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1

Towards alternative strategies for the post-disaster recovery of cultural heritage sites: a case study of the Basilica of St. Benedict in Norcia, Italy

Rizzi Paola, Porębska Anna, Rogulska Aleksandra

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2023

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Nr 73

48--56

EN

This article discusses the recovery and reconstruction of architectural and urban heritage sites damaged by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, and man-made disasters, such as armed conflicts. Analyzing the differences in the approach to the accessibility of public spaces, attention is drawn to the potentially negative consequences of the long timespans of decision-making processes. Since restoring the social dimension of the latter through temporary and semi-temporary measures can have a positive impact on social, psychological and economic recovery, alternative scenarios for pre-reconstruction interventions in the area of St. Benedict Church in Norcia, Italy, that collapsed during the 2016 Amatrice–Visso–Norcia seismic sequence, are proposed. The paper offers some insight on the potential advantages of saving places instead of saving only structures and contributes to the discussion regarding the post-disaster reconstruction of architectural heritage sites.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł omawia rewaloryzację i odbudowę zabytków architektury i urbanistyki zniszczonych przez klęski żywiołowe takie jak trzęsienia ziemi oraz katastrofy takie jak konflikty zbrojne. Poprzez analizę różnic w podejściach do dostępności przestrzeni publicznych zwraca się uwagę na potencjalnie negatywne skutki długotrwałych procesów decyzyjnych. Ponieważ odnowa wymiaru społecznego tego ostatniego poprzez tymczasowe i na wpół tymczasowe środki może mieć pozytywny wpływ na społeczną, psychologiczną i ekonomiczną odbudowę, zaproponowano alternatywne scenariusze przedrekonstrukcyjnych interwencji na obszarze Bazyliki św. Benedyka w Nursji we Włoszech, która zawaliła się podczas sekwencji sejsmicznej Amatrice-Visso-Nursja. Artykuł wzbogaca wiedzę na temat potencjalnych korzyści z ratowania miejsc, zamiast ratowania jedynie obiektów, i stanowi przyczynek do dyskusji o odbudowie zabytków po klęskach żywiołowych i katastrofach.

2

Skały w romańskich murach Małopolski

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 11

567--575

EN

Early medieval Małopolska (Lesser Poland) covered regions with diverse geologi¬cal structures and, therefore, various rocks of different suitability for the construction, shown up on the surface. Masonry skills of historical builders changed with time. So did their preferences in choosing the rocks and stones of mechanical properties optimal for the stone- masonry techniques of the time and mechanical resistance. Below, we present the rocks that were chosen by the stonemasons, usually foreign, to build what were often the first stone buildings there. We present the preferences and skills of contemporary builders, changing over time, regarding the proper selection of rocks with the desired properties, ensuring sufficient resistance to destruction while allowing the use of an appropriate method of stone processing. An inventory of stones in the available fragments of the walls was made, and their structural and textual features and petrographic composition were identified. Measurements of the size of stone elements in the faces of the walls were also made. Based on the analysis of the geological structure of the building's surroundings, the most probable sources of origin of the rocks used and, if possible, their basic physical and mechanical properties are provided. The order was established in which different rocks were used to obtain the desired effects. It depended on the possibility of obtaining them in particular regions. It was shown that the distance of the construction site from the out¬crops of the rocks used did not exceed 25 km. Examples of the use of different rock properties in various architectural solutions are given.

