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Mass Movements Analysis along a Road Segment (Batushë-Rrasa e Kosharës) in an Alpine Region in Kosovo

Neziri Fjolla, Bytyqi Valbon

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

302--310

EN

The article represents a contribution to the assessment of slope processes, with special emphasis on landslides, rockfalls, and creeps along the road sector Batushë-Rrasa e Kosharës (municipality of Gjakova) in Kosova. The analysis of natural factors, as well as their role in triggering and evolving slope processes, was conducted by observing the processes in the field and, with a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing the natural factors (geology, tectonics, climate, vegetation) as well as the role of humans. By using GIS/RS techniques, the causes and features of processes were identified and presented with various illustrations and maps, assessing the potential risk in the future with the aim of proper management, considering the movement of citizens, and preserving the road infrastructure in a segment with historical and touristic values. The slopes with a 35–40° gradient are more prone to landslides, while the presence of unconsolidated rocks and fractured limestone has accelerated slope destabilization and rock mass movements. Slope stability techniques should be implemented in order to keep the road open for future visitors to historical sites.

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Zagrożenia obiektów budowlanych i infrastruktury komunikacyjnej na tle rozmieszczenia osuwisk w jednostkach administracyjnych Sudetów

Sikora Rafał

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 9

636--644

EN

The paper presents the results of research on the landslide distribution according to the administrativ subdivision of the Sudetes (SW Poland). It is the first comprehensive analysis of this problem for the Polish part of the Sudetes, which is based on the published data, cartographic materials and spatial databases. The index of landslide occurrence for each county has been calculated, and the number and types of buildings and roads located on landslides have been distinguished. The results were used for preliminary identification of hazards, which, in turn, provide information for the county governments, on various levels, useful for spatial planning and practical risk management.

3

Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2021 roku

Wojciechowski Tomasz, Laskowicz Izabela, Kos Jarosław, Marciniec Paweł, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Przyłucka Maria, Wódka Marcin

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 9

617--626

EN

Geological hazards caused by landslides, earthquakes, erosion, land surface deformation and collapse in 2021 in Poland were among the average compared to recent years. They did, however, affect material losses. The Polish Geological Survey (PGS) recorded 41 events related to sudden landslide activations, which damaged or destroyed 17 road sections. Through ongoing monitoring of 72 landslides, 33 were shown to be active. In 2021, more than 5,200 landslides were identified and inventoried in Poland. Geodynamic monitoring performed by PGS recorded 611 seismic events in Poland, whose magnitudes reached M4.2. In addition, using satellite radar interferometry, continuation of land surface deformations was found mainly in mining areas. In 2021, there was a number of collapses of various origins. The paper is a brief report on the ongoing tasks of the Polish Geological Survey in the field of geological hazards and presents events that took place in Poland in 2021.

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W jaki sposób struktura podłoża warunkuje rozwój osuwiska translacyjnego? Przykład osuwiska we Włodowicach w Obniżeniu Noworudzkim (Sudety Środkowe)

Kowalski Adam

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 9

722--732

EN

In this contribution the author presents the results of geological and geomorphological field mapping and structural analyses conducted within the area of a newly recognized landslide situated near Włodowice, in the southern part of the Nowa Ruda Basin (Central Sudetes, SW Poland). The landform is located within the eastern limb of the Intra-Sudetic Synclinorium (Nowa Ruda Monocline) built of Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian (Rotliegend) sedimentary rocks. Geomorphological characteristics of the landslide are presented, but the greatest attention is paid to the way of transformation of individual structural elements of basement rocks (bedding surfaces, sets of fractures) by mass movements. The study allows recognition and interpretation of landslide type according to failure mechanism - the analysed form represents a typical translational landslide with a flat, structural slip surface related to bedding planes. A model of the development of a translational landslide under specific geological conditions (monoclinal structure built of different lithological varieties of sedimentary rocks with different rheological properties) is presented. Due to the partial exposure of the slip surface in the upper and lower parts of the landslide, the form should be considered unique among the previously identified landslides in the Sudetes Mts. During this study the author repeatedly confirms the usefulness of analyses of LiDAR models in landslide investigations.

