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1
Content available remote Sztuka ukrywania
EN
This paper is concerned with the determination of the auditory filter shape using the notched noise method with noise bands symmetrically located above and below a probe frequency of 10 kHz. Unlike in the classical experiments conducted with the use of Patterson method the levels as well as power spectrum densities of the lower and upper component bands of the notched noise masker were not the same and were set such as to produce the same amount of masking at the 10-kHz frequency. The experiment consisted of three conditions in which the following values were determined: (I) the detection threshold for a 10-kHz probe tone in the presence of a noise masker presented below the tone’s frequency; (II) the level of a noise masker presented above the 10-kHz probe tone frequency, at which the masker just masked the probe tone, (III) the detection threshold for a probe tone in the presence of a notched-noise masker. The data show a considerable amount of variability across the subjects, however, the resulting frequency characteristics of the auditory filters are consistent with those presented in the literature so that the Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth is less than 11% of their centre frequency.
EN
Cloud detection is an important field in meteorology and remote sensing, due to clouds role in meso- and macroscale weather processes. Most of the dangerous weather events, such as hail fall, strong wind or severe storm can be forecasted or predicted using satellite imagery. MODIS data are very useful in nephological analysis as they cover vast majority of Earth surface and provide hiperspectral images with a short revisit time. Tests of RGB compositions of MODIS bands were performed, to look for model compositions for cloud detection. Three best compositions have been chosen: RGB 17/18-6-26, RGB 30-23-8, RGB 34-1-17. They allow to delimitate clouds and identify their family, type and (in some cases) specie. MODIS cloud masks accuracy has been checked, based on model RGB compositions. Results show that each mask detects different family or type of clouds, and accuracy and precision of this process depends on the mask parameters. For proper cloud delimitation an assistance of a qualified meteorologist is required.
4
PL
Przedstawiono podstawowe założenia, jakie powinien spełniać moduł funkcji antymaskingu, stosowany wraz z czujnikami ruchu opartymi o technologię PIR, umożliwiający spełnienie podstawowych wymagań zawartych w normach serii EN50131. W oparciu o wymagania, stworzono układ spełniający wszystkie wymagania zawarte w normach i dostosowano go do zainstalowania w istniejących obudowach czujek. W pracy przybliżone zostaną podstawy teoretyczne zjawisk wykorzystywanych do wykrywania zamaskowania czujnika ruchu (PIR) oraz omówione zostaną podstawowe procesy i kryteria doboru układu antymaskingu opartego o pasywne czujki ultradźwiękowe. Przedstawione zostaną uzyskane wyniki badań wykrywania typowych metod maskowania czujników.
EN
The basic assumptions to be met by anti-masking function module, used with motion sensors PIR-based technology that enables the fulfillment of basic requirements of the EN50131 series of standards. Based on the requirements, developed system meets all of the requirements contained in the standards and adapted it to install in existing cabinets detectors. The work, will approximate the theoretical basis used to detect phenomena masking motion sensor (PIR) and will discuss the basic process and criteria for selection of anti-masking system based active ultrasonic sensors. Presented are the results of research methods to mask the detection of typical sensors.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono nowoopracowany czołgowy granat dymny GM-81 z rozszerzonym pasmem przysłaniania w zakresie podczerwieni. Nowy granat jest wynikiem Projektu Celowego realizowanego w Wojskowym Instytucie Technicznym Uzbrojenia.
EN
A new developed tank smoke grenade GM-81 with extended infrared blocking band is presented in the paper. The development was carried out in the Military Institute of Armament Technology as the Objective Project.
