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PL
Określenie budowa domu „systemem gospodarczym”, na początku lat 90. XX wieku, dotyczyło nie tylko częściowego prowadzenia prac budowlanych wysiłkiem własnym inwestora, ale bywało również uzupełniane o produkcję elementów konstrukcyjnych, takich jak bloczki czy pustaki, bezpośrednio na placu budowy. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów przewodności cieplnej elementów ze styrobetonu, wykonanych na podstawie receptury jednego z inwestorów indywidualnych, opracowanej w latach 90. na potrzeby budowy domu jednorodzinnego oraz uzyskanego współczynnika przenikania ciepła ścian zewnętrznych tego domu.
EN
At the beginning of the 1990s, the term „build-it-yourself” system referred not only to partial construction work carried out by the investor’s own effort, but it was also supplemented with the production of construction elements, such as blocks or hollow bricks, directly on the construction site. The article presents the results of measurements of the thermal conductivity of polystyrene concrete elements, made on the basis of a recipe of one of the individual investors, developed in the 1990s for the construction of a single-family house, and the obtained heat transfer coefficient of external walls of this house.
2
Content available remote Taking measurements of the detection sensor used in the labelling process
EN
The present paper is the fourth part in our consideration of the following issue: attempt to compare the work of the detection sensor with the ZFV vision system in the packaging labelling project.
PL
Artykuł jest czwartą częścią w naszym rozpatrywaniu zagadnienia jakim jest próba porównania pracy czujnika detekcji z systemem wizyjnym ZFV w procesie etykietowania opakowań.
EN
The technique of acoustic emission has been shown to be useful for monitoring and measurement of transportation and mixing of feed concentrates and other ingredients. This method is ideally suited for flow/no flow alarm indicators, requiring no calibration and only basic electronic support. If the method is to be used for analysis of mixtures, the components must be sufficiently different in particle size or density. Besides that, the detection of particle breakdown and damage should be possible.
PL
Wykazano, że technika emisji akustycznej jest przydatna do monitorowania i pomiaru transportu oraz mieszania koncentratów paszowych i innych składników. Metoda ta idealnie nadaje się do wskaźników alarmowych przepływu/braku przepływu, nie wymagając kalibracji i jedynie podstawowego wsparcia elektronicznego. Jeżeli metoda ma być stosowana do analizy mieszanin, składniki muszą różnić się dostatecznie wielkością cząstek lub gęstością. Poza tym powinno być możliwe wykrywanie rozkładu i uszkodzeń cząstek.
EN
In order to obtain the change rule of surrounding rock structure displacement and supporting structure internal force with time during the construction of the low mountain ridge tunnel, this paper relies on the Xishan Tunnel Project as the background. During tunneling, the displacement around the tunnel, the subsidence of the surface, the internal force of the steel arch and the pressure between the two layers of support are monitored dynamically. According to the above monitoring and measurement data, and the monitoring data analysis and nonlinear regression fitting, the predicted trend curve is obtained, the displacement change rules and characteristics of various surrounding rocks of the tunnel are obtained, to ensure the construction safety and stability requirements of supporting structure, and to provide a reasonable opportunity for the construction of secondary lining.
EN
Purpose: The aim of the work was to present the automation of the mass measurement process as a factor that can significantly affect the quality and speed of analyzes in pharmaceutical industry. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, two methods were presented for testing the mass uniformity of tablets whose weight ranged from 13 mg to 2580 mg. The first method involved determining the weight of 20 randomly selected tablets of pharmaceutical preparations by statically measuring the weight of these tablets. In the second method, an automatic tablet feeder type PA-04/H was used, in which, as a result of vibration, successive tablets were automatically moved via a special chute onto the weighing pan. Findings: No significant differences were found in the weight measurements performed by the manual and automatic methods. The largest differences were noted at the 0.5% level. All tablets tested met the United States Pharmacopeia requirements for their mass uniformity. For orally disintegrating tablets, the largest percentage deviations in weight from the mean value were -4.47% for tablet F6, - 4.26%, for tablet F1 and 3.31% for tablet F2. The differences in accuracy and precision between the automatic and manual methods were insignificant. Research limitations/implications: Mass measurement by the manual method is one of the most frequently performed measurements in the laboratory. The final result from this measurement method may be subject to error caused, for example, by human error, i.e. reading, writing or calculation error. For this reason, process automation is increasingly being used, which eliminates the possibility of error to a large extent. Practical implications: The automation of weight measurement reduces the effort required for product inspection. Thus, it can be an important factor in the process of optimization and product quality management. Originality/value: The description of the research method and its results can be a valuable guideline for people who deal with product quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been shown that automation to be effective does not have to be complicated but well designed.