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Protokół obserwacji obszaru nizinnego, na którym występują ruchy masowe : na przykładzie powiatu wrzesińskiego

Krawczyk Dorota, Flieger-Szymańska Michalina, Jeż Tomasz, Machowiak Katarzyna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 9

645--650

EN

The Environmental Protection Law (Act of 27 April 2001, Journal of Laws 2020.1219) requires Poviat Starosty to observe areas endangered by mass movements of the earth and areas where such movements occur. The Regulation of the Minister of Climate and Environment on information on mass movements of the earth of 4 December 2020 (Journal of Laws 2020.2270) introduces a less demanding method of observation, which is the so-called field vision method (§ 3, 1). This article provides a detailed procedure for inspecting mass movements. It can be widely used as part of local government geology tasks in lowland areas. Theresultoftheworkon the above-mentioned procedure is the “mass movement observation protocol (field vision method)”, which was tested on mass movements registered within the Września poviat.

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Osuwiska Masywu Ślęży (Przedgórze Sudeckie)

Chaszczewicz Adam Karol

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 9

713--721

EN

Ślęża Massif is an isolated group of hills, surrounded by plains, located on the Sudetic Foreland with the main tops of Ślęża and Radunia. This mesoregion covers an area composed of two structural units: Sudetic Ophiolite and Strzegom-Sobótka Granite Pluton. The present relief of the Ślęża Massif was formed mainly during the Pleistocene glaciations. This article presents the results of landslide observations made in selected locations on the Ślęża Massif. Scientific works were carried out on the south-western, southern and eastern slopes of Ślęża (composed of gabbros), as well as on the northern slopes of Radunia (serpentinites). This area is the place of occurrence of specific morphological forms with research history abundant in various concepts (among others: moraines of the Scandinavian ice sheet, congelifluction tongues, debris flows, fossil rockglaciers and landslides). Author's research, basedon field works and digital terrain model analysis, revealsthat15 inactive landslides exist at these locations. The forms are characterized by various morphometric parameters and different types of colluvial mass movements. Probably, they emerged as a result of late Pleistocene and early Holocene climate changes. Author's conclusions partially confirm some observations and interpretations stated by Horwath in 1981 and by Traczyk and Kasprzak in 2014. Due to plenty of landslide evidence, the views about relict rock glaciers and other conceptions should be defined as incorrect. The forms require further detailed studies.

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Dokumentowanie geologiczno-inżynierskie osuwisk w aspekcie głębokości występowania powierzchni poślizgu

Kos Jarosław, Wójcik Antoni

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 9

627--635

EN

When conducting geological and engineering research, the most common statement is information that the landslide is shallow and should not pose a threat to the designed objects. In the case of large, structural landslides, this approach may lead, with the wrong determination of the deepest slip surface, to the occurrence of a construction disaster as a result of improper execution of the protection structure. The article presents specific locations of landslides with deep displacements in inclinometric columns exemplified by landslides monitored as part of the SOPO project in Tarnawa Górna, Słotowa and Międzybrodzie Bialskie - Łazki. The documented slip surfaces are found at depths of 19-42 m. Such deep displacements indicate that large, landslides reach significant thicknesses and such data should be presented in a geological and engineering documentation. It is proposed to modify the regulation on the execution of the geological and engineering documentation by adding a point regarding the documentation of landslides. If such an area exists, special requirements must be met when conducting geological surveys.

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Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2020 roku

Wojciechowski Tomasz, Laskowicz Izabela, Nescieruk Piotr, Marciniec Paweł, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Czerwiński Tomasz, Perski Zbigniew

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 5

303--311

EN

The paper describes geohazard events that took place in 2020 on the territory of Poland. The PGI is responsible for geohazard monitoring in four areas of interest :landslides and mass movements within the Landslide Counteracting System (LCS, SOPO in Polish), earthquakes within the Geodynamical Monitoring of Poland and ground motions within the Interferometric Terrain Deformations Monitoring of Poland, and coastal monitoring carried out by the Marine Geology Branch within a framework of the 4D Cartography. In 2020, there were no spectacular geohazard events; however, there were some permanently active phenomena, mostly landslides, which caused significant damages to the infrastructure.

