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1

Maritime passenger transport in Poland – development trends

Barczak Agnieszka

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2023

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nr 76 (148)

42--47

EN

The COVID-19 pandemic is undoubtedly a global crisis that has forced the world economy to a standstill. Subsequent lockdowns have caused downtime in all industries and all transportation sectors. The removal of the restrictions has made it possible to begin a slow return to pre-pandemic conditions, but research indicates that this will be a long process. Therefore, an indication of the development trends of passenger maritime transport in Poland, considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, is the purpose of the article. Two specific objectives are identified: (1) To visualize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on passenger maritime transport in Poland; (2) To make long-term forecasts of passenger maritime traffic in Poland. The analyses showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a very negative impact on passenger streams. It may take several more years to recover from the pre-pandemic state.

2

Modeling safety of port and maritime transportation systems

Magryta-Mut Beata

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2023

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nr 74 (146)

65--74

EN

This study aims to improve an earlier safety analysis of port and maritime transportation systems in two cases. The first case does not consider outside impacts and the second case operates under the assumption that they are impacted by their operation processes. New and original suggestions on separate and joint system safety and operation cost optimization are also described and future research is also outlined. Probabilistic modeling methods are used as the research methods. The proposed research procedures enable the determination of the safety function and risk function for the port oil terminal critical infrastructure and the maritime ferry technical system in both examined cases, based on the strictly exact statistical data about their operation processes and on the improved approximate evaluations of their components safety parameters through expert opinion methods that originate directly from the users of these systems. Other proposed practically significant safety and resilience indicators are the mean lifetime up to the exceeding of a critical safety state, the moment when the risk function value exceeds the acceptable safety level, the intensity of ageing/degradation in both cases, the coefficient of operation process impact on system safety, and the coefficient of system resilience to operation process impact in the second case. As a result of this research, it is originally found that the proposed cost optimization procedures and the finding of the corresponding system safety indicators deliver an important possibility for the system total operation cost minimizing and keep fixed the corresponding conditional safety indicators during the operation. It was also established that the proposed system safety optimization procedures, and corresponding system operation total costs, deliver an important possibility for the system safety indicators maximization and keep fixed the corresponding system operation total costs during the operation.

3

Optimization of daily operations in the marine industry using ant colony optimization (ACO)-An artificial intelligence (AI) approach

Sardar A., Anantharaman M., Garaniya V., Khan F.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 2

290--295

EN

The maritime industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, with roughly 90% of world trade being conducted through the use of merchant ships and more than a million seafarers. Despite recent efforts to improve reliability and ship structure, the heavy dependence on human performance has led to a high number of casualties in the industry. Decision errors are the primary cause of maritime accidents, with factors such as lack of situational awareness and attention deficit contributing to these errors. To address this issue, the study proposes an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based algorithm to design and validate a verified set of instructions for performing each daily operational task in a standardised manner. This AI-based approach can optimise the path for complex tasks, provide clear and sequential instructions, improve efficiency, and reduce the likelihood of human error by minimising personal preference and false assumptions. The proposed solution can be transformed into a globally accessible, standardised instructions manual, which can significantly contribute to minimising human error during daily operational tasks on ships.

4

Fire management on container ships: new strategies and technologies

Ricci S., Ravikumar B., Rizzetto L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 2

415--421

EN

Design and construction of container ships follow consolidated requirements, with standard consideration of fire management. Indeed, cargo fires can have important consequence on crewmembers and cargoes, as well as impacting coastal zone and marine environment. Innovative strategies include prevention of events and mitigation of consequences. Digital solutions, providing with situational pictures onboard and around the vessel are fundamental for new fire management solutions, seamless and integrated into the vessel IT infrastructure, according to IMO regulations and the recent EMSA CARGOSAFE Report. The assessment of these solutions requires theoretical evaluation, validation activities in simulated environment and demonstration activities in real environments, with use cases to prove feasibility and benefits. This paper, after a review of traditional preventing and mitigating solutions against fire and an analysis of container ships fires, proposes applicable innovative technologies and operational measures, emerging problems for their potential implementation and requirements for virtual and real tests design.

