Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Nanocząstki w biokompozytach polimer – ceramika do regeneracji tkanki kostnej

Bartolewska Magdalena

Szkło i Ceramika

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2021

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R. 72, nr 4

28--30

PL

Medycyna regeneracyjna staje się szybko rozwijającą techniką w współczesnej biomedycynie. Coraz częściej na świecie są wykorzystywane nanocząstki do naprawiania i leczenia uszkodzonych komórek. Ten artykuł przeglądowy przedstawia wiedzę na temat kompozytów, składających się z polimeru oraz hydroksyapatytu, modyfikowanych nanocząstkami i ich zastosowaniami w medycynie regeneracyjnej.

EN

Regenerative medicine is becoming a rapidly developing technique in modern biomedicine. Nanoparticles are used increasingly to repair and heal damaged cells. The paper presents knowledge about the use of nanoparticles in the modification of polymer and hydroxyapatite composites and their applications in regenerative medicine.

2

Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine: view of the Past & Vision for the future

Kirkpatrick Charles James

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2021

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Vol. 24, no. 163

7

EN

In the past two decades, the fields of Tissue Engineering (TE) and Regenerative Medicine (RegMed) have received important input from advances in stem cell research as well as in the biomaterial sciences, including new developments in composite materials and interactive polymer systems. In the latter, for example, biodegradable scaffolds and hydrogels can mimic essential characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is the microenvironment of cells in their natural state in situ. Being able to simulate such cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in vitro is important not only for testing new biomaterials, but also for understanding regenerative mechanisms after implantation. However, this is far from a trivial challenge, although it can be usefully assisted by employing co-culture models in three dimensions. The situation becomes even more complex, when novel biomaterials and strategies for regeneration are investigated in vivo. Testing in animals introduces namely a complexity which makes mechanistic interpretation of observations exceedingly difficult, if not impossible. Moreover, in the past the accepted norms in testing have generally involved, for example, implantation in healthy animals, although in reality most patients receive a biomaterial for a disease state. Thus, for in vivo models there is an acute need to develop relevant models of disease. Future developments must also address the challenges of understanding the effects of, for example, ageing, multi-morbidity and medication on tissue reactions at the implant interface. Such multifactorial considerations play a special role in the case of cancer patients. In the future, biomaterials and TE & RegMed will be increasingly influenced by the broadening interface with biotechnology. The latter is so vast that it is difficult to put its elements into a single presentation slide which an audience could read without binoculars and a prolonged time slot! However, the COVID-19 pandemic has focussed attention on the power of mRNA technology in modulating the body's immune system. It remains to be established how this technology could be adapted to control unwanted reactions at specific sites, for example, at a tissue-biomaterial interface. Returning to biotechnology as a driver of future progress, it seems highly likely that both major scientific branches of biomaterials, namely the materials sciences and the life sciences, will receive transforming impulses from advances in biotechnology. Fields such as artificial intelligence, green technology, robotics and nanotechnology underline just how diverse biotechnology is. In addition, this diversity stresses the essential role of interdisciplinarity and its implications for university teaching for future generations of materials and life scientists.

3

W roli głównej błona owodniowa – królowa medycyny regeneracyjnej

Olkowska Dominika, Caldwell Greg A.

Optyka

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2020

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Nr 6

58--62

PL

Szerokie spektrum zastosowania błony owodniowej i jej niezwykłe właściwości czynią ją cennym źródłem wykorzystywanym w dziedzinie medycyny, szczególnie okulistyki. Postaram się przybliżyć owo zagadnienie, przedstawiając przykłady i jednocześnie popierając je fotografiami oczu pacjentów, u których zastosowano metodę leczenia połączoną z użyciem tej tkanki. Na początku warto wyjaśnić przede wszystkim, czym właściwie jest ta błona, skąd się ją pozyskuje, a także jakie właściwości czynią ją tak wyjątkową.

4

Current status and future prospects of genome-scale metabolic modeling to optimize the use of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine and biomaterials

Sigurjonsson Olafur E.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2020

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Vol. 23, no. 158 spec. iss.

7

EN

Mesenchymal stem cells are a promising source for externally grown tissue replacements and patient-specific immunomodulatory treatments. This promise has not yet been fulfilled in part due to production scaling issues and the need to maintain the correct phenotype after reimplantation. One aspect of extracorporeal growth that may be manipulated to optimize cell growth and differentiation is metabolism. The metabolism of MSCs changes during and in response to differentiation and immunomodulatory changes. MSC metabolism may be linked to functional differences but how this occurs and influences MSC function remains unclear. Understanding how MSC metabolism relates to cell function is however important as metabolite availability and environmental circumstances in the body may affect the success of implantation. Genome-scale constraint based metabolic modelling can be used as a tool to fill gaps in knowledge of MSC metabolism, acting as a framework to integrate and understand various data types (e.g., genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic). These approaches have long been used to optimize the growth and productivity of bacterial production systems and are being increasingly used to provide insights into human health research. Production of tissue for implantation using MSCs requires both optimized production of cell mass and the understanding of the patient and phenotype specific metabolic situation. This review considers the current knowledge of MSC metabolism and how it may be optimized along with the current and future uses of genome scale constraint based metabolic modelling to further this aim.