EN
Purpose: The objective of the paper is to assess the degree of influence of determinants from the environment and the internal environment of SMEs on the growth of their innovation potential (IP) and to verify the moderating effect of the cooperation with external actors and financial condition on the relationship between the influence of external and internal determinants on the innovation potential of the investigated enterprises during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the paper’s objective regression analysis has been applied. Findings: The paper presents the results of empirical research conducted among Polish SMEs during the pandemic period in 2021. The results reveal that financial condition constitutes a significant moderator of the relationship between determinants coming from the company's environment and their level of SME innovation potential. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that cooperation with entities responsible for helping to implement innovation significantly moderates the relationship between the influence of determinants coming from the internal environment of SMEs and their innovation potential. It has been also found, on the basis of a multivariate regression model, that among external determinants the strongest predictors of IP growth were socio-cultural and demographic factors, and among internal determinants: the quality management sphere and the financial sphere of the surveyed SMEs. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of the conducted research is the impact of the pandemic conditions and also the location of the investigated SMEs in the region of the Lower Silesian Voivodship. Practical implications: The paper provides practical knowledge regarding the determinants of acting in the conditions related to a pandemic crisis. Originality/value: The paper provides new knowledge, analyses the external conditions and the internal environment of SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic in the region, which is known as one of the most innovative in Poland. The research is addressed to research scholars, business pretensioners and policy makers of innovative policy.
EN
Growth of demand for containerized cargo shipping has put more ports into pressure to accommodate larger vessels. Considering the limitations on dimensions of navigation channels, this is not feasible unless aiming for significant capital dredging or alternatively creating high precision predictions of vessel motions subjected to environmental forcing and interaction with shallow and restricted waterway. NCOS ONLINE (Nonlinear Channel Optimisation Simulator) is a state of the art navigation support tool which combines DHI’s high level forecast of environmental conditions with mathematical model of ship motions to add an extra level of accuracy in predicting the under-keel clearance and vessel swept path to boost the efficiency of navigation and pilotage within restricted channels. NCOS Manoeuvring Module utilizes an autopilot scheme based on PID (Proportional / Integral / Derivative) controller and Line of Sight Algorithm to FORCE Technology’s SimFlex4 manoeuvring solver for prediction of manoeuvring ship swept path and response, which will effectively bring the accuracy of real time full bridge simulator to fast time operation support tool. In this paper, the result of mathematical model is validated against fullscale measurements of containership transits through Port of Auckland Navigation channel by comparing pilot commands, leeway drift and swept path through output of portable pilotage unit. According to the results the model is found promising to predict the behaviour of human pilots with precision required in operational use. Finally, the swept path and manoeuvring performance of a sample transit is assessed on different environmental conditions and tide stages to evaluate the safe transit windows in operation.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań rzeczywistych instalacji fotowoltaicznych zlokalizowanych w okolicach Gdyni. Instalacje te różnią się między sobą kierunkiem ustawienia paneli fotowoltaicznych. Zamieszczono wyniki ilustrujące czasowe przebiegi mocy generowanej przez badane instalacje w wybranych dniach roku oraz porównano uzyskiwane wartości energii produkowanej przez nie w poszczególnych miesiącach. Przedyskutowano wpływ kierunku ustawienia badanych instalacji na ich produktywność i sformułowano zalecenia dla projektantów takich instalacji.
EN
The paper presents the results of tests of real photovoltaic installations located in the vicinity of Gdynia. These installations differ in the orientation of the photovoltaic panels. The results illustrating the waveforms of the power generated by the tested installations on selected days of the year and the obtained values of energy produced by them in individual months are compared. The influence of the orientation of the tested installations on their productivity was discussed and recommendations for designers of such installations are formulated.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych właściwości transformatorów planarnych. Rozważano transformatory zawierające rdzenie ferrytowe wykonane z różnych materiałów oraz uzwojenia zawierające różne liczby zwojów w postaci ścieżek o różnych szerokościach. Pomiary charakterystyk elektrycznych wykonano przy pobudzeniu sinusoidalnym i różnych wartościach rezystancji obciążenia i częstotliwości. Dokonano oceny wpływu konstrukcji badanych transformatorów na ich pasmo częstotliwościowe oraz na własne i wzajemne rezystancje termiczne charakteryzujące badane transformatory. Przedyskutowano uzyskane wyniki badań.