3

Historia zapisana w kamieniu romańskiej kolegiaty pw. św. Marcina w Opatowie

Magiera Janusz, Bromowicz Jan

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 1

12--18

EN

Romanesque collegiate church in Opatów (south-eastern Poland) belongs to the best-preserved Early Mediaeval edifices in Poland. Its date of origin, founder, architects and history are still unclear despite numerous investigations carried out since the beginning of the 19 th century. It is clear that local sandstones were used in the construction of the impressive church. Present investigations resulted in the inventory of the stones used as a building material: their petrography, size of blocks and strange holes and striae on some of their surfaces. Dominant sandstones have different colours: white-greyish or grey-brownish. They are built of very fine-grained, well sorted quartz with siliceous-clayey binder. All sandstone blocks have similar heights (most frequent average 34–38 cm), but different lengths. Longer (up to 62 cm) are placed in the oldest parts of the edifice, shorter (up to 48 cm) form younger fragments and might have been reused after destruction of previous undefined buildups. The sandstones represent Lower Jurassic sediments exposed currently on the slopes of the Opatówka River valley in Podole, some 5 km NE of Opatów. Only a few sherry (reddish) sandstone blocks found in various parts of the walls are probably replacements during post-Romanesque reconstructions. They represent Lower Triassic sandstone from Lipowa, 3 km NE of Opatów. Lancetoidal grooves, 5–20 cm long, and hemispherical holes of 1–4 cm in diameter are apparently of anthropogenic origin (apotropaic marks); however, their purpose is unclear. It is supposed that the grooves are traces of tool sharpening or grinding, while the holes are places where sandy or dusty material was acquired for magical or medical purposes.

4

Entrance to the field of cordwood masonry Pre-scientific overview of technique and aspects

Bakker René J.

Architecturae et Artibus

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2023

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Vol. 15, no. 1

22--39

EN

Scattered information about cordwood masonry was gathered from different sources such as books, professional articles, popular articles and websites. Historical cordwood masonry construction techniques and newer cordwood masonry construction techniques were included. Current teachings of ecological construction practices were added, and private and professional individuals’ knowledge. Three main cordwood wall types were evaluated and the wall type - single log with centered insulation space - was found to be optimal. Spruce (Picea abies) was identified as the best suited tree species in Norway. Mixing of clay based mortar was explained. Load bearing can be done with post framework, or the cordwood walls themselves can be load bearing. Solutions for stabilising corners were found. It is optional to clad the house or leave it unclad. Momentums for future scientific research were pointed out, such as finding thermal transmittance U (W/m2K) for woods and mortars, and understanding humidity transportation efficiency in different types of wood with/without cladding. Unanswered questions were set forth. This is a pre-scientific literature study.

5

Kamienie i znaki apotropaiczne w murach romańskich kościołów w Siewierzu i Mokrsku Dolnym

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 2

91--99

EN

Sacral edifices, in particular churches, no matter an epoch, were created of the most imposing and durable building material, mostly stone, available in the area or imported. Identification of the stone is crucial for conservation and reconstruction. However, in many cases, it is not done properly. Thorough mineral and geological studies on the stones and their provenance are thus strongly advisable. Romanesque churches in Siewierz and Mokrsko have recently been subject to such studies. They are located in different geological regions, which obviously reflected in different stones used for their construction. Church in Siewierz (founded probably at the beginningof the twelfth century) was constructed mainly of well-shaped regular blocks of local “Diplopora” dolomite (Middle Triassic). Only a few (out of a few hundred) blocks represent sandstone. Their provenance is unclear (Carboniferous or Lower Triassic sandstones that occur SW of Siewierz?). Church in Mokrsko (erected probably in the first quarter of the thirteenth century) was originally built of also well-shaped regular blocks of limestone and sandstone. They are: very typical for the area Pińczów (“Lithotamnium”), limestone (Neogene), and Upper Triassic sandstone. The former shows up on the surface a few km E of Mokrsko, the latter occurs ca 10 NE of the site. The distribution of the stones and sizes of the blocks shows some regularity. Bigger and of more uniform size blocks were used in the parts of the buildings located closer to the high altar, it is in the apse of the church in Siewierz and the presbytery in Mokrsko. It seems clearly connected with special attention paid to those parts of the temples. Moreover, resistant sandstone was used more frequently than soft limestone in lower parts of the walls in Mokrsko, more exposed to the action of water raised from the ground. Numerous caverns, holes, and crevices have been spotted on external surfaces of the dolomitic and sandstone blocks. Caverns in the dolomites (in Siewierz) developed naturally, while those in the sandstones (in Mokrsko) have obvious anthropogenic provenance. They are interpreted widely in the literature as apotropaic marks. Here it seems that excavation of stone sand and dust for magic consumption by humans or livestock or(and) ignition of holy fire could be reasons for the scratching and drilling.