5

Porównanie skuteczności różnych metod wprowadzania porów do biomateriału na bazie ceramiki hydroksyapatytowej

Syta E., Kazimierczak P., Stadnicka G., Pałka K., Ginalska G., Przekora A.

Materiały Ceramiczne

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2018

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T. 70, nr 2

89--101

PL

Wysoka makroporowatość biomateriału, która sprzyja procesowi angiogenezy, ma największy wpływ na dobrą osseointegrację implantu z kością pacjenta. W niniejszej pracy porównano skuteczność trzech różnych metod wprowadzania porów do biomateriału polimerowo-ceramicznego w celu wykorzystania go do zastosowań w medycynie regeneracyjnej kości. W ramach badań modelowy biomateriał zbudowany z agarozy i bioceramiki w postaci nanoproszku hydroksyapatytowego został wyprodukowany przy pomocy trzech alternatywnych metod z wykorzystaniem: 1. porogenów stałych (ang. porogen leaching, P-L), 2. gazu CO2 jako porogenu (ang. gas-foaming, G-F) i 3. procesu liofilizacji (ang. freeze-drying, F-D). Następnie porównano mikrostrukturę oraz porowatość otrzymanych biomateriałów. Wyniki badań wykazały, że biomateriał wytworzony metodą F-D posiada największą porowatość otwartą i całkowitą oraz charakteryzuje się obecnością porów zespolonych, które w warunkach ustrojowych stymulują proces angiogenezy. Ponadto technika F-D jako jedyna umożliwia równomierną dystrybucję porów w obrębie całej próbki.

EN

High macroporosity of the biomaterial, which is crucial for the angiogenesis process, has a great impact on good osseointegration of the implant with patient bone. In this study, effectiveness of three various methods for pore introduction into polymer-ceramics biomaterial for potential bone regenerative medicine applications was compared. Within the research, a model biomaterial made of agarose and bioceramics in the form of nanohydroxyapatite powder was produced using: (i) a porogen leaching method (P-L), (ii) CO2 gas as a porogen (gas-foaming method, G-F), and (iii) the lyophilisation process (freeze-drying method, F-D). Then, the microstructure and porosity of fabricated biomaterials were compared. Obtained results demonstrated that the biomaterial produced by the F-D method possesses the highest open and total porosity as well as is characterized by the presence of network of interconnected pores, which in physiological conditions stimulates the angiogenesis process. Moreover, F-D technique is the only one that allows for uniform distribution of pores within whole volume of the sample.

6

The significance of the nanostructural components on the properties of the nanoengineering materials

Dobrzański L. A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 88, nr 2

55--85

EN

Purpose: In the paper, the own original achievements and a mature view of the current development of advanced nanotechnology materials are presented. Design/methodology/approach: The paper should be treated as an auto-review of the own research in the area. The paper is preceded by a short historical sketch and the development of the concept and meaning of nanotechnology and nanostructured materials. Respectively, the following issues are described: the nanocomposites containing carbon or halloysite nanotubes, graphene and metallic nanowires, nanostructured coatings and surface zones of engineering materials, a creation of the nanometric components of the structure of massive materials, nanocomposite materials designed mainly for use in regenerative medicine and regenerative dentistry. Practical implications: In final remarks, the attention is paid to applications of nanotechnology in many products sought on the market and improve their properties and applicability.

7

The new generation of the biologicalengineering materials for applications in medical and dental implant-scaffolds

Dobrzański L. A., Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A. D., Czuba Z. P., Dobrzański L. B., Achtelik-Franczak A., Malara P., Szindler M., Kroll L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 91, nr 2

56--85

EN

Purpose: The publication aims to find the relationship between the proliferation of surface layers of living cells and the deposition of thin atomic layers deposition ALD coatings on the pores internal surfaces of porous skeletons of medical and dental implant-scaffolds manufactured with the selective laser deposition SLS additive technology using titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The extensive review of the literature presents the state-of-the-art in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. General ageing of societies, increasing the incidence of oncological diseases and some transport and sports accidents, and also the spread of tooth decay and tooth cavities in many regions of the world has taken place nowadays. Those reasons involve resection of many tissues and organs and the need to replace cavities, among others bones and teeth through implantation, more and more often hybridized with tissue engineering methods. Findings: The results of investigations of the structure and properties of skeleton microporous materials produced from titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy powders by the method of selective laser sintering have been presented. Particularly valuable are the original and previously unpublished results of structural research using high-resolution transmission electron microscope HRTEM. Particular attention has been paid to the issues of surface engineering, in particular, the application of flat TiO2 and Al2O3 coatings applied inside micropores using the atomic layers deposition ALD method and hydroxyapatite applied the dip-coating sol-gel method, including advanced HRTEM research. The most important part of the work concerns the research of nesting and proliferation of live cells of osteoblasts the hFOB 1.19 (Human ATCC - CRL - 11372) culture line on the surface of micropores with surfaces covered with the mentioned layers. Research limitations/implications: The investigations reported in the paper fully confirmed the idea of the hybrid technology of producing microporous implants and implant-scaffolds to achieve original Authors’ biological-engineering materials. The surface engineering issues, including both flat-layered nonorganic coatings and interactions of those coverings with flat layers of living cells, play a crucial role. Originality/value: Materials commonly used in implantology and the most commonly used materials processing technologies in those applications have been described. Against that background, the original Authors' concept of implant-scaffolds and the application of microporous skeleton materials for this purpose have been presented.

