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1

ODT product quality management on the example of automatic control of tablet weight uniformity

Janas Sławomir, Kowalska Małgorzata, Woźniak Magdalena

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 172

299--310

EN

Purpose: The aim of the work was to present the automation of the mass measurement process as a factor that can significantly affect the quality and speed of analyzes in pharmaceutical industry. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, two methods were presented for testing the mass uniformity of tablets whose weight ranged from 13 mg to 2580 mg. The first method involved determining the weight of 20 randomly selected tablets of pharmaceutical preparations by statically measuring the weight of these tablets. In the second method, an automatic tablet feeder type PA-04/H was used, in which, as a result of vibration, successive tablets were automatically moved via a special chute onto the weighing pan. Findings: No significant differences were found in the weight measurements performed by the manual and automatic methods. The largest differences were noted at the 0.5% level. All tablets tested met the United States Pharmacopeia requirements for their mass uniformity. For orally disintegrating tablets, the largest percentage deviations in weight from the mean value were -4.47% for tablet F6, - 4.26%, for tablet F1 and 3.31% for tablet F2. The differences in accuracy and precision between the automatic and manual methods were insignificant. Research limitations/implications: Mass measurement by the manual method is one of the most frequently performed measurements in the laboratory. The final result from this measurement method may be subject to error caused, for example, by human error, i.e. reading, writing or calculation error. For this reason, process automation is increasingly being used, which eliminates the possibility of error to a large extent. Practical implications: The automation of weight measurement reduces the effort required for product inspection. Thus, it can be an important factor in the process of optimization and product quality management. Originality/value: The description of the research method and its results can be a valuable guideline for people who deal with product quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been shown that automation to be effective does not have to be complicated but well designed.

2

Influence of an lp –perturbation on Hardy-Sobolev inequality with singularity a curve

Ijaodoro Idowu Esther, Thiam El Hadji Abdoulaye

Opuscula Mathematica

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2021

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Vol. 41, no. 2

187--204

EN

We consider a bounded domain Ω of [formula],[formula] h and b continuous functions on Ω. Let Γ be a closed curve contained in Ω. We study existence of positive solutions [formula] to the perturbed Hardy-Sobolev equation: [formula] where [formula] is the critical Hardy-Sobolev exponent [formula] and [formula] is the distance function to Γ. We show that the existence of minimizers does not depend on the local geometry of Γ nor on the potential h. For N = 3, the existence of ground-state solution may depends on the trace of the regular part of the Green function of —Δ + h and or on b. This is due to the perturbative term of order 1 + δ.

3

Uzgodniona wartość masy międzynarodowego wzorca kilograma

Fotowicz Paweł

Metrologia i Probiernictwo : biuletyn Głównego Urzędu Miar

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2021

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nr 2 (27)

9--12

PL

Artykuł przybliża nowe podejście przy ustalaniu masy międzynarodowego wzorca kilograma po wdrożeniu nowej definicji jednostki masy SI. Omówiono w nim sposób wyznaczania wartości uzgodnionej związanej z kilogramem i wynikające stąd konsekwencje.

EN

The article presents a new approach for determining the mass of the international measurement standard of kilogram after the implementation of the new definition of the SI unit of mass. It discusses the method for evaluating the consensus value for the kilogram and the resulting consequences.

4

Mass and volume balances of nebulization processes for the determination of the expected dose of liquid medicines delivered by inhalation

Sosnowski Tomasz R., Janeczek Kamil, Grzywna Karolina, Emeryk Andrzej

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 42, nr 3

253–-261

EN

The works presents the application of mass/volume balances of liquid drug converted into the aerosol during atomization in medical nebulizers. The amount of liquid that can be delivered to the respiratory system during inhalation is reduced compared to the nominal dose not only because of drug losses both in the device (the residual volume, RV) and outside the nebulizer (in the mouthpiece, mask, or tubings), but also to the limitations of the patient (periodic flow with limited capacity). The paper should help to understand the complexity of aerosol therapy widely used in asthma, COPD and other pulmonary diseases.