5

Environmental risk assessment in the background of armed conflict in the Black Sea Area. A case study for a container terminal in the port of Constanța

Stefanov N. O., Rauca L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 3

545--551

EN

The year 2022 was marked by economic risks with potentially very sensitive impacts for countries in the Black Sea region. Given the limited capacity of Ukrainian ports, as well as the sanctions imposed on Russia, due to ongoing conflict, it was necessary to identify new destinations capable of taking over the flow of goods that normally went to the countries involved in this conflict. In addition to the risks specific to maritime transport, the risk of armed conflict comes with new challenges that can also materialize in the form of environmental impact. To analyze this potential impact, the study is being focused mainly on the analysis of the pollution risk generated by the emissions caused by the vessels calling the container terminal CSCT, located in Constanța harbor, and the emissions generated by the vehicles moving in the terminal. As estimated from the start all levels of pollution have increased, with the level of CO2 increasing from 11072.7 tons in 2021 to 11915.7 tons in 2022. The NOx emissions have a similar trend, as well as the other emission level measured and calculated.

6

An analysis of the carbon footprint In maritime transport: challenges and opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Karaś A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

199--203

EN

The process of decarbonization and the pursuit of zero-emissions growth are a challenge for maritime transport, while strict environmental regulations regarding greenhouse gas emissions call for changes in both organizational and technological processes. The aim of the article is to present the problem of carbon footprint in relation to the maritime transport industry . The article discusses the negative impact of sea transport on the environment. The main research objective was to shed light on carbon footprint in the context of maritime transport as well as to identify the possibilities of its reduction, including through regulatory measures. Various research methods were used in the study, including a literature review, a review of the documentation of IMO regulations, reports and an analysis of technologies implemented to reduce pollutant emissions in maritime transport.

7

Environmental solutions for maritime ships: challenges and needs

Gucma Michalina, Deja Agnieszka, Szymonowicz Jakub

Production Engineering Archives

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2023

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Vol. 29, Iss. 2

216-224

EN

The manuscript focuses on the subject of environmental solutions for maritime ships. With the increasing volume of cargo transported by sea, it is crucial to minimise its environmental impact. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced new regulations in recent years to limit environmental damage. IMO’s initial strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships aims to reduce GHG emissions from vessels by 50% by 2050 and CO2 emissions by 70% compared to 2008 (Resolution MEPC.304 (72), 2018). This has prompted ship owners to seek solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The study aims to determine the feasibility of using eco-friendly solutions in maritime shipping to meet the challenges and needs of sustainable maritime fleet. Own contribution includes expert findings, which evaluate individual solutions and their potential uses in global maritime fleet. The publication also highlights the current usage of eco-friendly solutions on ships as well as crew and ship owner attitudes towards their future use and presents conceptual solutions. It should be noted that the subject-matter addressed in this paper is topical and very important in view of the limitations being introduced in respect of environmental standards. The manuscript focuses on the subject of environmental solutions for maritime ships. With the increasing volume of cargo transported by sea, it is crucial to minimise its environmental impact. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced new regulations in recent years to limit environmental damage. IMO’s initial strategy for reducing GHG emissions from ships aims to reduce GHG emissions from vessels by 50% by 2050 and CO2 emissions by 70% compared to 2008 (Resolution MEPC.304 (72), 2018). This has prompted ship owners to seek solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The study aims to determine the feasibility of using eco-friendly solutions in maritime shipping to meet the challenges and needs of sustainable maritime fleet. Own contribution includes expert findings, which evaluate individual solutions and their potential uses in global maritime fleet. The publication also highlights the current usage of eco-friendly solutions on ships as well as crew and ship owner attitudes towards their future use and presents conceptual solutions. It should be noted that the subject-matter addressed in this paper is topical and very important in view of the limitations being introduced in respect of environmental standards.

8

Inference processes in the automatic communication system for autonomous vessels

Pańka Anna, Wołejsza Piotr

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 4

117--135

EN

The era of autonomous ships has already begun in maritime transport. The 30-year forecast for the development of marine technologies predicts many autonomous vessels at sea. This will necessitate radical implementation of new intelligent maritime navigation systems. One of the intelligent systems that has to be implemented is a collision avoidance system. The inference process is a key element of autonomous manoeuvres. These authors propose an inference process that enables exchange of information, intentions and expectations between autonomous vessels and gives them an opportunity to negotiate a safe manoeuvre satisfying all the parties concerned. The model of inference in the communication process has been presented. Methods and algorithms for information exchange and negotiation have been developed. These models were implemented and tested under various conditions. The results of case studies indicate that it is possible to effectively communicate and negotiate used the developed method. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented approach over 30 random simulations have been carried out. After successful laboratory tests, over 100 scenarios were executed in quasi-real conditions and fully operational conditions. Tests were carried out in the center of the Foundation for the Safety of Navigation and Environmental Protection on Lake Silm in Iława, Poland. In the framework of project AVAL (Autonomous Vessel with an Air Look) POIR.04.01.04-00-0025-16, 82 random scenarios involving four vessels were performed and 60 random scenarios with two vessels. In 2020 tests were carried out in real conditions on the ferries Wolin and m/f Gryf. The communication and negotiation system presented in the article has been designed and developed specially for maritime navigation purposes. The authors believe that the presented solution can be one of various solutions implemented in autonomous shipping in the near future.