8

Metallic skeletons as reinforcement of new composite materials applied in orthopaedics and dentistry

Dobrzański L. A., Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A. D., Czuba Z. P., Dobrzański L. B., Achtelik-Franczak A., Malara P., Szindler M., Kroll L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 92, nr 2

53--85

EN

Purpose: The article concerns the development of completely new groups of composite materials that can be used to produce functional replacements for damaged bones or teeth. Design/methodology/approach: A selective laser sintering was used to produce the reinforcement of those materials from titanium and its Ti6Al4V alloy in the form of skeletons with pores with adjustable geometric features. The matrix of those materials is either air or crystallised from the liquid AlSi12 or AlSi7Mg0.3 alloys condition after prior vacuum infiltration or human osteoblast cells from the hFOB 1.19 (Human ATCC - CRL - 11372) culture line. Findings: The porous material may be used for the non-biodegradable scaffold. After implantation into the body in the form of an implant-scaffold one, it allows the natural cells of the patient to grow into the pores of the implant, and it fuses with the bone or the appropriate tissue over time. The essential part of the implant-scaffold is the porous part inseparably connected with the core of solid materials. Into pores can grow living cells. Research limitations/implications: Biological-engineering composite materials in which natural cells were cultured in the pores in the laboratory next are combined as an artificial material with the natural cells of the patient in his/her body. Practical implications: The hybrid technologies of the all group of those materials were obtained and optimised. Numerous structure research was carried out using the most modern research methods of contemporary materials engineering, and mechanical tests and biological research involving the cultivation of natural cells were realised. Originality/value: The results of the research indicate the accuracy of the idea of implementing a new group of biological-engineering materials and the wide possibilities of their application in regenerative medicine.

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Rusztowania (scaffolds) stosowane w medycynie regenaracyjnej

Chaberska A., Rosiak P., Kamiński Z. J., Kolesińska B.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2017

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[Z] 71, 3-4

263--286

EN

The presence of three dimensional support is indispensable condition for successful regeneration of the tissue. In the absence of natural scaffold, or absence of its artificial substitute, regeneration is not possible. The advantage of natural building blocks to create new scaffolds results from the requirements of the materials structures used for tissue regeneration: biocompatibility, biodegradability, lack of cytotoxicity and desirable mechanical properties. Application of these building blocks for the preparation of three dimensional materials should ensure completely biocompatibility of the temporary extracellular matrix equivalent, thus offering construct resembling a natural milieu for the cells and finally regeneration of tissues. These include framework with elements stimulating adhesion of in vitro grown cells, growth factors, hormones and vitamins offered as a completed ingredients in the commercially available culture media. 3D frameworks applied for cell growing should facilitate formation of required tissue shape and size as well as appropriate functioning of the cells. The key factor for the successful regeneration of tissues is the function of the scaffold determining the environment for growing cells, directing proliferation and regulating differentiation processes. The basic feature of the cellular scaffold, determining its functioning is porosity. Pore diameter and their abundance consists a critical factor for penetration of cells into the interior of the implant and finally for successful regeneration of damaged tissue. The progress of tissue regeneration in vitro depends on the presence of cytokines and growth factors, which are controlling cell differentiation process. Nowadays neither of implant material offered on the market has a property comparable to the natural tissue. However, there are many reports presenting preliminary experiments conducted towards attaining novel supports for regenerative medicine derived from peptides and formed by their self-organization. The most advanced of them are known under trade name PuraMatrix, which recently were applied for the regeneration of soft tissues. However, due to tendency of this materials for hydrogels formation, characteristic for them are disadvantageous mechanical properties. The alternative approach based on application of native ECM proteins was also taken into consideration. The weak points of this materials are the susceptibility of proteins towards proteolytic enzymes and theirs immunogenic properties. The diversity of peptide modules give the opportunity to design and synthesize a variety of biomaterials that mimic the structural complexity of the natural ECM.

10

Fabrication of Pure Electrospun Materials from Hyaluronic Acid

Pabjańczyk-Wlazło E., Krucińska I., Chrzanowski M., Szparaga G., Chaberska A., Kolesińska B., Komisarczyk A., Boguń M.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2017

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Vol. 25, no. 3 (123)

45--52

EN

The aim of the research was to develop optimal conditions for manufacturing materials based on hyaluronic acid by the electrospun method. The studies were composed of three stages: the process of selection of the optimal solvent (mixture of solvents), the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid, and the concentration of biopolymer in the spinning solution. The influence of variable parameters on the rheological properties of the spinning solutions and electrospinning trails was tested. Depending on the electrospinning regime applied, the fibers obtained were characterised by a diameter of the order of 20 to 400 nm. As a result of the development works presented, an optimal molecular weight of the polymer, its concentration and system of solvents were determined, together with process parameters, ensuring a stable electrospinning process and relatively homogeneous nanofibers. Additionally studies on the residues of solvents used during electrosun formation were done and parameters of drying of the final materials were examined. This approach (verification of the presence of organic solvent residue in the nanofibrous formed) is important for the suitability of nanofibres as scaffolds for regenerative medicine. This study provides an opportunity for the understanding and identification of process parameters, allowing for predictable manufacturing nanofibers based on natural biopolymers, which makes it tremendously beneficial in terms of customisation.

