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1

The application of strategic analysis in maritime security development

Pac Bohdan

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2022

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XVI

27--39

EN

The study presented here is of interdisciplinary nature because it combines prob-lems from the field of security sciences with methods and tools applied in management and quality sciences. It proves the functionality of strategic analysis applied to strengthen and develop maritime security of the State. A reference point to the analysis discussed in the study is Poland’s Strategic Concept for Maritime Security which provides a comprehensive definition of numerous notions and problems necessary to perform it. The recommendations provided in the above-mentioned document have been verified on the basis of the result of the strategic analysis. The result, in turn, determines a scope of actions that should be undertaken. The scope should be understood as a strategic option that comes as a stage of a long-term process, the further stages of which result from a periodic revision of the strate-gic analysis that can come from some possible changes in the environment of the analysed entity/State and from the evolution of its strengths and weaknesses. Resulting from the analysis, the strategic options allow the strategy to be implemented in the forms of pro-grammes for the modernisation of the naval forces, operations undertaken in the field of maritime critical infrastructure, non-military operations undertaken by the State admin-istration and maritime economy to improve maritime security. The results of the particular stages of the strategic analysis come as the outcome of the Author’s original work.

2

Critical Infrastructure at Sea and the Energy Security of the Republic of Poland

Niewiński Przemysław

Energy Policy Studies

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2022

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No. 2 (10)

3--14

EN

In this article, the author will present issues directly related to the security of critical infrastructure, which includes, inter alia, infrastructure ensuring energy security of our country. In view of the geopolitical events that we have witnessed recently, this is one of the key problems to be solved in the legislative and systemic spheres. The problem of legislative, competence and equipment shortages in securing the critical infrastructure of the Republic of Poland at sea has been repeatedly signaled, but very often it was met with some leniency, as no one assumed that a conflict that was so brutal and "classic" in its shape could occur. Russia's aggression against Ukraine has arisen. Critical infrastructure includes not only future offshore wind farms, but also, inter alia, ports, refineries, power plants, mining platforms, etc., the protection of which would require serious revision. In this publication, however, the author will focus primarily on issues related to offshore wind energy and possible investments related to the production of hydrogen in Polish maritime areas.

3

Conditions for the development of the Polish Navy during the period of maritime powers rivalry

Mickiewicz Piotr

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2020

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R. XIV

59--78

EN

The 21st century rivalry of the maritime powers took the form of substitute activities. These are military incidents, control, or seizure of a shipping entity, and activities that threaten shipping itself. This determines the state of maritime security of Poland, because the Baltic has become one of the areas of its conduct. The adopted form of importing energy carriers along with the forming an alliance with the US construction of the alliance with the USA creates the possibility of taking hostile actions against it. It is necessary to adapt the form of operation of the Polish Navy to these threats. Based on the analysis of international, and national legal regulations, strategic documents of maritime powers, and applied forms of maritime activity, the scope of changes in Polish maritime policy was determined. Modifications of the definition of terms maritime piracy and unlawful assault at sea in Polish legal regulations were considered necessary, they should also include activities of maritime terrorism, subversion and sabotage of offshore facilities and installations, as well as ships operating. The principle of linking defense tasks against the sea attack, and maintaining navigation continuity was proposed as an element determining the construction method of the Polish Navy and the scope of combat training. On this basis, its combat potential and scope of training were determined. It should cover four areas (preparation for defense operations, combating nontraditional risks, how to respond to provocative, and criminal activities).

4

Global Ocean Governance

Pyć D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

159--162

EN

This paper presents a few general comments on the effective global ocean governance (GOG). The Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes fundamental legal principles for the governance of the marine environment and its resources. Furthermore, in the context of GOG the international community is conscious that improving of global and regional cooperation ought to be in the mainstream of socio-economic and political discourse. Nowadays, the UNCLOS is not able to give an answer for all new questions arising in the law of the sea. Therefore, it would seem that there is a great need to provide more pragmatic approaches to global ocean governance by international community as well as national governments, using the holistic paradigm of sustainable development. At the regional level, the European Union promotes an integrated maritime policy. Each EU marine Member State is obliged to prepare national integrated maritime policy as a part of the integrated maritime policy of EU. The Maritime Policy of Poland was approved by the Council of Ministers on 17 March 2015.