6
Content available Binaural masking of amplitude modulation
EN
A new concept concerned with the transformation of acoustic stimuli in the auditory system postulates the existence of a form of spectral analysis applied to the amplitude changes of the stimuli. It is assumed that this analysis takes place in the so-called modulation filters, i.e. bandpass linear filters tuned to different rates of the amplitude changes. The most striking argument supporting this idea is an effect of masking in the amplitude modulation domain whose nature can be easily explained basing on this concept. As the modulation filters are situated on the higher levels of the auditory system, it is also assumed that this form of masking is entirely a central process. However, most of the studies concerned with masking in the modulation domain used monaural listening only. Therefore, the main purpose of the presented here experiments was to investigate whether this type of masking is entirely a central process. Using a Three-Alternative Forced-Choice (3AFC) procedure the binaural and monaural masked thresholds of amplitude modulation were determined. A sinusoidal carrier at a frequency of 4 kHz was amplitude modulated by a specially designed band of noise characterized by a very low value of the crest factor, which was used as a masking signals. Different bandwidths of the modulating masking signals were used as well as different center frequencies to investigate whether the masking patterns in the modulation domain depend on the masker bandwidth and its center frequency. The modulating target (masked) signal was a pure tone at a frequency range from 2 to 256 Hz. Both modulating signals were applied to the same sinusoidal carrier signal. The most effective masking was noticed when the rate of the sinusoidal modulation was close to the center frequency of the masking signal or when it was in its spectral range and decreased outside of this range. The character of this dependence confirms the existence of some form of a frequency selectivity in the modulation rate domain similarly to the audible frequency domain. The thresholds for monaural and binaural listening were very close to each other. This implies that masking in the modulation domain is a central process.
7
Content available remote Środki dymotwórcze maskujące w podczerwieni
PL
W pracy przeprowadzono analizę zdolności maskowania w podczerwieni przez różne rodzaje mieszanin dymotwórczych oraz możliwości wykorzystania tych właściwości do konstrukcji nowych środków dymotwórczych.
EN
The analysis of camouflage efficience by different types of obscurant compositions and possibilities of their exploitation for the designing of new obscurants is presented in the paper.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę oraz wyniki badań poligonowych skuteczności maskowania samochodu rozpoznania pola walki ŻBIK-2A, pokrytego absorberem mikrofalowym typu powłoka malarska.
EN
A method and field test results of camouflage effectiveness for the ŻBIK-2A combat field reconnaissance vehicle that was covered by a painted microwave absorber are presented in the paper.
EN
A complexo-titrimetric method for the determination of copper(II) in the presence of foreign metal ions and the masking agent - DL-penicillamine selective towards copper(II) has been described. All of the ions present in the sample solution are initially complexed by EDTA and the excess of EDTA is titrated with zinc sulfate solution at pH 5.0-6.0 (hexa-mine), using xylenol orange as the indicator. The known amount of DL-penicillamine solution (1%) is then added, the mixture is shaken thoroughly and EDTA released from Cu-EDTA complex is titrated with standard zinc sulfate solution. The interference from various ions was studied. The method was applied to the determination of copper in its ores, alloys and complexes. Reproducible and accurate results were obtained for the copper amount ranging from 1.3 to 44.5 mg; the standard deviation was lower than 0.05.
PL
Opisano kompleksacyjno-miareczkową metodę oznaczania miedzi(II) w obecności innych jonów metali wykorzystując zdolność selektywnego maskowania miedzi(II) przez DL-penicylaminę. Miedź i inne jony w roztworze kompleksuje się EDTA, którego nadmiar miareczkuje się roztworem siarczanu cynku przy pH 5,0-6,0, stosując jako wskaźnik oranż ksylenolowy. Następnie dodaje się znany nadmiar roztworu DL-penicylaminy (1%) i dokładnie miesza. EDTA uwolniony z kompleksu CuEDTA miareczkuje się roztworem siarczanu cynku. Zbadano wpływ różnych jonów. Metodę zastosowano do oznaczania miedzi w jej rudach, stopach oraz kompleksach. Powtarzalne i dokładne wyniki oznaczania miedzi uzyskano przy zawartości miedzi w granicach od l ,3 do 44,5 mg; odchylenie standardowe wynosiło < 0,05.