PL

Celem badań było opracowanie optymalnych warunków otrzymywania nanowłókien z kwasu hialuronowego. Badania obejmowały następujące etapy realizacji pracy: proces doboru optymalnego rozpuszczalnika dla polimeru oraz dobór masy cząsteczkowej kwasu hialuronowego. Zbadano właściwości reologiczne roztworów oraz wpływ zmiennych parametrów procesowych na strukturę mikroskopową włókien. W zależności od zastosowanych parametrów elektroprzędzenia otrzymane włókna charakteryzowały się średnią rzędu od 20 do 400 nm. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono badania dotyczące pozostałości rozpuszczalników stosowanych w przygotowaniu roztworów przędzalniczych, co jest istotne z punktu widzenia wykorzystania tych materiałów w obrębie medycyny regeneracyjnej.

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The concept of biologically active microporous engineering materials and composite biological-engineering materials for regenerative medicine and dentistry

Dobrzański L. A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 80, nr 2

64--85

EN

Purpose: The concept presented in this study proposes indirect solutions, both, rigid ones involving high strength and transmission of high mechanical loads, and ones which are elastic, thin and light as fog, when a very light dressing supplying living cells is applied to an extensive wound, e.g. on skin, in a way ensuring their fast fusion with the defected surface of body. They are proposed implant-scaffolds, i.e. rigid devices composed of a solid metal core and a surface or transition porous zone into which living cells may grow. The pores are so small that hair or even a very thin needle can be placed there. The interior of such openings, extending along the entire part of material, needs to be covered from the inside with a very thin coating which can be accepted by living cells so that they can develop in such conditions and penetrate such openings deep inside. Design/methodology/approach: The material solutions proposed in the study result from a synergy of methods of technical sciences, including materials engineering and chemical sciences, in consistency with the adopted author’s assumptions, but, in particular, depending on the specificity of clinical conditions and biological sciences, also tissue engineering, in the context of medical sciences, including tissue therapy, require a multiaspect state-of-the-art analysis and the resulting specific scientific problems which should be solved and their pioneering character. Taking into consideration the lack of references in the literature to the overall analysis of the issue, separate aspects are analysed further in this study concerning biologically active cellular structures and a substrate with an engineering composite material matrix used for scaffolds and newly developed implant-scaffolds. Findings: In consideration of the principal research intention of the presented research concept, pertaining to the development of hybrid and multilayer biological-engineering composite materials, including rigid and elastic ones, composed not only of biologically active cellular structures, the state-of-the-art of which is presented earlier, but also of a substrate with an engineering material matrix, with an optimally selected type, chemical composition and a nanometric structure, fulfilling a carrier function, and in fact a scaffold for biological structures required to have an appropriate array of mechanical properties and rigidity, allowing applications in therapeutic conditions, as well as physiochemical properties, permitting to fully control the behaviour of the whole biological- engineering composite material upon achieving the therapeutic aims defined by medical reasons, it is necessary to consider the material and technological aspects allowing to accomplish the abovementioned assumptions in the current state of technology. Practical implications: Despite obvious technological progress seen in the recent period in the fabrication of cell-based products and in cell-based therapies, it should be acknowledged that therapies based on implantable devices together with the participation of growing cells, and especially the mass technological processes required by such therapies, are still in a relatively incipient phase of technological development, leaving a lot of space for original and pioneering basic research. The basic research performed in the study will represent a solid basis for undertaking application works in the future, allowing to fabricate a new generation of concrete products unknown today, which will find their application in regenerative medicine and dentistry for treating various internal and external disorders associated with, e.g. burning, healing or severe wounds and injuries, removal of consequences of oncological or post-injury disorders. Originality/value: The primary scientific aim of the presented research concept is to verify a research thesis that it is possible and relevant to develop multilayer biological-engineering composite materials having clinical readiness, partially artificial ones, using Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), to fabricate microporous rigid titanium and titanium alloy skeletons or for polymer nanofiber electrospinning to produce microporous elastic mats, and partially biological ones consisting of living cells filling the appropriately prepared pores in the mentioned microporous materials. Cognitive aspects concern the recognition of phenomena and mechanisms associated with fabrication of the so understood biologically active microporous engineering material being, in essence, a biological-engineering composite material, and of surface phenomena and mechanisms taking place between individual layers of this unique material and their influence on manufacturing processes, both, in the engineering as well as biological part, and on the behaviour of particular layers and joint zones between such layers during material fabrication, as well as in conditions simulating therapy preparation and duration, and alternatively during the non-destructive separation of cellular structures from a substrate from a composite engineering material substrate on which cells are grown, but already after fulfilling the intended therapeutic function, if the material is not permanently left in the organism.

