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Foraminiferal and radiolarian biostratigraphy of the youngest (Late Albian through Late Cenomanian) sediments of the Tatra massif, Central Western Carpathians

Bąk K., Bąk M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

2013

Vol. 63, no. 2

223--237

The foraminiferal and radiolarian biostratigraphy of selected sections of the Zabijak Formation, the youngest sediments of the Tatra massif (Central Western Carpathians), have been studied. Benthic foraminifers, mainly agglutinated species, occur abundantly and continuously throughout the studied succession, while planktic foraminifers are generally sparse. Five planktic and two benthic foraminiferal zones have been recognized. The marly part of the Zabijak Formation comprises the Pseudothalmanninella ticinensis (Upper Albian) through the Rotalipora cushmani (Upper Cenomanian) planktic foraminiferal zones, and the Haplophragmoides nonioninoides and Bulbobaculites problematicus benthic foraminiferal zones. The radiolarians were recognized exclusively in the Lower Cenomanian part of the formation.

Finite element stress and strain analysis of a solid tyre

Suripa U., Chaikittiratana A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

2008

Vol. 31, nr 2

576-579

Purpose: In this work, a finite element model of a solid tyre was constructed to simulate the loading condition. The solid tyre being modeled constitutes of three rubber layers with different properties and steel wires. Only hyperelastic property is considerd for the rubbers. The validation of FE prediction against experimental results was undertaken. An example of how arrangement of rubber layers in solid tyre can affect the distribution of strain energy density and deflection under loading was also carried out using FE analysis. Design/methodology/approach: A finite element model of a solid tyre was constructed to simulate the static compressive loading condition. The solid tyre being modeled constitutes of three types of rubber of components and steel wires Findings: The 3D FE model for static loading analysis of solid tyre constructed in this study can give reasonably good prediction of load-deflection behaviour of a real solid tyre. It can also be deduced that the distributions of analysis parameters such as strain energy density and Von Mises stress given by the FE analysis are acceptable and can be used to improve the design of solid tyres. The tyre made entirely with the rubber of the same hyperelastic property as the tread layer can give more flexible deformation and thus more comfortable ride with lesser risk to damage due to heat generation. Practical implications: Finite element analysis, as has been demonstrated, can be used to predict the performance of the solid tyre when such variations are made. The results from finite element anaysis can be used to determine the optimum thickness of each layer for green tyre (unvulcatised tyre) building. Originality/value: In the solid tyre manufacturing point of view, improving the load bearing performance by changing thickness of each solid tyre layer or make a variation in layers arrangement is the least problematic and can be done effectively without changing the mould or rubber compounds.