9

The impact of northern Adriatic ports container throughput on air quality environmental parameters

Vilke Siniša, Tadić Frane, Ćelić Jasmin, Debelić Borna

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2022

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nr 71 (143)

123--131

EN

This paper seeks to highlight the impact of the increasing container throughput in northern Adriatic ports on air quality. A comparative analysis of air quality is given, which consist of certain environmental parameters at selected measuring stations near the container terminals of the northern Adriatic ports Rijeka, Trieste, Koper, and Venice. The parameters were analyzed based on a limited amount of air quality monitoring data for the port areas. As the port transport sector increases pollutant emissions, the results of these analyzes can also be used to take appropriate measures to reduce these particulate matter emissions. The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of increasing the container throughput within the ports of the northern Adriatic Sea on air quality, based on certain environmental parameters related to the shipping or delivery of containers by road. The results of the research, based on available data, have shown that the increase in container throughput of the northern Adriatic ports has not decreased the air quality of urban areas of the respective port cities. The air quality value of the northern Adriatic ports is substantially below the limits set by the EU Air Quality Directive (2008/50), thus it does not affect the health of the inhabitants of the analyzed cities.

10

Assessment of selected remote sensing methods in detecting and tracking marine pollution

Gucma Michalina, Deja Agnieszka

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2022

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nr 71 (143)

102--108

EN

This paper discusses the use of satellite tracking during an environmental disaster at sea, and it assesses the possibility of using remote sensing imagery captured by satellites using multispectral cameras and synthetic-aperture radar (SAR). This study is based on scientific literature and satellite tracking of the X-Press Pearl container ship disaster, which involved the EO-Browser platform. The purpose of this paper is to assess selected remote sensing methods for detecting and tracking marine pollution. The first part of the paper discusses satellite tracking of the X-Press Pearl disaster. The second part focuses on evaluation of the quality of remote sensing imagery from satellites and aircraft, when taking weather conditions into consideration. It should be noted that the research was conducted in real time when the incident occurred. News about the accident was also tracked in real time, allowing for a thorough analysis of the incident and, thus, an assessment of the different sensing systems. Although research on such disasters is crucial for the protection of the marine environment, scientific literature on this topic remains limited. This research area is very important for the protection of the marine environment, in the context of looking for solutions to these issues.

11

Maritime transport employees’ psychological defense mechanisms and self-management

Lileikis S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 1

115--120

EN

Following the principle that “transport does not carry the goods, people do”, this study identifies the problematical aspects of professional experience of seafarers as people of maritime transport, as well as personalities in terms of expression of their psychological defense mechanisms and their insights into the possibilities for self-management. The type of the research is a qualitative, pilot and expert study, which has indicated that seafarers are able to recognize their psychological defense mechanisms and can define them quite clearly on the basis of their personal experience of living and working on board a ship. The abilities of seafarers’ intellectual consideration about their experience are acceptable from a point of view of scientific, namely, psychoeducational logic. The development of self-leadership and transformational leadership skills may help to partially control defensive reactions, and should be an appropriate tool to psychologically stabilize the seafarers’ professional activities in terms of possibilities to create more constructive relationships among them in a team while achieving the common purpose of transportation.

12

Dematerialisation of bills of lading using blockchain from the legal perspective

Ratajczak Oskar

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2022

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nr 121

28--40

EN

Dematerialisation of bills of lading is an important topic from the point of view of maritime transport practice. There are many arguments in favour of dematerialisation, such as simplification and acceleration of trade. Over the years, many attempts have been made to dematerialise bills of lading using EDI systems. All of them were found to be lacking. It was not until the spread of blockchain technology that adequate tools were found. The blockchain makes it possible to meet the requirement of singularity which was haunting the EDI systems. With the introduction of proper provisions of law and if the maritime transport industry could agree on a mutually compatible standard, blockchain-based bills of lading could successfully replace paper bills of lading.