12

Biodegradable and antimicrobial polycaprolactone nanofibers with and without silver precipitates

Dobrzański L. A., Hudecki A., Chladek G., Król W., Mertas A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 76, nr 1

5--26

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the results of own researches, including the study of the structure and the properties of new obtained single- and doublecomponent polycaprolactone polymer nanofibers as well as of composite nanofibers with and without silver precipitates produced by electrospinning including the results of biological research, proving the usefulness of the newly developed nano-engineering materials and their applicability in regenerative medicine, as well as tissue engineering. Design/methodology/approach: On the basis of the data available from the fundamental literature and based on the criteria of potential and attractiveness, polycaprolactone was selected for research from among a number of polymer materials, using a method of procedural benchmarking and weighted scores. The obtained nanomaterials undergone the following examinations to confirm the assumed aim of the work: infrared spectroscopy FTIR, Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), BET, Langmuir specific surface area and DTF porosity assessed with the gas adsorption method, in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a fluorescence microscope, antibacterialness and antifungalness investigations and examinations of biological properties in vitro. Findings: The applicability of polymer fibers in medicine depends on biocompatibility and non-toxicity of the applied material, which is influenced by the chemical purity of the materials applied and the toxicity of the input solvents. The potential toxicity of nanofibers should therefore be eliminated, starting with selection of materials used for obtaining solutions. Many other factors fundamental for the quality and properties of polycaprolactone nanofibers need to be taken into account to create single- and doublecomponent and composite nanofibers. Practical implications: The obtained composite materials, due to their non-toxicity resulting from the components applied, including solvents, bacteriocidity and bioactivity, may find their applications in tissue engineering as membranes in controlled regeneration of bone tissue, as carriers of medicinal agents in bone surgery, as implantable surgical meshes and as scaffolds for a tissue culture. In turn, the composite core-shell nanofibers, by combining the antibacterial properties of the coating with bioactive properties of the core, are attractive materials for three-dimensional tissue scaffold. Such materials can be used as a carrier of medicine, a treatment of hard healing wounds, invasive surgery, neurosurgery, as substrate for the culturing of a retina, material to reconstruct nerves and in dentistry or oncology, to replace the natural tissue removed because of a cancer with the possibility of applying a therapeutic agent, e.g., an antibiotic or a medicine used in cancer therapies, released after the dissolution of the coating of nanofibers. Originality/value: The present paper is the original report from a personal own research and explains the concept and scope of own research of a new obtained single- and doublecomponent polycaprolactone polymer nanofibers as well as of composite nanofibers produced by electrospinning for application in regenerative medicine, the presentation of technological conditions and methodology of own research into polymer nanofibers, and above all very detailed description of the results of own investigations

13

Applications of newly developed nanostructural and microporous materials in biomedical, tissue and mechanical engineering

Dobrzański L. A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 76, nr 2

53--114

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the main results of own research in 3 principal aspects indicating that the research is up to date and modern. This relates to nanotechnologies, modern biomedical materials and rapid manufacturing techniques used for the production of, in particular, microporous materials applied for medical and dental purposes. The paper comprises the explanation of structural mechanisms and phase transformations taking place in newly created engineering nanostructural and microporous materials under the influence of the applied, advanced technological processes newly developed, and especially nanotechnological processes, using the most modern scientific and research equipment being at disposal of modern materials engineering, in particular with the common use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results of investigations into the formation of the structure and surface properties results according to a different thickness scale of coatings or surface zone, from several hundred nanometres to several millimetres, are presented in the paper, including PVD and CVD coatings and laser treated surface on the steels and light alloys substrates. The paper also describes the nanostructural effects in solid materials, and especially the counteraction of cracking of new-developed high-manganese austenite steels Fe-Mn-Si-Al by twinning or/and martensitic transformation induced by the cold plastic deformation. The article also outlines the results of research of the development of special micro and nanocomposite materials designed mainly for use in regenerative medicine and regenerative dentistry. The studies of the structure and the properties of newly obtained materials and originally developed technologies are included to present the author’s contribution into materials science, nanotechnology, surface engineering and biomedical engineering including the usefulness of the newly developed nanoengineering materials and their applicability, in particular, in regenerative medicine, as well as tissue engineering. The described outcomes of the research constitute a basis for creating, apart from rigid porous implant-scaffolds, an innovative generation of rigid and elastic biological-engineering composite materials for regenerative medicine. Design/methodology/approach: The article discusses the key aspects of own research performed over the last decade in scope of nanotechnologies, modern biomedical materials and rapid manufacturing techniques used for the fabrication of, in particular, microporous materials applied for medical and dental purposes. The conditions for the performance of the research according to the scope mentioned were ensured by implementation of investment projects for constructing and equipping research and didactic laboratories in scope of nanotechnology, technologies of material processes and computational materials science, including LANAMATE (2010-2014) and MERMFLEG (2010-2013), and also BIOFARMA (2010-2012). Practical implications: The obtained materials and technologies are of high practical importance, which was confirmed in many cases with the results of laboratory tests and investigations at a semi-technical scale, and in some cases with the initiation of implementation works. The results of research in scope of bioengineering and dental engineering may find their applications in tissue engineering, in bone surgery, for threedimensional tissue scaffolds and in dentistry or oncology, to replace the natural tissue removed because of a cancer with the possibility of applying a therapeutic agent. Originality/value: The present paper is the original report from a personal own research and explains the concept, scope and results of own research of a new obtained microporous and nanostructural materials and coatings, including hybride solid-porous products and newly obtained materials processing and additive technologies. Some of the mentioned research results are protected by patents or patent applications, and many of them were awarded over 60 prizes and medals at international fairs of innovation, invention and rationalisation in many countries.

