs in forming much smaller grains, which show only slight zonation of rare earth elements (REEs). Some of the monazite grains studied also appear to have formed synchronously with the cleavage, perhaps a function of early deformation and fluid release in an accretionary prism environment. Relatively Th-rich cores, and an association with altered detrital biotite in some instances, suggests that at least some of the in situ monazite growth might have taken place as overgrowths on primary detrital monazite particles.

4

Litologia i geneza zmetamorfizowanych skał osadowych i wulkanicznych jednostki Chełmca (Góry Kaczawskie)

Baronowski Z., Haydukiewicz A., Kryza R., Lorens S., Muszyński A., Urbanek Z.

Geologia Sudetica

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1998

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Vol. 31, nr 1

33-59

EN

Based on detailed drill core studies from fourteen boreholes (up to 1500 m deep) and on field observations, the Chełmiec tectonic unit in the northern part of the Kaczawa Mts appears to contain two types of tectonostratigraphic elements. The first is fragments of a stratigraphic sequence, composed mainly of dark muddy slates (metamudstones) and variegated laminated silty-clayey slates (both considered as Ordovician), and of volcaniclastic rocks, greenstones and dia-bases. The second element is represented by mélange bodies which consist of dark muddy slates (matrix) enclosing fragments of various lithologies: dark siliceous and graphitic slates, light siliceous slates, quartzites, greywackes, variegated silty-clayey slates etc. (probably Upper Devonian or Lower Carboniferous). Due to the lack of biostratigraphic evidence, the stratigraphic subdivision is based on lithological criteria. Using e.g. the rule of superposition and analysis of lithological contacts and sedimentary and volcanogenic structures, the stratigraphic succession was defined, and three informal lithostratigraphic units were distinguished: (a) an association of metamudstones and diabases, (b) an association of metavolcaniclastic rocks (both within the stratigraphic sequence), and (c) a mélange association. The dark metamudstones and variegated silty-clayey slates of the association of metamudstones and diabases are interpreted as turbidites. The volcaniclastic rocks, of clearly epiclastic character, were delivered episodically from marginal parts of the basin or volcanic heights by denser turbiditic currents and other types of gravity flows. Simultaneously, volcanic activity occurred within the basin itself producing basaltic lavas (now observed as subvolcanic diabases and effusive greenstones), which geochemically correspond to recent mildly alkaline within-plate basalts. The geotectonic setting of the basin is difficult to define precisely but the sequence was probably emplaced in an outer fan or in a basin at a continental margin. The mélange represents a later stage of the evolution of the Kaczawa Complex. Most probably, it was deposited from gravity flows and slumps in a trench or on a trench slope. Its origin is thought to have been connected within the formation of a Variscian accretionary prism in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous times. The rock complex of the Chełmiec Unit experienced several stages of deformation during the Variscian orogeny. The first event resulted in a system of thrusts (and associated folds?) and it was related to (or partly preceeded by) the formation of mélange. It is likely that deformation at this stage (and in particular in its later phase) took place under blueschist facies conditions. The second deformation event, probably under greenschist facies conditions, was associated with folding which steepened the earlier foliation and produced new asymmetric folds. The third deformation event, partly under semi-brittle/brittle conditions, is responsible for new thrusts cutting the earlier structures and the formation of large open folds, such as the Bolków-Wojcieszów antiform. The deformation of the rocks of the Chełmiec Unit was associated with greenschist facies metamorphism. In general, primary sedimentary and volcanic structures are well preserved in the rocks of this unit which often seem to have suffered weaker deformation and metamorphism than that observed in other units of the Kaczawa Mts. No clear evidence of the early high-pressure episode which is widespread in other tectonic units of the Kaczawa Complex has been found in the Chełmiec Unit so far.