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Geneza i geologiczne uwarunkowania rozwoju form osuwiskowych w środkowej części Obniżenia Noworudzkiego w Sudetach

Kowalski Aleksander

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 10

666--697

EN

The paper presents the results of field mapping and structural analyses conducted within the landslides situated near Ludwikowice K³odzkie, in the central part of the Nowa Ruda Basin (Middle Sudetes, SW Poland). The area affected by mass movements is located within the eastern limb of the Intra-Sudetic Synclinorium (Głuszyca Monocline) composed of Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian (Rotliegend) sedimentary rocks. Nine individual landslide forms, ranging in area from 0.5 to 22.7 ha, including two landslide complexes (Sokółka landslides, 49.7 ha in total area) have been identified and described in terms of their origin and geological conditions. Studies of landslide morphology and structural analysis allow recognition of several types of mass movements. They include: (i) rotational landslides (landslides Sokółka 1-3 and 5); (ii) translational slides (landslides Miłków 1-3); (iii) deep-seated, compound landslides (landslide Sokółka 4), and (iv) topple evolving into deep-seated rotational (?) slide (Sławosz landslide). The studies repeatedly confirm the usefulness of analyses of LiDAR digital elevation models coupled with field investigations and structural analyses.

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Dokumentowanie geologiczno-inżynierskie osuwisk na terenie fliszu karpackiego

Kos Jarosław, Wójcik Antoni

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 12

825--834

EN

When conducting geological surveys in landslide areas, it is important to define the scope of the planned geological works. The most important issue in the study of landslides is the recognition of the depth and shape of the slip surface. This requires the correct type of drilling and a good core quality. Most often, within a single landslide, several slip surfaces are documented, which occur at different depths, which is associated with a complex manner of motion and shear. Proper determination of the deepest sliding surfaces allows for the construction of a calculation model and selection of the optimal method of securing the landslide area. The course of the slip surface is often not determined by the depth of the bedrock under the cover formations. Geological diagnosis should depend on the size of the examined landslide and the impact of its activation on potential damage / destruction of existing buildings and technical infrastructure. The method of documenting and carrying out calculations is presented as recommended in landslide areas. In the first step, calculations should be made on the basis of data obtained from field work and parameters obtained from laboratory tests. Monitoring should complement field research and assess the scale of displacements. Conducting stability calculations should be a standard for the preparation of geological and engineering documentation of landslides and areas at risk of mass movements. It allows you to assess the risk and threats to the planned investment or protective structure. This is to provide permanent safeguards to prevent damage to buildings that have been designed on the basis of uncertain geological data. It is postulated to modify the ordinance on the implementation of geological and engineering documentation by adding a point concerning the documentation of landslides. If there is such an area, special requirements must be met when conducting geological surveys.

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Zagrożenia osuwiskowe na trasie budowy drogi ekspresowej S-7 na odcinku Lubień–Naprawa (Karpaty fliszowe)

Wójcik Antoni, Jurczak Sebastian, Wnuk Mariusz, Janik Krzysztof

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

388--396

EN

Landslide recognition is an important task for designers and contractors during the road construction process. The problems that contractors often face is insufficient recognition of the geological structure (at the design stage), too small area of purchased land under the "ZRiD’'decision, or the inability of fast responding to emerging threats. The studies described in this article shed more light on the complexity of slope deformation as a result of landslide processes. During the constructing of the expressway S-7, the problems related to deep landslide processes occurred, which most probably were associated with poorly recognized old “rocky-weathering material” type of landslide. The geological survey performed during the construction of this road, confirmed the occurrence of deep (>20 m) displacements, recorded by the inclinometer measurements. These deep displacements are linked to a large landslide with a main scarp located in the region of Mt. Cymbalowa Góra.

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Stateczność stoków osuwiskowych na podstawie pomiarów inklinometrycznych oraz właściwości fizyczno-mechaniczne skał i gruntów na przykładzie osuwisk w Ochojnie i Starym Sączu

Kos Jarosław

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

377--387

EN

In the area of landslides in Ochojno and on Stroma street in Stary S¹cz, geological works were carried out, including determination of geological-engineering parameters, and documentation of slip surface on the basis of the drill core analysis. The obtained results allowed the author to construct computational cross-sections on the basis of which slope stability index factors for each of the landslide areas were calculated. These results were compared with the values of stability index obtained from inclinometer measurements. A proposal for documenting landslide areas was presented, paying particular attention to the proper interpretation of the ground profile. This enables avoiding frequent errors made in preparation of geological-engineering documentation based on shallow ground recognition and improperly conducted drilling system.