14

Overview and general ideas of the development of constructions, materials, technologies and clinical applications of scaffolds engineering for regenerative medicine

Dobrzański L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 69, nr 2

53--80

EN

Purpose: of this paper is the general presentation of the synergic utilisation of medical knowledge, tissue engineering and materials engineering for fabrication of functional substitutes of damaged tissues in the case of which medical indications show that classical prosthetics/implantation cannot be completely avoided, and that it is also appropriate to achieve natural ingrowth of the implanted elements into a living tissue in the implant area. Design/methodology/approach: This refers to post-injury losses, post-resection losses, as well as those originating from operative treatment of cancerous tumours or inflammation processes. Implantable biomedical devices are currently aggregately considered to be medical bionic implants where bionics is understood as production and investigation of biological systems to prepare and implement artificial engineering systems which can restore the lost functions of biological systems. Findings: The development of new hybrid technologies of bioactive and engineering materials for personalised scaffolds of tissues and bones requires a number of basic research and application work. They are presented numerous examples of the needs of the research for application of various bioactive and engineering materials, and their respective materials processing and tissue engineering technologies for manufacturing of the hybrid personalised implants and scaffolds. Research limitations/implications: There are no reports in the references about an original concept presented by the Author of introduction of prosthetics/implantation and tissue engineering techniques for the purpose of natural ingrowth of the implanted elements into a living tissue in the implant area without having to use mechanical devices, at least in the connection (interface) zone of bone or organ stumps with prosthetic/implant elements. Practical implications: They are open up vast possibilities for the application of the hybrid technologies of bioactive and engineering materials for personalized scaffolds of tissues and bones in accordance with the concept of the Author, presented in this paper. Medical bionic implants encompass numerous solutions eliminating various disfunctions of a human organism, among other implants of the cardiovascular system (stents, vessel prostheses, heart valves, pacemakers, defibrillators), digestive system implants, neuron devices (implants and neuronal prostheses to the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), the cochlea, retina), orthopaedic prostheses (bone grafts, bone plates, fins and other connecting and stabilising devices, including screws applied in the area of ankles, knees and hands, bars and pins for stabilising fractured limbs), screws and plates in skull-jaw-face reconstructions, dental implants, and also scaffolds of bones and tissues in tissue engineering. Originality/value: The Author’s idea for the embracing hybrid technologies of bioactive and engineering materials with titanium alloys including personalised scaffolds of tissues and bones will be created. It is also a challenge to achieve a synergy of clinical effects obtained with classical prosthetics/implantation of large lost post-injury or post-resection recesses together with the use of achievements in advanced tissue engineering methods at least in the interface zone of bone or organ stumps with prosthetic elements/implants.

15

Molecular scaffolds for three-dimensional cell and tissue cultures

Kurzepa K., Różycki K., Bochyńska M., Konop M., Urbanczyk-Lipkowska Z., Lipkowski A.

Polimery

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2013

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T. 58, nr 9

663--669

EN

Regenerative medicine and cell therapy are the most growing fields of medical sciences in the last decade. The successes in development of scaffolds for three-dimensional cells and tissue breeding are one of the key factors of this progress. Abroad spectrum of synthetic polymers, natural biopolymers and their combinations are available for testing and applications. Growing knowledge of biological and physicochemical properties of various (bio-) polymers allow tailoring macromolecules to particular medical application.

PL

Artykuł stanowi przegląd literaturowy dotyczący szkieletowych układów molekularnych wykorzystywanych do trójwymiarowych hodowli tkankowych. Odnotowane w ostatnich latach sukcesy w opracowywaniu takich układów, przyczyniły się do obserwowanego szybkiego rozwoju medycyny regeneracyjnej i terapii komórkowej. Obecnie do testowania i aplikacji dostępna jest szeroka gama polimerów naturalnych, syntetycznych oraz ich kombinacji. Niniejszy przegląd podaje przykłady ilustrujące różnorodność zarówno właściwości, jak i zastosowań takich szkieletowych układów wielkocząsteczkowych.

16

Bioactive polymeric materials in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications —a story ongoing for decades

Chiellini E.

Polimery

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2013

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T. 58, nr 9

633-640

EN

The article provides an outline of the scientific achievements in polymer science and technology with specific focus on the research activities relevant to the design and selection of bioactive polymeric materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. These have been described by referring to contributions built up in decades and described in selected references.

PL

W artykule opisano zarys osiągnięć naukowych w nauce i technologii polimerów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem badań służących projektowaniu i doborowi bioaktywnych materiałów polimerowych do zastosowań biomedycznych i farmaceutycznych. Przegląd ten uwzględnia liczne prace wykonane przez kilka dziesięcioleci przy współudziale autora.

17

Pure chitosan microfibres for biomedical applications

Toskas G., Brünler R., Hund H, Hund R D, Hild M., Aibibu D., Cherif C.