5

Does salinity affect body proportions and “size/mass” ratios of highly halotolerant Baeotendipes noctivagus larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae)?

Shadrin Nickolai V., Belyakov Victor P., Bazhora Alexandra I., Anufriieva Elena V.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 4

305--315

EN

Measuring the linear characteristics of chironomid larvae is easier and faster than measuring their mass. The relationships between them are approximated by parabolic equations. Generalized equations are provided for all chironomid larvae. However, these relations vary in different water bodies. Measurements of 1424 chironomid larvae representing several species were taken in Crimean waters with salinity ranging from 0 to 280 PSU. There was a high correlation between three traits. In the case of Baeotendipes noctivagus and Cricotopus gr. sylvestris, dimorphism was found in the “head capsule length– width” relationship. Salinity affects the head capsule. The exponent “b” varied from 1.43 to 3.06 in the “body length-mass” equation for B. noctivagus, and from 1.943 to 2.592 for C. gr. sylvestris. It is inappropriate to use only one coefficient “b” for all chironomid larvae. In B. noctivagus and Paratanytarsus confuses, the mass of one-size larvae decreased with increasing salinity. Salinity is not the only factor affecting the size and mass of chironomid larvae.

6

Distribution of masses and presses on axles and wheels and vehicles’ properties

Rybak Piotr, Wiśniewski Andrzej

Journal of KONES

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2019

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Vol. 26, No. 1

141--146

EN

One of the most important parameters affecting traction properties as well as driving safety, especially with regard to vehicles with special purpose, is the distribution of wheel and axle loads on the ground. This issue should be taken into account during the process of creating new vehicles as well as during the modernization process. In the first case, it is quite simple because the mass distribution is shaped already in the design phase. In the second case, the problem is more complex, because with modernization solutions we enter an already existing structure. Modernization basically assumes improving the performance and capabilities of the vehicle with possibly small changes in its base structure. Thus, it imposes important boundary conditions. The article presents the methodology of measurement and selected results of measurements of mass distribution as well as wheel and axle loads of selected motor vehicles during their advanced modernization (STAR 266 cars to the version STAR 266M2 and Honker 2000 to the version Honker M-AX). Modernizations carried out by Autobox Innovations Ltd. Lim. Par are mainly focused on increasing the traction of vehicles, traffic safety, and driving comfort. Measurements were made at the above-mentioned company.

7

Analysis of variations in and correlations between selected physical parameters of common beech (Fagus silvatica L.) nuts

Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Anders A., Tylek P., Krzysiak Z., Wasielewski W.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2018

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nr 21(1)

49--63

EN

The basic dimensions and the mass of common beech nuts and seeds from five nut batches, harvested from tree stands in northern Poland, were determined. Environmental conditions had a greater influence on seed plumpness than the age of tree stands. The results of measurements were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. Despite differences in their plumpness, nuts were characterized by nearly identical cross-sections which resembled an equilateral triangle. The thickness of nuts and seeds was highly correlated with their mass, and this information can facilitate seed husking and separation into mass categories. Before and after husking, seeds should be separated with the use of a mesh screen with longitudinal openings. Medium-sized (most numerous) seeds were separated into the following plumpness categories using a screen separator with ≠6 mm and ≠7 mm openings: 84% of moderately plump seeds, 3% of seeds with reduced plumpness, and 13% of plump seeds.

8

Towaroznawcza ocena wpływu opakowania na jakość ciastek kruchych w aspekcie pomiaru zawartości wody

Kowalska M., Janas S., Paździor M.