6

Identyfikacja wytrzymałości murów w obiektach mostowych na podstawie badań odwiertów rdzeniowych pobranych z konstrukcji

Matysek Piotr

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2022

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R. 78, nr 7-8

314--318

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę oceny wytrzymałości murów w mostach na podstawie badań próbek rdzeniowych pobranych z konstrukcji obiektów. Podano praktyczne wskazówki dotyczące przygotowania i realizacji badań próbek rdzeniowych o różnych średnicach, sposób analizy wyników badań oraz przykłady zastosowań metody w badaniach obiektów mostowych zrealizowanych w różnych krajach.

EN

In the paper, a method of assessing the masonry strength in arch bridges on the basis of tests of core samples extracted from the structures was presented. Practical guidelines for the preparation and implementation of tests on various diameter core samples, the method of analysis of test results and examples of the method’s application were given.

7

Sytuacja i kierunki rozwoju autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego w Europie

Turski Robert, Rogala Wojciech

Cement Wapno Beton

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2022

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R. 27, nr 3

154--165

PL

W artykule przedstawiono aktualną sytuację branży produkującej autoklawizowany beton komórkowy oraz kierunki rozwoju. Przedstawiono mapę drogową dla branży do osiągnięcia zeroemisyjnej produkcji i cyklu życia produktu do 2050 roku oraz omówiono rodzaje emisji dwutlenku węgla przy produkcji betonu komórkowego i sposoby na ich ograniczenie. W artykule omówiono także metody zwiększające konkurencyjność branży produkującej ABK oraz aktualne i przyszłe wykorzystanie cyfryzacji i mechanizacji prac na budowie.

EN

The article presents the current situation of the industry manufacturing autoclaved aerated concrete and the possibilities for further development. It presents a roadmap for the industry to achieve net-zero-emission during production and life cycle till 2050, and discusses the sources of carbon dioxide emissions in the production of AAC and methods, which can be taken to reduce them. The article also discusses ways to increase the competitiveness of the AAC manufacturing industry as well as current and future ways of using digitisation and mechanisation on construction sites.

8

Multi-scale modelling of brick masonry using a numerical homogenisation technique and an artificial neural network

Urbański Aleksander, Ligęza Szymon, Drabczyk Marcin

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 68, nr 4

179--197

EN

A new method of creating constitutive model of masonry is reported in this work. The model is not an explicit orthotropic elastic-plastic one, but with an artificial neural network (ANN) giving an implicit constitutive function. It relates the new state of generalised stresses Σn+1 with the old state Σn and with an increment of generalised strains ΔE (plane-stress conditions are assumed). The first step is to run a strain- controlled homogenisation, repeatedly, on a three-dimensional finite element model of a periodic cell, with elastic-plastic models (Drucker-Prager) of the components; thus a set of paths is created in (Σ, ΔE) space. From these paths, a set of patterns is formed to train the ANN. A description of how to prepare these data and a discussion on ANN training issues are presented. Finally, the procedure based on trained ANN is put into a finite-element code as a constitutive function. This enables the analysis of arbitrarily large masonry systems. The approach is verified by comparing the results of the developed model basing on ANN with a direct (single-scale) one, which showed acceptable accuracy.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono sposób tworzenia makro-modelu konstytutywnego muru ceglanego. Przyjmuje się założenia płaskiego stanu naprężenia. Tworzony model nie jest modelem ortotropowym sprężysto-plastycznym, ale jest zbudowany jako sztuczna sieć neuronowa (SSN) dająca niejawną funkcję konstytutywną. Wiąże ona nowy stan naprężeń uogólnionych (sił membranowych) Σn+1 z poprzednim stanem Σn oraz przyrostem odkształceń uogólnionych ΔE. Forma tak utworzonego makro-modelu konstytutywnego jest zgodna z analizą przyrostową problemu statyki w przypadku nieliniowości materiałowych. Składniki muru (cegła i zaprawa) są opisane modelami sprężysto-plastycznymi Druckera-Pragera. Parametry materiałowe składników muru oraz geometria komórki powtarzalnej stanowią dane wejściowe, służące budowie makro-modelu muru.