Autex Research Journal

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2013

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Vol. 13, no. 4

134--140

EN

Due to its excellent biocompatibility, Chitosan is a very promising material for degradable products in biomedical applications. The development of pure chitosan microfibre yarn with defined size and directional alignment has always remained a critical research objective. Only fibres of consistent quality can be manufactured into textile structures, such as nonwovens and knitted or woven fabrics. In an adapted, industrial scale wet spinning process, chitosan fibres can now be manufactured at the Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology at TU Dresden (ITM). The dissolving system, coagulation bath, washing bath and heating/drying were optimised in order to obtain pure chitosan fibres that possess an adequate tenacity. A high polymer concentration of 8.0–8.5% wt. is realised by regulating the dope-container temperature. The mechanical tests show that the fibres present very high average tensile force up to 34.3 N, tenacity up to 24.9 cN/tex and Young’s modulus up to 20.6 GPa, values much stronger than that of the most reported chitosan fibres. The fibres were processed into 3D nonwoven structures and stable knitted and woven textile fabrics. The mechanical properties of the fibres and fabrics enable its usage as textile scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Due to the osteoconductive properties of chitosan, promising fields of application include cartilage and bone tissue engineering.

18

Porowate materiały nanokompozytowe modyfikowane cząstkami krzemionki

Stodolak-Zych E., Porąbka A., Błażewicz M.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2012

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Vol. 15, no. 112

12-19

PL

W pracy otrzymano nanokompozyty poli-L/DLlaktydu (PLDLA) z nanocząstkami krzemionki, różniące się zawartością wymiarami cząstek: 5-10 nm (Aldrich) i 15 nm (NanoAmor) oraz rozwinięciem powierzchni. Wpływ nanododatków na matrycę polimerową określono przy pomocy badań mikrostruktury (AFM) oraz badań technikami FTIR-ATR. Próbki modelowe w postaci folii 2D zostały poddane badaniom degradacji warunkach in vitro, których postęp badano przy zastosowaniu analizy termicznej (DSC/TG), spektroskopii w podczerwieni (FTIR). Rezultaty powyższych badań pozwoliły na wyselekcjonowanie nanonapełniacza, który zastosowano do otrzymania porowatych podłoży (3D). Skafoldy otrzymano metodą odmywania stosując jako porogen uwodnione sole fosforanowe. Na podstawie obserwacji mikrostruktury, pomiaru porowatości otwartej oraz badania mechanicznego gąbek wytypowano potencjalne podłoże dla komórek kostnych, wytworzone z najkorzystniejszym udziałem wagowym porogenu. Stwierdzono, że najlepsze właściwości mechaniczne porowatych nanokompozytowych materiałów otrzymuje się przy 50% udziale porogenu. Obecność nanocząstki ceramicznej wpływa na bioaktywność tworzywa (inkubacja w SBF).

EN

The paper presents poli-L/DL-lactide (PLDLA) nanocomposites containing silica nanoparticles which differ in size: 5-10 nm (Aldrich) and 15 nm (NanoAmor) as well as in the specific surface area. The influence of nanofillers on polymer matrix was determined through studies on microstructure (AFM) and FTIR-ATR testing technique. Model samples in the form of 2D thin films underwent degradation in in vitro conditions. The process was registered using thermal analysis (DSC/TG) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of these studies allowed the selection of a nanofiller which later was used to obtain porous 3D scaffolds. The scaffolds were produced with salt-leaching method using hydrated phosphate salts as a porogen. On the basis of microstructure observation measurement of open porosity and mechanical testing the potential scaffold for bone cells culture and regenerative medicine was chosen: the one with the most preferable weight fraction of porogen. It was found that the best porosity of characterized nanocomposite materials with 50 wt% of porogen. The presence of ceramic nanoparticles influenced the bioactivity of the material (incubation in SBF).

19

Bioaktywne materiały ceramiczne dla inżynierii tkankowej i medycyny regeneracyjnej

Czechowska J., Ślósarczyk A.