Problemy Jakości

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2018

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R. 50, nr 9

141--148

PL

Celem pracy było zaproponowanie najkorzystniejszego rodzaju opakowania dla wybranych ciastek przechowywanych przez okres 30 dni. Jakość produktów określano poprzez pomiar wielkości absorpcji wilgoci przez ciastka typu: biszkopty, herbatniki o smaku waniliowym, herbatniki maślane oraz krakersy zależnie od sposobu i czasu ich przechowywania. Podczas testów wykorzystano 4 różne opakowania jednostkowe, takie jak: opakowanie fabryczne, zamykane opakowanie plastikowe typu box (PP o grubości 0,2 mm), folię spożywcza HDPE o grubości 10 mikrometrów, torbę papierową o gramaturze 80–120 g/m2. Badanie polegało na rejestrowaniu zmian masy każdego ciastka z założonym interwałem. W czasie testu utrzymywano stałe warunki klimatyczne w zakresie temperatury. Do pomiaru wykorzystano szybką metodę wykorzystującą wagę elektroniczną serii AS 220.R2 produkcji Radwag Wagi Elektroniczne. Pomiar masy każdego ciastka był realizowany z dokładnością 0,1 mg. Dla pomiarów masy zastosowano Standardowe Procedury Operacyjne (SOP) celem osiągnięcia rzetelnego i powtarzalnego wyniku. Badania pokazały, że najbardziej odpowiednim opakowaniem jest zamykane pudełko z tworzywa sztucznego. Zmiany masy umieszczonych w nim produktów po określonym okresie przechowywania były najmniejsze. Badania pokazały, że stosując różne rodzaje form opakowań, uzyskuje się różne wyniki mas produktów po określonym czasie przechowywania. Potwierdziło to, że na zmianę masy produktu zasadniczy wpływ ma opakowanie oraz wilgotność otoczenia, w jakim dane produkty są przechowywane.

EN

The aim of the work was to propose the most advantageous type of packaging for selected cakes stored for a period of 30 days. Product quality was determined by measuring the amount of moisture absorbed by sponge cakes, vanilla biscuits, butter biscuits and crackers, depending on how and for how long they are stored. Four different types of packaging were used during the tests, such as: factory packaging, plastic box container (PP 0.2 mm thick), 10 micron thick HDPE food wrap, paper bag (paper density 80–120 g/m2). The study consisted of recording the weight changes of each cookie with the set interval. During the test, constant temperature conditions were maintained. The measurement was based on a rapid method using RADWAG-manufactured electronic balance of the AS 220.R2 series. Measurement of the weight of each biscuit was carried out with the accuracy of 0.1 mg. Standard Operational Procedures (SOP) were used for mass measurements to achieve a reliable and reproducible result. Research has shown that the most suitable packaging is a closed plastic box. Changes in the weight of products placed in it after the specified shelf life were the smallest. Studies have shown that using different types of packaging forms results in different masses of products after a certain storage period. This confirmed that the change in the weight of the product is mainly due to the packaging and storage humidity.

9

Conservative finite volume element schemes for the complex modified Korteweg–de Vries equation

Yan J. L., Zheng L. H.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2017

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Vol. 27, no. 3

515--525

EN

The aim of this paper is to build and validate a class of energy-preserving schemes for simulating a complex modified Korteweg–de Vries equation. The method is based on a combination of a discrete variational derivative method in time and finite volume element approximation in space. The resulting scheme is accurate, robust and energy-preserving. In addition, for comparison, we also develop a momentum-preserving finite volume element scheme and an implicit midpoint finite volume element scheme. Finally, a complete numerical study is developed to investigate the accuracy, conservation properties and long time behaviors of the energy-preserving scheme, in comparison with the momentum-preserving scheme and the implicit midpoint scheme, for the complex modified Korteweg–de Vries equation.

10

Operatorowo-dystrybucyjna metoda parametrów brzegowych z wykorzystaniem „S” funkcji do obliczeń drgań giętnych kadłuba statku

Powierza Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2016

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nr 96

105--133

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analityczną metodę obliczania drgań giętnych kadłuba statku. Jako model fizyczny przyjęto belkę Eulera o zmiennej masie i sztywności pływającą swobodnie na powierzchni wody. Wykres zmiany parametrów ma praktycznie postać funkcji schodkowej i w takim ujęciu różniczkowalnej w zakresie dystrybucyjnym, co pozwala z kolei przy pewnych przekształceniach na doprowadzenie równania różniczkowego drgań giętnych kadłuba do postaci dającej się łatwo rozwiązać przez przekształcenie Carsona-Laplace’a. Tego typu rozwiązań nie ma w literaturze dotyczącej zagadnień dynamiki kadłuba statku.