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Późnoglacjalny rozwój osuwisk w polskich Karpatach zewnętrznych

Wójcik Antoni

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

397--404

EN

The area of Poland, including the Carpathian Mountains, is located in a zone where landslides cause large material damage. This issue can be considered using different time scales. Using various dating methods, it was possible to distinguish periods of increased landslide activity. Among others, the radiometric methods are the most common. Based on the 14C dated landslides in Szczawnica-Biafy Stream, Zapadle near Szymbark, Rychwatd near Żywiec and on data published by Margielewski (2006), it was possible to hypothesize that landslides in the Carpathians have been developing over 13,000 years, i.e. since the Oldest Dryas. This is related to the beginning of degradation of the permafrost, which can be considered as the inception of the development of large rock landslides. On the basis of the presented data, it can also be stated that these landslides have been active up to modern times and their development is very long. An example of this is the landslide in Zapadle. The position of the landslide tongue, which is subjected to erosion, is of great importance, which promotes its further activity. Permanent removing of the colluvial material by a stream and its supplementing by subsequent new displacements from the scarp causes that the landslides can be active for a very long period of time.

14

Osuwiska w Sudetach

Sikora Rafał, Wojciechowski Tomasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

360--368

EN

This paper presents the results of analysis of landslides distribution in the Sudetes (SW Poland). Our study was based on the analysis of the LiDAR-data digital elevation model and integrated with investigations of different factors for landslide development. The results of the study showed relationships between the spatial distribution of landslides and geology of their basement. For the areas built by Permo-Mesozoic and late Variscan sedimentary and volcanogenic rocks, the tectonic and lithological factors are predominant for landslide occurrences. The largest landslides have a tectonic affinity and represent a frontal type of geometry. The relationships between geological conditions and mass movements were also confirmed by the constructed landslide susceptibility map of the Sudetes.

15

Osuwiska w Polsce : od rejestracji do prognozy, czyli 13 lat projektu SOPO

Marciniec Paweł, Zimnal Ziemowit, Perski Zbigniew, Wojciechowski Tomasz, Rączkowski Wojciech, Laskowicz Izabela, Nescieruk Piotr, Grabowski Dariusz, Kułak Marcin, Wójcik Antoni

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

291--297

EN

Theintensification of disastrous landslide movements in southern Poland occurring at the end of the 20th century, showed that there was a need to create a unified system of acquiring and collecting landslide data. It also indicated the importance of raising awareness of the existence of landslide hazard for both residents and public administration (decision-makers). This was also the reason for launching a nationwide project, the Landslide Counteracting System (LCS; SOPO in Polish). This system is a platform for acquiring and processing information about mass movements in order to support mainly for government and local administration. The main goal of the project is to reduce the landslide riskin Poland,and to limit damages caused by the development of landslides.

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Grawitacyjne ruchy masowe na obszarze Gdyni udokumentowane na dawnych mapach i w źródłach archiwalnych

Małka Anna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

308--317

EN

The article deals with selected examples of old nautical maps (portolans), topographic maps, archival materials of the 19th century German language studies, which are valuable sources of information on the history of landslide processes. The city of Gdynia was founded in 1926, and its location despite very unfavourable formation of mass movements, was determined by economic and political reasons. As documented on nautical maps from 1596, landslides have been occurring in the coastal zone of today’s Gdynia since at least the 16th century. Within the limits of the zone, the oldest structural damage has been observed. The Urmesstischblätter map from 1837 documented damage to the redoubt in Cypel Oksywski. These fortifications, which were erected during Napoleonic Wars between 1810 and 1812, were completely rouined in the first half of the 19th century. It was the first time when mass movement resulted in financial losses in Poland’s coastal zones. Compared with the present, the 19th century saw an increase in mass movement activation in coastal zones. Between 1837 and 1909 the maximal changes in Cypel Oksywski were 2.2 m a year. The landslide in Cypel Oksywski is also the first stabilized landslide within the city limits of Gdynia. It also has the longest history of stabilizing efforts that go back to 1909. This article shows, based on the study of a landslide in Wielki Kackfrom 1930, that in the development of the city of Gdynia virtually from the beginning of its foundation in 1926, man-made dangerous gravitational processes have always been present.

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Structural control of mass movements on slopes formed of magmatic and metamorphic rocks : the case study of Wielisławka Mt. (SW Poland, Sudetes Mts.)