5

Analysis of records of the local spatial development plans for the coastal municipalities with regard to applicability in spatial planning for marine areas

Faściszewski J.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2016

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Vol. 31, No. 1

160--166

EN

Poland is preparing for the development of marine plans. In accordance with the demands stated in the MSP Directive on planning, a lot of attention is paid to the two-sided interactions between onshore and offshore areas. Coastal areas are very sensitive to various impacts, as well as the difficult subject of planning, yet it is of great significance to the development of marine areas with sustainable use and long-term benefits for the society. Therefore, plenty of issues must be taken into consideration during the course of the planning process. The main objective of this article is an attempt to present, on the basis of experiences gained in the Polish territories, which information may be useful in planning the land — sea relations within the scope of marine spatial planning. The resulting analysis of local plans for spatial development of coastal municipalities (lsdp) allows identification of vital factors stimulating or hampering development of the marine areas adjacent to these municipalities. It also provides background material to state whether it is possible or not to couple development of the municipalities with the marine resources. The Polish coast is covered with 190 local plans, related to a coastal zone or its closest vicinity. Particular municipalities show a different level of advancement in the preparation of their plans. There are numerous general records of very general nature, which do not precisely refer to a specific policy, but rather provide for certain investments or functions.

PL

Polska podąża w kierunku rozwoju morskiego planowania przestrzennego. Zgodnie z wymogami dyrektywy MSP w planowaniu dużą wagę przywiązuje się do interakcji ląd morze. Bardzo wrażliwą i trudną przestrzenią do planowania jest obszar przybrzeżny, mający duży wpływ na obszar morski. Dlatego istnieje wiele zagadnień, które należy wziąć pod uwagę w ramach procesu planistycznego. Głównym celem artykułu jest próba wykazania, na przykładzie polskich doświadczeń jakie informacje mogą być przydatne aby planować relację ląd-morze w ramach planowania przestrzennego morza. Idąca za tym analiza miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego gmin nadmorskich (mpzp), pozwalających rozpoznanie istotnych czynników stymulujących lub hamujących rozwój obszarów morskich przyległych do tych gmin. Umożliwiła także wskazania czy możliwe jest powiązanie rozwoju gmin z zasobami morskimi. Polskie wybrzeże pokryte jest 190 planami miejscowymi położonymi w pasie nadbrzeżnym bądź w jego bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie. Stopień pokrycia obszarów gmin planami miejscowymi jest bardzo zróżnicowany. Wiele zapisów jest bardzo ogólnych, nie precyzujących konkretnych zamierzeń a raczej umożliwiających pewne inwestycje czy funkcje.

6

Maritime Consciousness as a Factor in the Development of Sea Infrastructure

Skiepko M., Głogowski Ł., Złotucha M., Włudzik M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2015

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nr 92

163--171

EN

The following article, presented on the TRANSNAV 2015 conference in Gdynia discusses the topic of maritime consciousness and its impact. Through maritime consciousness we perceive the raising and sustaining of social awareness and interest in marine economy. This is a critical factor in the efficient functioning of any maritime nation. The maritime tradition of a given state is a non-interchangeable component in the comprehending of the significant benefits flowing from naval commerce, by the society and, more importantly, its governing body. In this article we looked into the various elements influencing the growth of the merchant navies in countries such as China, Norway and Poland.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł zaprezentowany na konferencji TRANSNAV 2015 w Gdyni porusza temat świadomości morskiej oraz jej znaczenia dla handlu. Poprzez świadomość morską należy rozumieć szereg składowych wpływających na sposób, w jaki morze oraz związane z nim sektory gospodarki są odbierane przez społeczeństwo. Stanowi ona niezmiernie ważny element w prawidłowym funkcjonowaniu każdego państwa z dostępem do morza. W tej pracy przeanalizowano wpływ wszelakich czynników na rozwój flot handlowych i gospodarki morskiej w takich krajach jak Chiny, Norwegia i Polska.