EN

The paper describes an analytical calculation method on the basis of distribution and operator theory. The presented method is very useful I the calculation of vertical vibrations of ship hull. The physical model is an elastic beam having arbitrary mass and stiffness distribution. Including a kind of dynamic force in the basic equation, we can also determine the bending moments. The result of this calculation is shown in the table 3 as well as the comparison with the theoretical values and the numerical calculation results.

11

O możliwościach kształtowania właściwości dynamicznych konstrukcji kładek dla pieszych

Żółtowski K.

Mosty

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2016

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nr 5

46--50

PL

W artykule przedstawiono doświadczenia własne autora związane ze „strojeniem” dynamicznym konstrukcji kładek dla pieszych. W celu potwierdzenia poprawności założeń przeprowadzono szereg złożonych analiz dynamicznych wykorzystujących nieliniowe procedury i modele.

EN

The paper presents the concept of the dynamic design of lively footbridges. The goal is to reduce their dynamic excitation by tuning the structure. Tuning is based on local changes of stiffness, mass distribution or the type of cables. This can be useful as an effective way to change dynamic properties and create a self damping. Finally dynamic tuning can be an attractive alternative to TMD devices. Tuning was implemented to practice. Two completed footbridges are described in the paper. Three other theoretic examples are also presented. Moreover, the theoretic base, methodology, discussion of the results and final conclusions are included.

12

Assessment of cereal seed shape with the use of sphericity factors

Kaliniewicz Z., Biedulska J., Jadwisieńczak B.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2015

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nr 18(4)

237--246

EN

Shape is one of the key discriminating factors in seeds. It plays a major role in seed cleaning and sorting, and it influences the bulk behavior of seeds. The shape of seeds can be described with the use of sphericity factors. In this study, the thickness, width, length and mass of principal cereal seeds (wheat, rye, barley, oats and triticale) were determined. The geometric parameters of seeds were used to calculate five sphericity factors for each seed type. The results of measurements and calculations were processed statistically by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. In the group of the analyzed cereal seeds, the lowest values were noted for sphericity factor K5 in the range of 0.046 to 0.275, and the highest values - for sphericity factor K3 in the range of 0.359 to 0.650. The shape of cereal seeds was mostly highly correlated with: thickness in barley seeds, width in wheat seeds, width and thickness in rye and triticale seeds, and length in oat seeds. All of the analyzed sphericity factors can be used interchangeably to describe the shape of cereal seeds, and the relationships between those factors can be described with linear equations.

13

The influence of RME on mass and number concentration of nano PM in exhaust gases from a diesel engine

Cisek J.

Journal of KONES

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2014

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Vol. 21, No. 2

53--60

EN

Transport is a major source of the particle pollution (PM). Combustion engine particulate emissions have the potential cause adverse health effects. These effects include cancer and other pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. A substantial proportion of the number of particles, but not the mass, is ultrafine. For example – one million particles of 100 nanometers size with a unit density of 1 g/cm3 have a mass of approximately 0.0005 g. The paper includes research results of mass and number concentration of nanoPM for 1.9 TDI VW exhaust gases fuelled by standard diesel. The measurements were performed for ambient air and 3 different point of engine work (idle speed, low and high load at 2000 rpm). For nanoPM measurements was used Electrical Low Pressure Impactor ELPI from DECATI, was found, among other things, that the biggest mass concentration was at 0.1-10 μm of PM diameter but the biggest number concentration was at 0,01 – 0,1 μm and thus for the size of solid particles of at least an order of magnitude smaller than the mass concentration. The biggest the negative differences in the mass concentration occur in the exhaust gases of the RME fuelled engine (in comparison with diesel fuel) at engine idling when the smallest injection pressure and temperature inside the engine cylinder exist and the oxygen availability is also the lowest (because of the small charging pressure and high EGR rate). Such measurements are important not only in terms of utilitarian but also in cognitive sense – for determining the effect of the engine construction parameters and/or regulating the engine (or the fuel composition) on the mass and the number of nanoparticles emitted in the exhaust gases.

