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1

The Influence of Three Binders on the Properties of BTF-Based Composite Explosive

Ji Wei, Xu Yuxuan, Liu Lei, Guo Changping, Wei Xianfeng, Wang Dunju

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2023

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Vol. 20, no. 4

369--385

EN

Benzotrioxofurazan (BTF) -based composite explosives containing three different binder components were prepared in this study, using nitrocellulose (NC), thermoplastic polyurethane (Estane), and fluororubber 2602 (F2602) as binders, through the electrostatic spray method. The objective was to reduce the sensitivity of BTF. The BTF-based composite explosives were characterised using a range of scientific equipment, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), DSC thermal analysis, and mechanical sensitivity. The SEM results indicated that the BTF-based composite explosives’ particle size was between 50 and 100 nm, and had a spherical shape. Compared with the raw BTF, the critical temperature of thermal explosion of the three composite explosives, BTF/NC, BTF/Estane and BTF/F2602, was increased by 4.21, 6.8 and 9.44 °C, respectively. These increases indicate an improvement in the thermal stability of the samples. The characteristic drop height of BTF/NC, BTF/Estane and BTF/F2602 was 68.12, 62.34 and >80 cm, respectively. Additionally, the explosion percentage of BTF/NC, BTF/Estane and BTF/F2602 had been decreased to 24%, 24%, and 8%, respectively. These results suggest a significant enhancement in the safety performance of all three samples.

2

Analysis of Standard Methods for Determining the Properties of Explosive Materials in Ukraine

Zakusylo Roman, Zakusylo Daryna, Sałaciński Tomasz

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2023

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Vol. 20, no. 1

75--91

EN

Standardized methods for determining the basic properties of energysaturated materials in Ukraine are considered. The optimal directions for the use and development of explosives testing methodology in Ukraine are presented. All of the methods considered can be applied under certain conditions, depending on the initial requirements for the test explosive.

3

Study of Molecular Perovskite (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3]/Carbon Nanotubes Energetic Composite

Hu Li-shuang, Liu Yang, He Dan, Yang Yajun, Gong Shida, Guang Chunyu, Deng Peng, Hu Shuangqi

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2022

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Vol. 19, no. 1

91--105

EN

An ammonium perchlorate (AP, NH4(ClO4)3)-based molecular perovskite energetic material (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3]/carbon nanotubes (DAP/CNTs) composite was prepared and characterized. Molecular perovskite DAP samples were synthesized by a facile one-pot reaction of triethylenediamine, perchloric acid (PCA, HClO4), and AP via a molecular assembly strategy. The results showed that the mechanical sensitivity (impact and friction sensitivities: >120 cm and 20%) and electrostatic spark sensitivity (8.90 J) of the DAP/CNTs energetic composite with 10 wt.% CNTs exhibited less sensitivity than that of DAP (impact, friction and electrostatic spark sensitivities: 112.3 cm, 45%, and 5.39 J, respectively), because of the mixing desensitization mechanism of CNTs. Compared with the pure DAP, the DAP/CNTs energetic composite has better performance with respect to thermal stability, exothermic capacity, and excellent continuous combustion properties. The DAP/CNTs energetic composite has potential application in a weapons system.

4

Green Fabrication of Nanoscale Energetic Molecular Perovskite (H2dabco)[Na(ClO4)3] with Reduced Mechanical Sensitivity

Hu Li-shuang, Du Zelin, Liu Yang, Gong Shida, Guang Chunyu, Li Xin, Yang Zhi, Jia Qi, Liang Kaili

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2021

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Vol. 18, no. 3

369--384

EN

High-energy-density molecular perovskite energetic materials with high detonation performance have attracted much attention, but poor safety performance has limited their potential applications. In this paper, nano sodium perchlorate-based molecular perovskite (H2dabco)[Na(ClO4)3] (nano DAP-1) was fabricated by green ball-milling technology. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized and the results showed that nano DAP-1 with nearly spherical morphology has a narrow particle size distribution, < 1 μm. The thermal decomposition properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The exothermic peak of nano DAP-1 thermal decomposition was 330.0 °C, a decrease of 51.7 °C compared with that of raw DAP (381.7 °C). The apparent activation energy (Ea) of nano DAP-1 was calculated to be 160.9 kJ·mol–1, which is lower than that of raw DAP-1 (168.6 kJ·mol–1). Mechanical sensitivity studies showed that nano DAP-1 (H50: 64 cm) exhibited a lower impact sensitivity than that of the raw DAP-1 (H50: 51 cm). This work provides a simple and effective way for improving the thermal decomposition properties and safety performance of molecular perovskite energetic materials.