EN
The knowledge about the factors that determine the producing CMR & MDI can be useful in claryfying the important problems in contemporary psychoacoustics. In this paper these connection are reviewed i turn.
EN
A simple and accurate complexometric method is proposed for the determination of mer-cury(II) using sodium chloride as the selective masking agent in the presence of diverse metal ions and anions. Mercury(Il) is first complexed with a known excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is then titrated with standard zinc sulfate at pH 5.0-6.0 (hexamine) using xylenol orange as the indicator. An excess of 10% sodium chloride is then added and the released EDTA is titrated with zinc sulfate solution. The method works well in the range from 2 to 235 mg of mercury(ll) with relative error š0.45% and standard deviation <0.90 mg. The method is applied for the determination of mercury in its alloys.
PL
Zaproponowano prostą i dokładną metodę kompleksometrycznego oznaczania rtęci(II) w obecności różnych jonów metali i anionów, stosując chlorek sodu jako czynnik maskujący. Rtęć(II) najpierw kompleksuje się za pomocą znanego nadmiaru EDTA, a następnie pozostały EDTA odmiareczkowuje się mianowanym roztworem siarczanu cynku przy pH 5.0-6.0 (buforheksametylenotetraaminowy), wobecoranżu ksylenolowegojako wskaźnika. Po dodaniu nadmiaru 10% roztworu chlorku sodu uwolniony EDTA miareczkuje się roztworem siarczanu cynku. Metoda dobrze się spisuje w zakresie 2-235 mg Hg(II), przy czym błąd względny wynosi š0.45%, a odchylenie standardowe<0.90 mg. Metodę zastosowano do oznaczania rtęci w jej stopach.
EN
An indirect complexometric method is described for the determination of cadmium(II), sodium thiosulfate being used as masking agent. Cadmium(II) in a given sample solution is initially complexed with an excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is titrated with zinc sul-fate solution at pH 5.0—6.0 fhexamine), using xylenol orange as indicator. An excess sodium thiosulfate is then added and the EDTA released from the Cd-EDTA complex is titrated with standard zinc sulfate solution. Results are obtained for 1.06-53.00 mg of cadmium with relative errors š 1.51 % and standard deviations <0.25 mg. Cu(II), Hg(II), Pd(II), Tl(III), Au(III) and Sn(IV) interfere, but can be easily masked. The method is applied for the determination of cadmium in alloy solutions as well as in its complexes.
PL
Opisano pośrednią kompleksometryczną metodę oznaczania kadmu(II) z zastosowaniem tiosiarczanu sodu jako czynnika maskującego. Kadm(II) w roztworze danej próbki początkowo kompleksuje się nadmiarem EDTA po czym nadmiar odczynnika odmiareczkowuje się roztworem siarczanu cynku przy pH 5.0-6.0 w obecności heksametylenoczteroaminy, wobec oranżu ksylenolowego jako wskaźnika. Następnie dodaje się nadmiar tiosiarczanu sodu i EDTA uwolniony z kompleksu Cd-EDTA miareczkuje się mianowanym roztworem siarczanu cynku. Wyniki oznaczania kadmu w ilościach 1.06—53.0 mg wykazały, że błąd względny nie przekracza š1.51%, a względne odchylenie standardowe nie przekracza 0.25 mg. Pierwiastki, które przeszkadzają— Cu(II), Hg(II), Pd(II), Tl(III), Au(ffl) i Sn(IV) mogą być łatwo maskowane. Metoda może być zastosowana do oznaczania kadmu w roztworach jego stopów oraz w jego kompleksach.
EN
Linear prediction is the cornerstone of most modern speech compression algorithms. This paper proposes modifying the calculation of the linear predictor coefficients to incorporate a weighting function based on the simultaneous masking property of the ear. The resultant prediction filter better models the perceptual characteristics of the source and results in the removal of more perceptually important information from the input speech signal than a standard LP filter. When employed in a low rate speech codec the net effect is an improvement in subjective quality, with no increase in transmission rate and only a modest increase in computational complexity.
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