7

The Positive Implications for the Application of the International Ship & Port Facility Security and its Reflects on Saudi’s Ports

Elentably A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 2

255--266

EN

The research paper summed up on the requirements of the application code security and safety of ships and ports (ISPS) and the technical aspects necessary for the application by the Saudi marine Ports. The requirements of the international code of safety and security of ships and ports such as: - Additional tasks to be undertaken by port management - Activities and tasks that will port authorities - The impact of the elements of the maritime transport - Application and amendments to the deck - Government requirements - Special requirements for the management of ships - Application optimized for the requirements of the code ,Also interested in the research paper the mechanism of how to put these requirements into effect and the positive impact associated with the application. And also the requirements of the bridge on the ship ,beside clarification of the interconnections between the parties to the transfer process, such as administration of the commercial maritime fleet operations, control to the owners and how the administrative process for the crew to apply the appropriate code on the deck of ships and mutual relations with the insurance and chartering operations as well as the role of the port facility, to arrived How can the ports of Saudi Arabia to benefit from the positive application of code requirements and to enable these requirements with the parties to the process of maritime transport.

8

Intellectual Organization in the New Model of the Russian Marine Industry Development

Kostrikova N.A., Yafasov A.Ya.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 2

267--272

EN

The role of intellectual organizations in the formation of professional competence, social adaptability and volitional qualities of workers of marine industry is actual in terms of growth of natural and man-made emergency situations, unstable socio-economic environment. In the marine industry, except for the education system and research, such organizations have prospects of development as the most competitive in the shipbuilding, fishing industry, port management, the logistics of fishing in the ocean and coastal fisheries, transport and storage prior to further processing. In this article is proposed a holistic resource approach to the formation of intellectual organization as a major maritime educational complex that integrates all stages of maritime specialist training, from a seaman to a master of a large ship including active research and intense maritime practice.

9

Enhancing of Carriers’ Liabilities in the Rotterdam Rules – Too Expensive Costs for Navigational Safety?

Sooksripaisarnkit P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2014

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Vol. 8, no. 2

309--315

EN

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (the ‘Rotterdam Rules’) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules contain two oft-criticised changes from the existing regime governing international carriage of goods widely adopted among maritime nations, namely the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, 25 August 1924 (the ‘Hague Rules’) and its subsequent Protocol in 1968 (the ‘Visby Protocol’ or the ‘Hague-Visby Rules’). These changes are, namely, an extension of the carrier’s obligations to maintain seaworthy vessel throughout the voyage (Article 14) and a deletion of an exclusion of carrier’s liabilities due to negligent navigation (Article 17). This paper addresses implications of these changes and assess whether ship-owners and ship-operators can comply with these without having to incur excessive additional expenses.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (the ‘Rotterdam Rules’) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules contain two oft-criticised changes from the existing regime governing international carriage of goods widely adopted among maritime nations, namely the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading, Brussels, 25 August 1924 (the ‘Hague Rules’) and its subsequent Protocol in 1968 (the ‘Visby Protocol’ or the ‘Hague-Visby Rules’). These changes are, namely, an extension of the carrier’s obligations to maintain seaworthy vessel throughout the voyage (Article 14) and a deletion of an exclusion of carrier’s liabilities due to negligent navigation (Article 17). This paper addresses implications of these changes and assess whether ship-owners and ship-operators can comply with these without having to incur excessive additional expenses.