5

Preparation and Characterization of CL-20 Based Composites by Compressed Air Spray Evaporation

Xu Wen Zheng, Peng Jin Yu, Wang Jie, Li Hao, Wang Jing Yu

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2020

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Vol. 17, no. 1

66--84

EN

Ultrafine CL-20 particles and three CL-20-based composites were prepared by a compressed air spray evaporation method. All samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical sensitivity instruments. The results indicated that the thermal stabilities of the CL-20-based composites are better than that of ultrafine CL-20, and that the mechanical sensitivities of ultrafine CL-20 is lower than those of CL-20-based composites. The thermal stability and safety properties of CL-20/Estane 5703 are better than the other samples.

6

Influence of Polytetrafluorethylene on the Mechanical and Safety Properties of a Composite Modified Double Base Propellant

Sun S., Zhang T., Zhao B., Zhang G., Li X., Luo Y.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2018

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Vol. 15, no. 3

468--484

EN

A novel Composite Modified Double Base (CMDB) propellant, formed by mechanically mixing aluminium/polytetrafluorethylene (Al/PTFE) powders, was prepared through a rolling process. A variety of tests, such as tensile properties, particle size analysis etc., were carried out to study the influence of PTFE on the CMDB propellant properties. The PTFE deformed from particles to fibres under a uniform shear force, forming a fibre network which greatly improved the propellant’s mechanical properties. Compared to that of the CMDB propellant without PTFE, the elongation of the propellant containing 6% PTFE was increased by 26 times, and moreover, the impact strength was enhanced by 326% at −40 °C. Significantly, the propellant friction and impact sensitivities were reduced by 75.8% and 35.6%, respectively. In addition, the presence of PTFE in the propellant resulted in fluorination of the Al. The gaseous combustion product AlF3 reduced the propellant combustion agglomeration. Consequently, PTFE significantly promoted the propellant’s mechanical performance, decreased the shock (friction, impact) sensitivity and reduced combustion agglomeration.

7

Preparation and Characterization of Ultrafine HMX/TATB Explosive Co-crystals

An C., Li H., Zhang Y., Ye B., Xu C., Wang J.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2017

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Vol. 14, no. 4

876--887

EN

An explosive co-crystal of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) and 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) was prepared by the ball milling method. The raw materials and co-crystals were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy. Impact and friction sensitivity of the co-crystals were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the HMX/TATB co-crystals are spherical in shape and 100-300 nm in size. The co-crystals are different from anintimate mixture of HMX/TATB and they exhibit a new co-crystal structure. HMX/TATB co-crystals are formed by N-O···H hydrogen bonding between −NO2 (HMX) and −NH2 (TATB). The drop height of ultrafine HMX/TATB explosive co-crystals is 12.7 cm higher than that of ultrafine HMX, whilst the explosion probability of friction is 20% lower than that of ultrafine HMX. Ultrafine HMX/TATB explosive co-crystals are difficult to initiate under impact and friction conditions.

8

GAP/DNTF Based PBX Explosives: a Novel Formula Used in Small Sized Explosive Circuits

An C., Wen X., Wang J., Wu B.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 2

397--410

EN

With 3,4-dinitrofurazanofuroxan (DNTF) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) as the main explosive and binder respectively, GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives were designed, prepared and used to fill the small groove of some explosive circuits. The formulation was: DNTF 85 wt.%, GAP 11 wt.%, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and other additives making up the final 4 wt.%. After the uncured slurry mixture was prepared by uniform mixing, a squeezing device was used to charge the circuit groove (dimensions less than 1 mm × 1 mm). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed a fine charging effect. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the energy of activation (Ea) and the pre-factor (A) of GAP/DNTF and these were compared with those for raw DNTF. The influences and causes of it have been investigated. The experimental results for propagation reliability showed that when the dimensions of the linear groove were 0.8 mm × 0.8 mm, 0.7 mm × 0.7 mm, 0.6 mm × 0.6 mm or 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm, GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives can propagate explosion successfully. Furthermore, the H50 and friction sensitivity of GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives were obtained using the following mechanical sensitivity experiments. These properties are vital if GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives are to be applied in complex explosive circuits.

9

Wpływ składu chemicznego na właściwości niebezpieczne wyrobów pirotechniki widowiskowej

Sałaciński T., Witkowski W., Maranda A., Cudziło S.

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2010

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T. 2

166--176

PL

W pracy podjęto zagadnienie wpływu składu chemicznego na wrażliwość mechaniczną i termiczną wybranych mieszanin pirotechnicznych. Badano wyroby pirotechniki widowiskowej dostępne na rynku krajowym, w tym: – proch czarny w postaci mączki prochowej, – mieszaninę efektu fontanny tortowej, – mieszaninę hukową petardy, – mieszaninę efektu zimnego ognia, – mieszaninę fontanny (efekt wulkanu), – mieszaniny dymotwórcze: czerwoną i białą. Przedstawiono wyniki oznaczenia wrażliwości na tarcie i na uderzenie badanych mieszanin. Analizowano charakter termolizy mieszanin na podstawie termogramów (DTA-TG) w zakresie temperaturowym (20 ÷ 500) °C lub (20 ÷1000) °C. Wyznaczono eksperymentalnie ciepło reakcji spalania mieszanin w tlenie.