9

The consolidation project of Vicente Lampérez after the demolition of the Archiepiscopal Palace of Burgos Cathedral

Mora Moreno Ignacio, Mora Alonso-Munoyerro Susana

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2021

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Nr 68S

83--90

EN

The 1914 demolition of the Archbishop’s Palace, which was built in the thirteenth century, on the sets of Burgos Cathedral, a World Heritage Site, is currently a topical issue due to the cathedral’s 800ᵗʰ anniversary being celebrated in 2021. In the light of the debate surrounding the proposal of a new door for the main facade by Antonio López, UNESCO has warned it may withdraw its protection. A similar controversy took place a century earlier, and it would be good to learn from Lampérez’s consolidation. Chief Architect of the Cathedral Vicente Lampérez y Romea had to collect all attempts on the demolition that had taken place since the mid-nineteenth century, according to defenders, embellishing the Cathedral and getting new perspectives of the monument; joining the restoration criteria; dealing with major problems of the consolidation and the emergence of important elements that modified the project. It demonstrated how Lampérez avoided and corrected initial errors, introduced new criteria in the history of restoration, resulting in a better understanding of the behavior of the masonry.

PL

W roku 2021 obchodzono 800-rocznicę rozpoczęcia budowy katedry w Burgos, obiektu znajdującego się na Liście Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. Przy tej okazji doszło do kontrowersji wokół wymiany drzwi w głównej elewacji. Projekt, który zaproponował Antonio López, spowodował pojawienie się groźby usunięcia zabytku z prestiżowej listy. Do sporu doszło również w 1914, kiedy Vicente Lampérez y Romea, kierujący restauracją katedry, zaproponował wyburzenie XIII-wiecznego pałacu arcybiskupiego, stojącego w jej sąsiedztwie. Według jego zwolenników, zabieg ten uczynił świątynię piękniejszą i umożliwił odsłonięcie jej monumentalnej bryły. Lampérez starał się łączyć kryteria konserwatorskie z potrzebą estetycznego i widokowego scalenia detali tak, by uzyskać ekspozycję dającą jednoznaczne przekonanie o znaczeniu i wartości katedry. Architekt musiał udokumentować wszelkie zmiany, jakie zaszły w otoczeniu, by przekonać oponentów o celowości swego pomysłu. Obecny spór o drzwi katedry jest reminiscencją tamtego, kolejną próbą określenia stopnia nasycenia obiektu zabytkowego nowymi elementami, które – choć śmiałe – mają za zadanie scalać, znajdując w kreacji uzupełnienie dla konserwacji.

10

From digital surveying to heritage analysis on the example of a Baroque Church: a proposal for structural strengthening and monitoring

Bednarz Łukasz J., Drygała Izabela J., Gentilini Cristina, Jasieńko Jerzy, Dulińska Joanna M., Kuśnierz Kazimierz

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2021

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Nr 65

147--156

EN

The paper presents digital surveying (orthophotogrammetry, 3D laser scanning), modeling, static numerical analysis and a proposal of reinforcement and SHM (structural health monitoring) of a historic Baroque church. The authors describe a comprehensive analysis of the structural condition of the building, including: a survey of the building using photographs taken manually and via UAV flyover to perform orthophotogrammetry, and a laser scanner to create a 3D point cloud. Destructive and nondestructive material testing and structural calculations were performed. The scope of the analysis presented provided insight into the state of preservation of the church and helped in making the right decision on further action—in construction and conservation. The paper also proposes a methodology for strengthening and structural health monitoring for this type of historical buildings.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia cyfrową inwentaryzację (przy wykorzystaniu ortofogrametrii i skaningu laserowego 3D), modelowanie, numeryczną analizę statyczną i propozycję wzmocnienia i monitoringu stanu konstrukcyjnego (SHM) zabytkowego kościoła barokowego. Przedstawiono kompleksową analizę stanu konstrukcyjnego budynku, która obejmowała: inwentaryzację obiektu przy użyciu fotografii wykonanych ręcznie i poprzez nalot dronem, przy wykorzystaniu ortofotogrametrii oraz skanera laserowego, aby otrzymać trójwymiarową chmurę punktów. Przeprowadzono też inwazyjne i nieinwazyjne badania materiałowe oraz obliczenia konstrukcyjne. Analizy dostarczyły wiedzy na temat stanu zachowania kościoła i pomogły podjąć odpowiednią decyzję w zakresie działań budowlanych i konserwatorskich. Artykuł zawiera również propozycję metodologii wzmacniania i monitorowania stanu budynków zabytkowych tego typu.