10

Morze Bałtyckie w założeniach strategii morskich i polityk bezpieczeństwa narodowego państw bałtyckich : wnioski dla koncepcji bezpieczeństwa morskiego RP

Mickiewicz P.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2014

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R. 4, Nr 5

339--365

PL

Zlewisko Morza Bałtyckiego uznawane jest za obszar stabilności politycznej, na którym niewielkie jest prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia konfliktu zbrojnego. Nie oznacza to, że nie jest to region, w którym nie ma miejsca na rywalizację polityczno-gospodarczą, która kreuje określone zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa. Wynikają one głównie z prowadzonej przez państwa regionu polityki morskiej. Tym samym koncepcje ich niwelowania przyjmują przede wszystkim postać działań polityczno-gospodarczych, a rolą sił morskich jest w pierwszej kolejności zagwarantowanie i ochrona interesów morskich państwa. Takie rozumienie istoty polityki bezpieczeństwa morskiego determinować powinno także założenia polskich koncepcji zapewniania bezpieczeństwa oraz sposobu organizacji i funkcjonowania systemu bezpieczeństwa morskiego.

EN

The Baltic sea region is considered to be an area of political stability with rather small probability of an armed conflict. However, this doesn’t mean that the economic and political rivalry isn’t creating particular dangers for the regional security, as is discussed by the author. Dangers arise from the particular maritime policies of the countries involved. The counteractions against possible dangers involve above all the politico-economical actions using the military sea power to guarantee and protect the country’s interests. As it is stated in this article, such an approach toward the essence of sea security should also determine the Poland’s conception of its sea interests. And based on that, the organizational system and its functions should be applied to strengthen security of the Polish seas.

11

Kierunki ekspansji gospodarki morskiej : polska perspektywa

Skrzeszewska K.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

1156--1164, CD

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę oceny rangi jaką decydenci na szczeblu rządowym nadają polskiej gospodarce morskiej. Aby zrealizować powyższy cel wykazano uniwersalność problematyki, która w ramach polityki morskiej jest/ powinna być podnoszona. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na te branże, które najszybciej się rozwijają, oraz te które potencjalnie mogą generować wysoką wartość dodaną dla gospodarki narodowej. Wykazano, że w polskich realiach gospodarka morska nie jest kompleksowo badana (niepełne statystyki gospodarki narodowej), zarządzana (administracja rządowa nie obejmuje wszystkich aktywności związanych z morzem),ani planowana (dokumenty strategiczne w niewielkim stopni odnoszą się do tej sfery działalności gospodarczej).

EN

In this article was made an attempt to assess the significance of Polish maritime economy, for national economy. To achieve this purpose, it was pointed out the multitude and variety of maritime issues. The special attention was paid to businesses which develop the fastest and the sectors which can generate high GVA. It was pointed out, that in Polish circumstances, the maritime economy isn’t comprehensively researched, managed nor planned.

12

Kierunki działań na rzecz rozwoju logistyki morskiej w Unii Europejskiej

Salmonowicz H.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2013

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z. 80

103--112

PL

Artykuł dotyczy działań na rzecz rozwoju logistyki morskiej Unii Europejskiej. W tym celu dokonano przeglądu działań w zakresie dążenia do osiągnięcia nowych standardów systemu transportowego, zintegrowanego podejścia do polityki morskiej Unii Europejskiej, priorytetów i polityki transportu morskiego do 2018 roku oraz podjętych i planowanych działań na rzecz stworzenia nowych zasad funkcjonowania zintegrowanego łańcucha logistycznego, w tym udziału transportu morskiego w tym łańcuchu.

EN

This article applies to actions for the development the European Union's maritime logistics. For this purpose, a review of activities aiming to achieve new standards of the transport system, an integrated approach to Maritime Policy, Priorities and maritime transport policy until 2018 and the actions taken and planned to create new rules for the operation of an integrated supply chain, including the participation maritime transport chain.