EN
The paper presents the results of experimental investigations on the properties of planar transformers. Transformers containing ferrite cores made of different materials and windings containing different numbers of turns in the form of tracks of different widths are considered. Measurements of electrical characteristics are made with sinusoidal excitation and various values of load resistance and frequency. The construction of the tested transformers is assessed for their frequency band and for their self and transfer thermal resistances characterising the tested transformers. The obtained research results were discussed.
EN
The need to classify rocks in terms of workability stems primarily from the need to choose the appropriate, most effective diagnostic method (DM) and way of mining the given rock. Studying and measuring the workability of rocks is extremely difficult due to the fact that workability depends on many various factors. There are many DM for determining the workability of rocks, but none of them take into account the influence of all factors, hence the obtained results are only indicative. In the article, many DM and ways of determining the cutting resistance with the use of various devices are presented and characterized. The principles of their operations are presented, as well as the DM of measuring the cutting resistance and its utilitarian usefulness in forecasting the selection of mining machines on the basis of cutting for specific mining and geological conditions. The core of the problem is confirmed by the number of covered DM and tools in various research centers around the world. In the article, new tools measuring and evaluating the mechanical properties of the coal solid, all created in Poland, are presented. Their structure, principles of their operation, as well as the innovation of these solutions, are all presented. In this article, their ad-vantages and disadvantages are highlighted, as well as showing the DM which best represents the way of work of the winning machine. Therefore, the results achieved through the aforementioned DM can be understood as representative values.
EN
Is this article simulation of statistical measurements is performed on the basis of which the analysis of the standard deviation of the obtained results is carried out. It is shown that the standard deviation is minimum and independent from measurement duration while an object is in the state of equilibrium. For objects in a stationary non-equilibrium state the standard deviation depends on the duration measurements and the parameters of the state. The influence of these factors on the standard deviation is assessed with equation which includes the relaxation time. The value of the relaxation time is determined by approximating the energy spectrum of the studied signals. The analysis of energy spectra showed that the spectrum of white noise is inherent in objects in equilibrium; the flicker component of the spectrum occurs when the state of the object deviates from equilibrium.
EN
A device with a frequency-modulated output signal has been developed to increase the sensitivity and accuracy of measuring moisture content in crude oil and petroleum products in the range of 0~20%. The main element of the device is a self-oscillator transducer based on a transistor structure with negative differential resistance. A capacitive sensor in the form of a capacitive cylindrical structure with cylindrical electrodes was used to determine moisture content in crude oil and petroleum products. Electric permittivity of a two-component mixture of oil and water was estimated and the capacitance of the humidity-sensitive capacitive cylindrical structure with cylindrical electrodes was calculated. An electrical diagram of the device for measuring and controlling the humidity of crude oil and petroleum products has been developed. The relative error of converting the humidity of oil and petroleum products into capacitance which was caused by the change in oil temperature, was determined to be 0.225%. Values of relative errors of the device for measuring the humidity of oil and petroleum products are as follows: 1.355 · 10-5% is caused by instability of the oscillator frequency, 0.01% is caused by fluctuations in the supply voltage of the self-oscillator transducer, 0.05% is caused by a change in ambient temperature by 1°C. For the developed device, which used errors of the first and second type, the reliability of humidity control of oil and petroleum products has been determined to be 0.9591.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania niskobudżetowego skanera LiDAR zaimplementowanego w smartfonie iPhone 13 Pro do kontroli prac w głębionym szybie górniczym. Celem badań było określenie przydatności oraz dokładności wygenerowanych modeli 3D. Badania przeprowadzono na obiekcie powierzchniowym będącym makietą szybu. Na podstawie walidacji zebranych danych, z użyciem profesjonalnego skanera, stwierdzono możliwość zastosowania smartfona iPhone 13 Pro do zadań niewymagających wysokiej dokładności. Na podstawie kontroli otrzymanych danych pomiarowych stwierdzono, że testowany LiDAR zapewnia pomiary odległości do 5 m z klasą dokładności 2,5, co przy jednoczesnej rejestracji z kamery/aparatu fotograficznego smartfona zapewnia szybkie pozyskanie trójwymiarowego odwzorowania badanego obiektu z przypisaną kolorystyką i teksturą materiału konstrukcyjnego.