Kowalski Aleksander, Kasza Damian, Wajs Jarosław

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 3

460--477

EN

We indicate the structural controls on, and provide an evolutionary model of, mass movements which developed on the slopes of a rhyolitic lava dome built of massive, sub-intrusive Permian rhyolites and its low-grade metamorphic cover, comprising Ordovician and Silurian sericite schists and metacherts (greenschist facies). The phenomena studied occur on the low-altitude, dome-like Wielisławka Mt. (370 m a.s.l.) in the Western Sudetes, SW Poland. A multidisciplinary approach involving geological and geomorphological fieldwork, LiDAR-based geomorphometric analyses, as well as analyses based on data obtained from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), performed within old adits and shafts in the landslide area, have allowed determination of the origin and recent extent of the landslide phenomena. The geometry and development of the slip surface are closely linked with measured, existing discontinuities within the massif. As they enable observation of the initial stages of mass movement in the excavations within the cover rocks of the rhyolitic massif, the old adits and shafts are unique objects for the observation and reconstruction of landslide processes.

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Działalność górnicza jako jeden z czynników wpływających na rozwój osuwisk

Wódka Marcin

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 477

123--130

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ działalności górniczej na rozwój ruchów masowych na przykładzie czterech osuwisk. Pierwsze z nich znajduje się w Rydułtowach, na obszarze niecki osiadań spowodowanej podziemną eksploatacją węgla kamiennego. Osuwisko to zagraża najstarszemu tunelowi kolejowemu w Polsce, a jego uaktywnienie było prawdopodobną przyczyną zniszczenia tunelu w 1857 r. Kolejne dwa osuwiska pośrednio są związane z podziemnym ługowaniem soli w krakowskich Swoszowicach. Ostatni z przykładów to osuwisko rozwinięte w nieczynnej kopalni iłów Zesławice, będące świadectwem wpływu powierzchniowej eksploatacji i skarpowania zboczy na rozwój osuwisk.

EN

The article presents the influence of mining activity on development mass movements on the example four landslides. The first of these is located in Rydułtowy, in the area of mine subsidence caused by the underground exploitation of coal. The landslide threatens the oldest railway tunnel in Poland, and its activation was the probable cause of the destruction of the tunnel in 1857. Another two landslides are indirectly connected with underground salt leaching in Swoszowice (district of Kraków). The last of the examples is a landslide developed in the dormant open-cut mining Zesławice, a testimony to the impact of surface exploitation and undercutting of slopes for the development landslides.

19

Analiza morfotektoniczna form rzeźby osuwiskowej na SW stokach góry Kornuty (Karpaty fliszowe, Beskid Niski)

Zatorski M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 2

111--117

EN

On the SW slopes of the Mt. Kornuty (Magura Wątkowska mountain range in the Beskid Niski Mts.) is located one of the largest landslide areas in the Polish Flysch Carpathians. The morphotectonic analysis performed using contour diagrams and rose directional diagrams, made it possible to determine the direction of gravity mass movement. In total, over than 2500 measurements of the spatial orientation of joint surfaces were made within the landslide zone. Changing the direction of the tectonic anisotropy of the in situ and ex situ forms allowed conducting the morphogenetic analysis, i.e. specifying the types of gravitational movements. Besides the commonly occurring toppling, also rockfalls, rotation around the horizontal or vertical axis, and antithetical displacements (thelistric type) were observed. The combination of several types of gravitational movements of different age allows us to unequivocally say that it is a complex type of landslide.

20

Case study of electrical resistivity tomography measurements used in landslides investigation, Southern Poland

Mita M., Glazer M., Kaczmarzyk R., Dąbrowski M., Mita K.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2018

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Vol. 7, iss. 1

110--126

EN

Mass movements are an ever present threat to building construction, water management, vegetation formation and biodiversity. This paper presents an approach to landslides research based on non-invasive geoelectrical method - Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). Mapping and displacement monitoring of unstable slopes is crucial for the hazards prevention and assessment. The ERT technique is an effective tool to obtain structural differentiation of geological medium through interpretation of 2D electrical resistivity models. The main advantage of the method is a wide range of applicability what makes its useful during field works on a landslide. It is commonly used for measurements of slope instability, determination of shear surface, landslide susceptibility, depth of bedrock, slip plane geometry. The aim of the work is to identify the geological structures underneath three selected landslides in south Poland: in Racibórz, Milówka and Porąbka. Attempts have been focused on determination of the usefulness of the proposed ERT methodology for evaluation of possible further development of mass movements. On two investigation sites two different arrays have been used: Wenner-Schlumberger and dipole-dipole which allowed to prepare combined data set and resistivity models based on them. Forward modelling of synthetic models based on a priori information allowed to understand anomalies present on resistivity models. Applied approach ensured quality increase of final interpretation of resistivity models.