11

Kamień podkrakowskich budowli romańskich

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 2

103--108

EN

Three objects were studied within a project aimed at investigation of stones used in the Romanesque edifices in the vicinity of Kraków, and continued since 2019. These are the churches in Dziekanowice (21 km SE of Kraków) and in Czchów (58 km SE of Kraków), and a clergy house in Morawica (13 W of the Kraków city centre). The church in Dziekanowice is relatively completely and well preserved, while the only Romanesque remnants of the church in Czchów are those reused in the Gothic church. It is a clergy house in Morawica (a former castle), whose walls contain Romanesque fragments. Two former edifices are built of the Istebna sandstone (Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene), quarried from the local flysch bedrock. Fine-grained, grey-yellowish stone dominates. It is soft and easily workable due to argillaceous binder (matrix). The stone blocks are precisely shaped and well fitted. Romanesque remnants of the clergy house in Morawica are con- structed predominantly of limestone, also of local origin. Only a fragment of the NW wall is built of the Istebna sandstone. This fragment is probably a part of the butress supporting the NW wall. The study shows that stonemasons and builders of that time had good skills of selecting and applying proper stone blocks for particular purposes. Blocks used in load-bearing structures were exceptionally well shaped and fitted. On the other hand, those skills varied. The frieze from the Romanesque church in Czchów is rather primitive. The size of limestone blocks used in the clergy house in Morawica is strikingly similar to those of various Romanesque edifices in Kraków. It seems, therefore, that those blocks could have been quarried and shaped in quarries located in the city, where the masonry “industry” was well developed. Larger, irregular blocks, used as foundations and filler in the “opus emplectum” type walls were probably quarried on site. Moreover, stones used in more eminent edifices (churches, castles) were probably more carefully selected. The Morawica castle (clergy house) and many churches in Kraków were built of limestone blocks without cherts.

12

In-plane flexural response of self-centering masonry walls (SMWs)

Hassanli Reza

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

370--391

EN

This paper reports on a comprehensive research on the performance of self-centering masonry walls (SMWs). A summary of an experimental study is presented. Finite element (FE) study was performed and verified against experimental results to predict the behaviour of SMWs. Using the verified FE modelling; Phase I of a parametric study was conducted aiming at developing a refined approach to better predict the ultimate capacity of SMWs. Subsequently, an equation was derived to estimate the length of the plastic hinge, which was then incorporated into an analytical method to determine the force–displacement behaviour of SMWs. In the analytical approach, displacement compatibility rather than strain compatibility was considered assuming the rocking mechanism of SMWs. Using experimental results; it was shown that the analytical approach could be used to effectively predict the force–displacement response of SMWs. The verified analytical method was then used to carry out Phase II of the parametric study, resulting in developing a new equation to estimate the depth of neutral axis depth. Using this new equation and plastic hinge expression developed in Phase I of the parametric study, a simplified expression was proposed to determine the flexural capacity of SMWs. Using both laboratory tests and numerical modelling analysis, it was indicated that both of the proposed refined and simplified method could significantly improve the strength prediction of SMWs.

13

Zaprawa murarska z dodatkiem popiołu lotnego

Seshu D. R., Murthy N. R. D.