EN
Article aims to present possibility of application low-cost LiDAR scanner of iPhone 13Pro for workings inspections in mining shaft sinking process. Main goal of research was to verify accuracy and usefulness of generated 3D models. Measurements were conducted inside model of mining shaft on the surface. Based on validation, conducted with use of professional TLS, iPhone 13 Pro LiDAR scanner usefulness was proved for inspections that don’t need high accuracy. Tested iPhone 13 Pro LiDAR scanner measures up to 5m with accuracy class 2,5. With simultaneous camera recording provides quick triaxial reflection of object with color and texture of material.
EN
The paper presents the results of experimental research on the impact of changes in the rotation speed of a hydraulic external gear pump on pressure pulsation in the discharge line for a constant value of pressure. The analyses were performed in the time domain (analysis of peak-to-peak pressure) and frequency domain (analysis of changes in frequency and pulsation amplitude). The results of experimental studies have shown that the change of the pump’s rotation speed influences changes in the course of pressure pulsation (peak-to-peak pressure and amplitude), in some cases significantly increasing the parameters mentioned. The obtained test results can be used to develop recommendations for designing hydraulic and hydrotronic systems equipped with a variable-speed pump drive.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych wpływu zmian prędkości obrotowej pompy zębatej na zmianę przebiegu pulsacji ciśnienia w linii tłocznej dla stałej wartości ciśnienia tłoczenia. Analizy przeprowadzono w dziedzinie czasu (analiza zmian wartości ciśnienia międzyszczytowego) oraz dziedzinie częstotliwości (analiza zmian wartości częstotliwości i amplitudy pulsacji). Otrzymane wyniki badań eksperymentalnych jednoznacznie wykazały, że zmiana prędkości obrotowej pompy wpływa na zmianę przebiegu pulsacji ciśnienia (zarówno na wartość ciśnienia międzyszczytowego, jak i amplitudę), w niektórych przypadkach znacznie zwiększając wymienione parametry. Otrzymane wyniki badań, mogą zostać wykorzystane do opracowania zaleceń dotyczących projektowania układów hydraulicznych i hydrotronicznych, wyposażonych w napęd zmiennoobrotowy pompy.
EN
Taking into account the peculiarities of using the MAX86150 evaluation system for measuring ECG and PPG signals, mathematical models were developed for indirect determination of systolic and diastolic pressure using fingers on the hand, which were tested in the MATLAB environment. Received ECG and PPG signals. Based on the proposed mathematical models, ECG and PPG signals were processed in the MATLAB package and the results of indirect measurement of blood pressure were presented.
PL
Biorąc pod uwagę specyfikę wykorzystania systemu oceny MAX86150 do pomiaru sygnałów EKG i PPG, opracowano modele matematyczne do pośredniego określania ciśnienia skurczowego i rozkurczowego używając palców dłoni, które zostały przetestowane w środowisku MATLAB. Otrzymano sygnały EKG i PPG. W oparciu o zaproponowane modele matematyczne, sygnały EKG i PPG zostały przetworzone w pakiecie MATLAB oraz przedstawiono wyniki pośredniego pomiaru ciśnienia krwi.
16
Content available remote Bez monopolu na drony
PL
Obecnie, ze względu na stosowanie aktywnych dodatków do cementu, badania postępu karbonatyzacji są kluczowe dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa konstrukcji. Proces pomiarowy zakłada użycie suwmiarki do wyznaczenia frontu karbonatyzacji. Tak wyznaczone wartości uśrednia się i na ich podstawie szacuje postęp korozji. Ze względu na to, że podejście normowe zakłada użycie metody nieciągłej wyznaczenia głębokości karbonatyzacji, pomiar może być obarczony błędem. Ponadto jego wykonanie, szczególnie dla wielu próbek, jest czasochłonne. Alternatywną metodą wyznaczania głębokości karbonatyzacji może być pomiar ciągły, z użyciem komputerowej analizy obrazu, który wyznacza rzeczywistą głębokość karbonatyzacji, ponieważ analizie poddawany jest cały obszar próbki. Komputerowa analiza obrazu jest zatem podejściem bardziej precyzyjnym i wygodnym. Nie jest ona natomiast podejściem ujętym w normach, jednak może stanowić pomoc w ocenie poprawności wyznaczenia głębokości karbonatyzacji. Głównym problemem proponowanej metody może okazać się błąd wynikający ze sferyczności obrazu, związany z dokładnością aparatu fotograficznego. Brak również prostopadłości układu optycznego aparatu względem próbki przy utrwalaniu jej obrazu, związanej z niewłaściwym ustawieniem aparatu fotograficznego. Problemem przy wykorzystaniu analizy komputerowej może okazać się również jakość uzyskanego obrazu W przeprowadzonych badaniach analizowano wpływ dystorsji obrazu na wyznaczenie powierzchni analizowanego obszaru, wykorzystując program ImageJ. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, że komputerowa analiza obrazu jest dokładniejsza niż tradycyjna, a dystorsja spowodowana pochyleniem obrazu nie wpływa na uzyskiwane wartości w stopniu większym niż dokładność pomiaru tradycyjnego.