13

Review of the container ship loading model – cause analysis of cargo damage and/or loss

Kaup Magdalena, Łozowicka Dorota, Baszak Karolina, Ślączka Wojciech, Kalbarczyk-Jedynak Agnieszka

Polish Maritime Research

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2022

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nr 4

26--35

EN

As the maritime transport of containers continues to grow and container ships change in terms of design and construction, it is important to ensure the appropriate level of safety for this type of transport. Over the decades, the size and cargo capacity of container ships have been changing, and so have their manoeuvring restrictions and required stability criteria. It seems that changes in the regulations, technological development and increased stability requirements are not yielding satisfactory results – the causes of container ship accidents continue to show similar patterns. The present article refers to the problem of ensuring safety in sea container transport, with a particular focus on cargo processes. Its purpose is to determine cause-and-effect relations leading to the loss of containers at sea, and to develop a model of loading that could significantly raise the level of safety of container transport. The article provides a general description of threats to ships related to weather conditions, loading methods or stability limitations. A statistical analysis of the occurrence of damage and/or loss of cargo from container ships was carried out and the risk of cargo loss was assessed on the basis of data from 2015‒2019. A Pareto diagram was used for this purpose. The authors present the concept of the container ship loading model, which may contribute to increasing the safety of shipping in the future.

14

The effects of particular factors connected with maritime transport on quality and safety of cereal as a cargo

Ocieczek Aneta, Mesinger Dominika, Kaizer Adam, Zawadzki Mateusz

Transport Problems

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2021

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T. 16, z. 2

19--32

EN

The article discusses the effect of conditions during maritime transport on particular quality and safety parameters of cereal, in relation to quality management and logistics management. Therefore, transport requirements for cereal as a cargo were identified, and furthermore, threats resulting from improperly conducted logistic proces of bulk material with strong sorption properties were described. The aim of this article was to compare the differences in sorption properties between four selected cereal species using the static desiccator method. This method is the standard reference method. As a result of the conducted research, the existence of significant variability in the sensitivity to the effect of maritime transport conditions among cereal as a product group was identified. The most resistant to water vapor was rye grain. The differences between each cereal species should be associated with variability in the physical structure and chemical composition of grains of each individual cereal species. Further works in this area should take into consideration not only the diversity but also the variability of cereal sensitivity owing to the combined effect of relative humidity of the atmosphere and ambient temperature with use of the indepth thermodynamic analysis of sorption.

15

The influence of a static, homogeneous magnetic field on the sorption properties of soybean meal during maritime transport

Ocieczek A., Kaizer A., Otremba Z.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

649--657

EN

Providing safety and maintaining high quality of dry cargo, transported by sea, is associated with the necessity of taking into consideration their specific property, which is hygroscopicity. Susceptibility to the impact of water, which also occurs in vapour state, concerns mainly dry cargo, which are organic matter, containing carbohydrates and protein in their composition. This is because these substances have strong connection with water. The example of a bulk cargo often transported by sea is soybean meal, which is mainly produced in the USA, Brazil and Argentina. Due to its economic importance, the quality of soybean meal, which is globally used in the animal nutrition (poultry and swine), remains an important research issue. This product is obtained by subjecting the soybeans to cracking and dehulling processes, in order to facilitate the extraction of the oil. Water absorption of soybean meal causes reactions taking place in it, which leads to the changes in its chemical composition and, consequently, also in its nutritional values. Moreover, increasing the water content, leading to the increase of water activity, may significantly deteriorate the microbiological safety of the meal. Therefore, the research was undertaken to determine whether the sorption properties of soybean meal will change due to the influence of a static, homogeneous magnetic field. This aim has been achieved by determining and comparing the water vapour adsorption isotherms. The comparison of the isotherms determined under normal conditions and under the influence of a static, homogeneous magnetic field with an induction of 10 mT has been made on the basis of empirical data. Furthermore, using the Brunauer, Emett and Teller equation (BET), the monolayer and the energy constant of the sorption process have been estimated. The isotherms were determined at 20°C. The study lasted 9 days. Desiccators with aqueous supersaturated solutions of substances and a generator of a static magnetic field were used in the research. The obtained results have indicated that the influence of the magnetic field is a factor that causes the differentiation between the sorption properties of soybean meal expressed in the volume of the monolayer and the energy associated with the sorption phenomenon. The inferred findings show, that the magnetic field has an impact on the course of the sorption phenomenon in organic samples, and may determine the stability of the cargo during long-term maritime transport.