Szkło i Ceramika

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2011

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R. 62, nr 3

17-22

PL

Obecnie wszystkie obszary medycyny regeneracyjnej skupiają się na poprawie jakości życia ludzkiego, poprzez zastępowanie brakujących lub uszkodzonych tkanek i organów na drodze odbudowy odpowiednich struktur organizmu. Nowa, w pełni funkcjonalna, żywa tkanka wytwarzana jest na bazie komórek, zazwyczaj osadzonych na matrycy lub skafoldzie, wspomagających jej rozwój. Nasz artykuł stanowi krótki przegląd literatury dotyczącej bieżących badań nad biomateriałami przeznaczonymi dla medycyny regeneracyjnej. Ze względu na szeroki zakres tematyki poszczególne książki oraz artykuły z tego obszaru nauki skupiają się na różnorodnych aspektach medycyny regeneracyjnej, natomiast poniższy artykuł stanowi ogólne omówienie bioceramicznych skafoldów przeznaczonych do odbudowy tkanki kostnej. Zaprezentowano w nim między innymi definicję inżynierii tkankowej oraz podział medycyny regeneracyjnej. W wyniku poważnego uszkodzenia tkanki zniszczeniu ulegają zarówno komórki jak też tzw. macierz zewnątrzkomórkowa (extracellural matrix, ECM). Ponieważ tkanki są wysoko zorganizowanymi strukturami, składającymi się nie tylko z komórek ale również z matrycy, dlatego w celu wytworzenia nowej tkanki należy zapewnić im syntetyczny lub naturalny substytut macierzy zewnątrzkomórkowej. Skafold stanowi trójwymiarowy substytut ECM służący jako konstrukcja niezbędna dla adhezji, proliferacji i migracji komórek. Prezentowany artykuł zawiera podstawowe informacje oraz wskazówki dotyczące projektowania systemów zapewniających uzyskanie prawidłowo funkcjonujących tkanek. Właściwości fizykochemiczne oraz biologiczne materiału, takie jak: biozgodność, bioaktywność, bioresorbowalność, chemia powierzchni, właściwości mechaniczne czy porowatość, są kluczowe do osiągnięcia sukcesu w aplikacji rusztowań komórkowych. Przedstawione zostały różne metody otrzymywania skafoldów charakteryzujących się odpowiednią porowatością i rozkładem wielkości porów. W artykule przedyskutowane oraz podsumowane zostały zagadnienia dotyczące charakterystyki materiału oraz możliwości osiągnięcia odpowiedniego składu, mikrostruktury i chemii powierzchni, którym należy sprostać, aby spełnić oczekiwania stawiane idealnym biomateriałom dwudziestego pierwszego wieku przeznaczonym na skafoldy kostne.

EN

Nowadays whole fields of regenerative medicine have a main aim to improve the quality of human life by replacing missing or damaged tissues and organs through rebuilding suitable body structures. The new, fully functional living tissue is fabricated using cells which are usually associated with matrix or scaffold to guide tissue development. Our article is a brief review of the literature regarding current research focused on the biomaterials for regenerative medicine. While certain, accessible books and journal articles address various aspects in the above broad field of science, this is the comprehensive text focusing on the bioceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Among others the definition of tissue engineering and classification of regenerative medicine was presented. When the tissue is severely damaged not only large number of cells but also extracellular matrix (ECM), are lost. Because tissue represent highly organized structure consisting of cells but also a matrice we should provide an artificial or biologically derived matrice substitute for cells to create a new tissue. Scaffold servers as a three dimensional ECM analog which acts as a construction required for adhesion, proliferation and migration of cells. Presented article includes basic information and suggestion for developing systems needed to produce properly functioning tissues. The physicochemical and biological properties of the material, such as: biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodegradability, surface chemistry, mechanical properties and porosity are inherent in the success of the scaffold application. Various methods of obtaining scaffolds with appropriate porosity and pore size distribution were presented. The article discuss and summarized challenges according to material characteristic and the opportunities for tailoring their composition, microstructure and surface chemistry to meet the properties of ideal biomaterials for twenty-first century bioceramic scaffolds.

20

Nanokompozyty polimerowe modyfikowane powierzchniowo w procesie elektroforetycznego osadzania

Sołtysiak E., Długoń E., Dulnik J., Błażewicz M.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2011

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[R.] 17, nr 6

511-514

PL

Medycyna regeneracyjna w zastosowaniu do leczenia ubytków tkanki kostnej potrzebuje materiałów o specyficznej biomimetycznej strukturze i bioaktywności. Tkanka kostna jest tworzywem nanokompozytowym, w odniesieniu do struktury i składu (kolagen/nanokryształy hydroksyapatytu). Dlatego też projektowanie tworzyw implantacyjnych, do leczenia ubytków tkanki kostnej, skupia się właśnie na tej grupie materiałowej, jaką są nanokompozyty polimerowe, modyfikowane bioaktywnymi nanocząstkami. Celem pracy były badania, mające określić przydatność nowej, dwuetapowej metody, do wytwarzania porowatych materiałów implantacyjnych, do leczenia tkanki kostnej. Gąbki nanokompozytowe, wytworzone w oparciu o duetapową metodę - wypłukiwanie rozpuszczalnego porogenu oraz elektroforetyczne osadzanie, przebadano metodą mikroskopii elektronowej SEM, przeprowadzono badania przy zastosowaniu metody EDS oraz zbadano parametry mechaniczne i bioaktywność otrzymanych materiałów. Zastosowana w pracy metoda prowadzi do otrzymania bioaktywnych nanokompozytowych gąbek o pożądanych parametrach mechanicznych.

EN

Regenerative medicine for the treatment of bone defects requires materials, characterized by specific microstructure and bioactivity. The bone tissue in terms of both, structure and composition is a collagen-based nonocomposite, containing hydroxyapatite nano-crystals. The design of bone implants and scaffolds concentrates on nanocomposites, since the discovery of nanocomposite structure of the bone tissue. This paper is devoted to the study on evaluation the performance potential of the new two-steps method of nanocomposite foam preparation. The porous nanocomposites were obtained by two -steps method: particulate-leaching. and electrophoretic deposition, EPD. We investigate the cellular foam structure by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS examination and by mechanical test (compressive strength). The results show that those two steps fabrication method lead to obtaining porous nanocomposite materials, characterized by biomimetic porous microstructure, good mechanical properties and bioactive features.