EN
Nowadays, because of the use of active additives in cement, studies on carbonation progress are crucial to ensure the safety of structures. Carbonation depth measurement involves the use of a calliper to determine the front of the carbonation. The values determined in this way are averaged, and the corrosion progress is estimated based on these values. Due to the fact that the standard approach assumes the use of a discrete method for determining the carbonation depth, the measurement may be subject to error, and its execution, especially for many samples, is time-consuming. An alternative method for determining the depth of carbonation may be continuous measurement, which determines the actual depth of carbonation since the entire sample area is analysed. Therefore, digital image analysis is the more precise and convenient approach. Unfortunately, it is not an approach, covered by the standards, but may help to assess the correctness of the determination, the carbonation depth. The problem with the use of digital analysis in proposed method may be the quality of the image obtained. The main problem may be the sphericity of the image, related to the nature of the camera, but also the lack of perpendicularity of the optical system of the camera to the sample when fixing its image, related to incorrect positioning by the camera operator. The results show that the digital image analysis is more accurate than the traditional approach, and that the distortion caused by the tilt of the image does not affect the obtained values to a greater degree than the measurement accuracy of the traditional approach.
18
Content available remote Temperature rises of wires discharging lightning current placed in polystyrene
EN
Results of temperature rise measurements for lightning current discharge wires placed in polystyrene are presented in the article. The tests were run using a lightning current generator. The present practice in construction is to place wires discharging lightning current in insulation tubes. The obtained test results unequivocally show that there is no hazard arising from temperature rise if the discharging wire is placed directly in polystyrene insulation.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki pomiarów przyrostu temperatury przewodów odprowadzających prąd piorunowy umieszczonych w styropianie. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem generatora prądu piorunowego. Dotychczasowa praktyka stosowana w budownictwie zakładała prowadzenie przewodów odprowadzających prąd piorunowy w rurkach izolacyjnych. Otrzymane wyniki pomiarów jednoznacznie wskazują na brak zagrożenia niebezpiecznym wzrostem temperatury przy bezpośrednio prowadzonym przewodzie odprowadzającym w izolacji styropianowej.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki pomiarów przyrostu temperatury przewodów odprowadzających prąd piorunowy umieszczonych w styropianie. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem generatora prądu piorunowego. Dotychczasowa praktyka stosowana w budownictwie zakładała prowadzenie przewodów odprowadzających prąd piorunowy w rurkach izolacyjnych. Otrzymane wyniki pomiarów jednoznacznie wskazują na brak zagrożenia niebezpiecznym wzrostem temperatury przy bezpośrednio prowadzonym przewodzie odprowadzającym w izolacji styropianowej.
EN
Results of temperature rise measurements for lightning current discharge wires placed in polystyrene are presented in the article. The tests were run using a lightning current generator. The present practice in construction is to place wires discharging lightning current in insulation tubes. The obtained test results unequivocally show that there is no hazard arising from temperature rise if the discharging wire is placed directly in polystyrene insulation.
EN
In view of the high cost and difficulty of ensuring the accuracy in the measurement of fire smoke velocity, the measurement system developed using platinum resistance temperature detectors and an 8-bit microcontroller, is used to realize the fast measurement of high-temperature fire smoke velocity. The system is based on the thermodynamic method and adopts the Kalman filter algorithm to process the measurement data, so as to eliminate noise and interference, and reduce measurement error. The experimental results show that the Kalman filter algorithm can effectively improve the measurement accuracy of fire smoke velocity. It is also shown that the system has high measurement accuracy, short reaction time, low cost, and is characterized by high performance in the measurement of high-temperature smoke velocity in experiments and practice.
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