16

Smart estimation of pollutant emissions from marine transport

Uriasz Janusz, Wolak Aleksander

Annual of Navigation

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2021

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No. 27

17--27

EN

The production and analysis of transport statistics is part of the process of maritime transport management and monitoring. As there is strong need to protect the environment through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by the transport sector, CO2 in particular, it is necessary to assess the emissions of pollutants emitted by sea-going ships. The article presents an intelligent method of estimating pollution volumes based on harmonised sets of data on vessel traffic obtained from the monitoring of the Automatic Identification System and developed artificial intelligence models. The created methods allow estimating emissions of pollutants from individual sea vessels, aggregate pollutant amounts in a selected geographical area, or on a selected route and in port. The data obtained can be visualized for conducting statistical analyses. The work was performed under the TranStat project executed jointly with the Central Statistical Office. "The project financed by the National Centre of Research and Development as part of the program Gospostrateg, Agreement Gospostrateg1/383385/12/NCBR/2018”.

17

Estimation of marine transport performance based on harmonised datasets

Uriasz Janusz, Czapliński Wojciech, Gąsowski Wojciech

Annual of Navigation

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2021

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No. 27

1--16

EN

The production and analysis of transport statistics is an integral aspect of transport system management and monitoring. Updated and automated methods of generating statistics significantly improve the planning and execution of national transport policy. As part of the TransStat project, the authors developed a system of producing statistics describing transport performance, i.e. the carriage of cargo and passengers by sea, using harmonised sets of statistic data. The study presents the method of automatic estimation of transport performance related to cargo and passengers carried by sea, and statistics based on registered validation data. The TransStat project is financed by the National Centre for Research and Development in the framework of the GospoStrateg programme, Agreement No Gospostrateg 1/383385/12/NCBR/2018.

18

Comparative bibliometric and network analysis of maritime transport/shipping literature using the Web of Science database

Solak-Fiskin Cemile, Güldem-Cerit Ayşe

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2020

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nr 61 (133)

160--170

EN

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of maritime transport/shipping-related publications between 1975 and November 2018 in order to describe the profile and research themes. Comprehensive queries were used to reveal the general structure of maritime transport/shipping-related literature in the context of the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-Expanded) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) databases. The analysis was conducted using bibliometric mapping. Five years of maritime/shipping literature was also comparatively presented. The results indicated major research areas, leading authors, countries, organizations, journals, and publications with the contributions of the comments of leading authors. Within the five-year period, maritime surveillance research and marine engineering research clusters were identified as developing clusters that expanded and received increased interest. Economic studies decreased, while operations research increased in the maritime transport/shipping literature. Optimization research and marine engineering research appear to be growing research clusters. Interdisciplinary research appears to have a high chance of being published in SCI-Expanded and SSCI in the future. The main contribution of this paper was the identification of areas of current research interests which allowed the quantification and visualization of changes in the entire body of shipping literature over a short time period.

19

The dynamic of oxidative changes in rapeseed oil during maritime transport determined by storage conditions

Ocieczek A., Kaizer A., Zischke A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

107--113

EN

In order to provide quality and safety of liquid cargo carried by sea, it is necessary to obey the rules of its protection. During maritime transport edible oils are prone to detrimental influence of many external factors such as supply of oxygen, of water, of metal ions and of pollution, as well as changes of temperature and mixing caused by ship movement. Due to them, they could undergo oxidation reactions, hydrolysis, polymerization and various types of physical transformation. On account of them the deterioration of nutritional, health and sensory qualities of fat could occur. The aim of the study was the assessment of the dynamic of changes with oxidative character (peroxide value and TBA index) which could appear in edible oils depending on their storage conditions. The analysis, which lasted 12 weeks, concerns rapeseed oil. Oxidative changes were registered every two week. The storage conditions in the atmospheric air induced danger connected with oxygen presence, whereas nitrogen blanketing eliminated this risk factor. The assessment also includes the influence of temperature of storage (indoor temperature 20˚C or refrigeration temperature 4˚C) and mixing of the fats. The results indicate that nitrogen blanketing, lowering the temperature and eliminating the mixing during storage of oil have highly positive impact on reduction of oxidative changes in fats.

20

Integration model of management systems in Sea Transport

Chruzik K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 2

393--396

EN

Dynamically implemented mandatory management systems resulting from legal requirements in maritime transport since 2006 [1-3], very often (especially in the first years of implementing the requirements) functioned independently by the optional procedural approach - ISO [4-5]. It is now common practice to integrate requirements in both - the mandatory and voluntary areas. Legal requirements and recommendations do not define and recommend a specific form of extending existing management systems. The publication describes the relationship between the requirements for the management systems currently applicable in maritime transport resulting from legal requirements (Safety Management System - SMS) and voluntary implementations (Quality Management and Environmental Management System). The common areas identified for the analysis of system requirements (for obligatory and optional systems) will facilitate the integration and broadening of the management culture in maritime transport organizations.