Cement Wapno Beton

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2020

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R. 25, nr 1

45--51

PL

Zbadano wpływ popiołu lotnego zastępującego cement na wytrzymałość zaprawy murarskiej. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że częściowe zastąpienie cementu popiołem lotnym w zaprawie o dużej zawartości cementu jest możliwe nawet do 40%, bez niekorzystnego wpływu na właściwości zaprawy. Natomiast taki zamiennik cementu może mieć negatywny wpływ na wytrzymałość zaprawy o małej zawartości cementu, a substytucję cementu w takich zaprawach należy ograniczyć. Zatem zastępowanie cementu popiołem lotnym w tym przypadku może nie być opłacalne. Zastosowanie cegieł o dużej wytrzymałości pozwala na użycie mieszanek, w których cement można zastąpić popiołem lotnym w znacznym stopniu, zarówno w mieszankach o dużej zawartości cementu jak i mniejszej. Co najmniej 20% cementu można zastąpić popiołem lotnym. Zastosowanie cegieł o dużej wytrzymałości, w połączeniu ze spoiwem o dużej zawartości cementu sprawia, że cement można zastąpić popiołem lotnym w maksymalnym stopniu, bez negatywnego wpływu na wytrzymałość muru. W tym przypadku zawartość popiołu lotnego zastępującego cement może wynosić około 40%. Zastosowanie popiołu lotnego w zaprawie murarskiej ma bardzo korzystny wpływ na środowisko, z uwagi na ponowne wykorzystanie tego odpadu.

EN

The influence of cement replacement by fly ash in brick masonry strength was experimentally verified in the paper. The obtained results have shown that the replacement in rich in cement mortars is possible up to 40%, without unfavorable effect on mortars properties. However, this replacement can have unfavorable influence on mortar strength in the case of leaner cement mortars and the replacement in these mortars must be limited and hence the fly ash addition may not be useful. The use of high strength bricks allows the use of mortar mixes with higher level of cement replacement by fly ash as well as in rich and lean mixes. A minimum 20% of cement can be replaced by fly ash. The use of high strength bricks in combination with rich mortar mixes the cement can be replaced with fly ash to the maximum extent, without affecting the strength of brick masonry. In this case the replacement can be about 40 %. The application of fly ash in masonry has a very favorable effect on environment because it is a useful developed of this waste.

14

Numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation in masonry compared with acoustic emission experimental results

Livitsanos G., Shetty N., Verstrynge E., Wevers M., Van Hemelrijck D., Aggelis D. G.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 1

236--246

EN

It has been shown in acoustic emission literature that the distance between a possible cracking event and a receiver is affecting the signal parameters providing a wrong image of the real fracture characteristics. In this study, lab-scale experimental tests on masonry components are performed in order to determine the disturbance of the acoustic emission wave properties and verify the experimental observations via numerical wave propagation analysis. The investigation is extended to different geometries including “couplets,” “triplets” and masonry walls. The simulations allow to understand, verify and predict the acoustic emission signal properties alterations in many different types of masonry experiments as well as the correct characterization of the fracture mode.

15

Bond behavior of steel fiber-reinforced mortar (SFRM) applied onto masonry substrate

Zampieri Paolo, Simoncello Nicolò, Libreros Jaime Gonzalez, Pellegrino Carlo

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 3

409--428

EN

Masonry was the most used material during the last centuries to build constructions. Most of the existing masonry structures (buildings, bridges, etc.) were built without considering some important structural considerations that are important nowadays. Moreover, due to factors such as the increasing of service loads, materials aging, structural damage, etc., the existing masonry structures require strengthening interventions. The definition of optimal strengthening strategies using traditional and innovative materials is still an important issue of the scientific research. In fact, during the last decade, many researchers focused their attention studying innovative composites materials, such as fiber-reinforced polymers and fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix composites, for the strengthening of existing masonry structures. This research has focused on aspects such as the bond behavior between the substrate and the composite materials, the structural behavior of the strengthened masonry and concrete structures, and the compatibility and reversibility of these materials when bonded to existing substrates. In this study, the bond behavior of a composite material known as steel fiber-reinforced mortar (SFRM), recently used as for the strengthening of existing structures, applied onto masonry structures is analyzed experimentally and numerically. First, the material is characterized experimentally with the aim of getting insight on its behavior and applicability when applied as an innovative technique for the strengthening of masonry and to obtain mechanical parameters required for the numerical models. Mechanical properties of the SFRM studied included flexural and compressive strength, tensile strength, and residual flexural strength. The SFRM bond behavior on masonry substrates was evaluated by means of double shear lap tests. In addition, the experimental tensile and bond behavior of the SFRM is studied numerically through finite-element models validated using the results obtained during the experimental tests. Results show that if an adequate bonded length is provided, the SFRM can fully develop its tensile strength as detachment from the substrate is not observed.