14

Copolymerizable photoinitiators based on benzophenones and their influence on shrinkage of photoreactive acrylic PSAs

Czech Z., Kowalczyk A., Sowa D., Kowalska J, Ragańska P.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 8, iss. 1

49--56

EN

This manuscript describes a novel class of copolymerizable benzophenone photoinitiators and their influence on viscosity and molecular mass of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) during radical solvent polymerization and shrinkage of acrylic PSAs coated on PVC film and crosslinked using UV radiation.

15

Porównawcze badania właściwości ochronnych powłok metalicznych na blachach stalowych

Strąk A., Bobryk H., Piwowarczyk W.

Przegląd Budowlany

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2012

|

R. 83, nr 6

57-59

PL

W pracy przedstawiono podstawowe rodzaje blach z powłokami metalicznymi, stosowanych w budownictwie. Zinterpretowano wyniki testów porównawczych przyspieszonej korozji blach stalowych z powłoką cynkowo-magnezową ZMg oraz innymi powłokami metalicznych, które spełniają wymagania PN-EN 10346:2011. Opisano korzystne aspekty zastosowania powłok cynkowo-magnezowych ZMg na pokrycia dachowe i okładziny elewacyjne.

EN

This article describes the basic types of sheet steel with metallic coatings as used in the construction industry. An interpretation is made of the results of comparative tests of accelerated corrosion of sheet steel with the zinc-magnesium coating ZMg and other metallic coatings complying with the requirements of the PN-EN 10346:2011 standard. The favourable aspects of the use of ZMg coatings on roof coverings and elevation facing are presented.

16

Korekcja siły wyporu w pomiarach masy. Cz. II. Nowa funkcja wag serii 2Y

Janas S., Karpisz S.

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

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2012

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nr 3

47--53

PL

Poprawka wynikająca z występowania siły wyporu może być dość znaczna. To, czy tę poprawkę należy stosować, zależy od wymagań co do dokładności, jakie powinna spełniać analiza wagowa. Konieczna jest zatem indywidualna ocena błędów związanych z procesem wagowym.

17

Korekcja siły wyporu w pomiarach masy Cz. I. Nowa funkcja wag serii 2Y

Janas S., Karpisz S.

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

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2012

|

nr 2

24-27

PL

Poprawka wynikająca z występowania siły wyporu może być dość znaczna. To, czy tę poprawkę należy stosować, zależy od wymagań co do dokładności, jakie powinna spełniać analiza wagowa. Konieczna jest zatem indywidualna ocena błędów związanych z procesem wagowym.

18

Algorytm projektowania jednostki paletowej

Bomba I.

Logistyka

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2011

|

nr 3

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano zagadnienia związane z kształtowaniem paletowej jednostki ładunkowej. Zaproponowana procedura kształtowaniu jednostki ładunkowej, uwzględnia kryteria wymiarowe i masy ładunków. Ponadto opracowany został algorytm optymalizacji ilości ładunków jednostkowych umieszczonych na palecie EUR.

EN

The article presents the issues relating to the forming of pallet unit load. The proposed procedure for shaping the unit load, take into account the criteria for dimension and weight of cargo. In addition, an algorithm was developed to optimize the amount of cargo placed on a pallet unit EUR.

19

Masas in the Calkin algebra without the Continuum Hypothesis

Shelah S., Steprans J.

Journal of Applied Analysis

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2011

|

Vol. 17, nr 1

69-89

EN

Methods for constructing masas in the Calkin algebra without assuming the Continuum Hypothesis are developed.

20

Badania degradacji materiałów

Żółtowski M.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

|

2010

|

Nr 5

154-155

PL

W artykule została przedstawiona nowoczesna metoda bezinwazyjnego badania konstrukcji elementów murowych. Ukazano tu możliwość wykorzystania analizy modalnej do oceny stanu destrukcji elementów murowych za pomocą procesu drganiowego i miar drganiowych. Jest to nowe podejście do badania zdatności materiałów budowlanych.

EN

A new method of changing stats of building construction based on description of its state is presented in the paper. The newest method of research called the modal analysis is also shown. It is a new tool of investigation on the change of construction stats.