16

Hermon – środek do odgrzybiania i hydrofobizacji murów. Istota działania i doświadczenia praktyczne

Kłosiński Bogdan Stanisław

Przegląd Budowlany

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2019

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R. 90, nr 11

34--39

PL

W artykule wskazano środek Hermon jako produkt prac naukowo-badawczych przedsiębiorstwa OKTIMA Sp. z o.o. w Bydgoszczy i efekty jego stosowania. Technologia zabezpieczeń murów przed działaniem czynników wilgotnościowych jest objęta patentem, działającym na terenie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej: Patent nr 192514 na wynalazek pt. Środek do odgrzybiania i hydrofobizacji murów. Środek ten znalazł zastosowanie w szeregu przypadków zabezpieczania murów przed wilgocią, w szczególności podnoszoną kapilarnie wskutek nieskutecznych zabezpieczeń izolacją poziomą (lub jej brakiem). Pokazane zastosowanie tego środka ukazuje jego skuteczność mimo braku fizycznej ingerencji w głąb muru.

EN

The article indicates the Hermon measure as a product of research and development of OKTIMA Sp. z o.o. in Bydgoszcz and the effects of its use. The technology of wall protection against the effects of humidity factors is covered by a patent operating in the Republic of Poland: Patent No. 192514 for the invention entitled A remedy for mucilage and hydrophobization of walls. This measure has been used in a number of cases of wall protection against moisture, in particular capillary rising due to ineffective protection against horizontal (or lack of) insulation. The shown applications of this remedy show its effectiveness despite the lack of physical interference into the wall.

17

Znaki kamieniarskie interesującym obiektem badań interdyscyplinarnych

Skoczylas J., Szczepaniak M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 6

361--363

EN

In attempts to seek basics of geology, it is worthwhile getting to know and analysing the state of knowledge about rocks and minerals in definite historical periods. They made it on the basis of an analysis of masonry signs. After short indicating general trends in the development of construction in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and the Byzantium, the authors concentrated on the medieval architecture of Europe, Poland including the gothic cathedral in Gniezno. However, they paid a special attention to the work of stonemasons and the way of documenting the results of their work. Based on masonry signs survived till today, we can reconstruct the origin, as well as the mobility of builders of the examined object. Masonry signs are a wonderful subject of the research for multiple inquiry about interdisciplinary representatives of geological, social and technical studies.

18

Współczesne kamieniołomy i dawne wyrobiska piaskowców godulskich na Śląsku Cieszyńskim

Białas Z.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie

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2018

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nr 4

3--13

PL

Artykuł przedstawia historię oraz aktualny stan istniejących i dawnych kamieniołomów piaskowców godulskich w Brennej, Ustroniu i Wiśle na tle charakterystyki geologicznej warstw godulskich (jednostka śląska, kreda). W zarysie kreśli też kierunki wykorzystania piaskowców i możliwości współczesnego zagospodarowania dawnych kamieniołomów.

EN

In the 20th century, until approx. 1980, the Cieszyn area was the largest stone field in the Silesian Beskids. This is where sandstone used in the construction industry, in road construction (among others in Ustroń and Wisła) and in stone masonry (Brenna) was mined. The Godula layers (upper Cretaceous) provided abundant material, particularly sandstone. Sandstone mined from the lower Godula layers was used in road construction, whereas sandstone from the middle layers - in the construction industry, particularly in stone masonry, and sandstone from the upper layers - in local construction projects. After a time of prosperity, the number of active open-pit stone mines decresed. Currently, sandstone is mined in Wisła Obłaziec and in Brenna only. From among 14 sandstone deposits documented for the Cieszyn region, only seven are actually mined: in Wisła-Obłaziec, in the “Gahura” quarry, and in Brenna, in the “Beskid”, “Cisowa”, “Cisowa 1”, “Głębiec”, “Kormany” and “Tokarzówka” quarries. Long-decommissioned Godule sandstone quarries are located in Ustroń, Brenna and Wisła. The majority of them was naturally “reclaimed” by the natural world. Their small ledges were completely overgrown, and their initial shape was obliterated. Larger pits are still recognizable, although they are now overgrown with large trees. They are however often hidden deep in the woods, entirely forgotten. Yet, the former open pits could become a geo-tourist attraction of the region, and a part of them, such as the: “Czantoria”, “Szwarc” and “Równica” pits in Ustroń, or “Kończakówka”, “Jatny” and “Jarząbek” pits in Brenna, and “Jonidło” - in Wisła, deserve to be protected by establishing a documentation site. They are important for conserving the geo-diversity and cultural heritage of the region.

19

A non-destructive method of the evaluation of the moisture in saline brick walls using artificial neural networks

Goetzke-Pala A., Hoła A., Sadowski Ł.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, no. 4

1729--1742

EN

The article presents a method of non-destructive evaluation of the moisture content in saline brick walls. This method is based on the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that are trained and tested on a database that was built for this purpose. The database was created based on laboratory tests of sample brick walls. The database contains over 1100 sets of results. Each set consists of two parameters that describe the dampness of the tested sample walls, which were determined using dielectric and microwave methods, and also three parameters that describe the concentration of salts in these walls. The ANN with back propagation error and the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno learning algorithm (BFGS) was used. It was shown that the proposed method of assessment allows reliable results to be obtained, which was confirmed by the high values of the linear correlation coefficient for learning, testing and experimental validation.

20

Badanie podciągania kapilarnego w murach z wykorzystaniem detekcji promieniowania w podczerwieni

Wójcik R., Panuś A.

Materiały Budowlane

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2017

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nr 10

72--74

PL

W artykule omówiono część badań realizowanych w ramach programu dotyczącego opracowania nowej metody pozwalającej ocenić skuteczność preparatów oraz technologii ich aplikacji służących do odtwarzania strukturalnych blokad przeciwwilgociowych. Prezentowane wyniki dotyczą pomiaru i rejestracji podciągania kapilarnego w modelowych murkach. W badaniach zastosowano detekcję promieniowania podczerwonego. Tradycyjnie używane wgłębne czujniki rezystancyjne, pojemnościowe czy mikrofalowe są przeznaczone głównie do jednorazowych pomiarów punktowych. Ponadto wyniki są obarczone błędami wynikającymi ze zmiany stężenia rozpuszczalnych soli. Wykorzystanie nieniszczącej metody IR znacznie rozszerza pole pomiarowe przy zachowaniu wymaganej dokładności. Wykazano w zadowalającym stopniu, że stosując kamerę termowizyjną, można monitorować podciąganie kapilarne. Wysoka rozdzielczość stosowanego urządzenia pomiarowego wynosząca 17 mK oraz specjalistyczne oprogramowanie umożliwiają pozyskiwanie dodatkowych danych w przypadku wizualizacji postępujących w czasie zmian pola wilgoci.

EN

The article presents a part of the research carried out under the broad program for the development of a new test method for evaluating the effectiveness of preparations and methods of application for reconstructing structural damp proof courses. Presented results concern the measurement and recording of capillary action in model walls using the detection of infrared radiation. Traditionally used in-depthresistive, capacitive or microwave sensors are designed for single point measurements. In addition, they are affected by measurement errors resulting from changes concentrations of soluble salt. Utilizing the non-destructive IR method greatly extends the field of measurement while maintaining the required measurement accuracy. It has been shown that capillary action can be monitored to a fully satisfactory degree using a thermal imager. The high resolution of the measuring device of 17 mK and specialist software allows for the acquisition of additional data in range visualization of change the moisture field on the wall surface.