13

Integrative evaluation of contemporary human impacts on the world ocean and coastal resources

Kaczyński W.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2012

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nr 3

133--149

PL

W rezultacie wzrostu zaludnienia w strefach przybrzeżnych, rosnącego popytu na żywność pochodzenia morskiego i słodkowodnego, rozwoju przemysłu i urbanizacji w rejonach przymorskich, handlu towarami i usługami pochodzenia morskiego oraz rosnącego zanieczyszczenia wód, uwidoczniła się znaczna rola oceanów w ekonomice światowej. Rosnąca konsumpcja promuje rozwój rynków, handlu międzynarodowego i intensyfikuje transport morski – czynniki zwiększające nacisk na zasoby i środowisko naturalne oceanów i stref przy brzeżnych. Ekosystemy morskie i przybrzeżne były do tej pory rozpatrywane oddzielnie, a kroki zmierzające do ich konserwacji i zarządzania podejmowane były przeważnie bez uwzględniania istniejących współzależności między tymi systemami. Stąd powstaje konieczność określenia zrównoważonej strategii interakcji człowieka z morzem, wybrzeżem i jego wodami. Te nowe kierunki badan powinny być oparte na podejściu integratywnym i na zrozumieniu form interakcji człowieka z atmosfera, z ekosystemami lądowymi, morskimi i słodkowodnymi. Konieczne są efektywne kroki zmierzające do konserwacji i ochrony dóbr morskich na potrzeby przyszłych pokoleń. Zaniechanie proponowanych działań spowoduje spadek bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego i ekonomicznego, jak również nieodwracalne zachwianie zrównoważonego stanu morskich i brzegowych systemów ekologicznych, szczególnie w morskich krajach rozwijających się.

EN

This paper addresses frequently missing factor in the up-to-date studies of globalization and environmental change: the impacts of intensifying consumption of marine products in industrialized countries on marine and coastal environments of the developing countries. There is no universal model explaining links between marine environmental deterioration and global trade but it is possible to select a group of key interactions between humans and marine environments. This interdisciplinary analysis of human impacts on marine and coastal resources includes such factors as international trade, investment and growing demand for food of aquatic origin. The major objective of the study is to determine principal forces affecting past, present and future trends in use of marine resources as affected by recent globalization trends.

14

Zintegrowany system Unii Europejskiej monitorowania ruchu statków i przekazywania informacji o statkach

Wawruch R.

Logistyka

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2011

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nr 5

PL

Referat prezentuje założenia i cele zintegrowanego systemu informacyjnego i monitorowania ruchu statków (VTMIS), wprowadzonego celem wdrożenia zintegrowanej polityki morskiej Unii Europejskiej oraz opisuje trzy najważniejsze jego elementy składowe: system monitorowania wykorzystujący stacje brzegowe systemu automatycznej identyfikacji statków, bazę danych Unii Europejskiej systemu identyfikacji i śledzenia dalekiego zasięgu oraz platformę informatyczną wymiany informacji. Przedstawiono w nim zasadnicze funkcje realizowane przez wymienione elementy składowe, aktualne problemy eksploatacyjne i plany dalszego rozwoju.

EN

Paper presents principles and goals of the integrated Vessel Traffic Monitoring and Information System (VTMIS), introduced to implement the Integrated Maritime Policy of the European Union and describes its three main components: monitoring system utilizing coastal stations of the Ship borne Automatic Identification System, European Union Long Range Identification and Tracking Data Centre and informatics platform to information exchange.It sets out the essential functions performed by these components, the current operational problems and plans for further development.

15

Turkish Maritime Transport Policy (1960-2008)

Kadioglu M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

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Vol. 4, no. 2

243--250

EN

An inward-oriented strategy was adopted for the Turkish maritime sector from 1923 – the foundation date of the Republic of Turkey – to 1952. A partially liberal policy was experienced beginning from 1952, and a planned development period has started since 1962. This study is aimed at investigating the principles and targets for the maritime sector beginning from the first five-year development plan to the current plan including 2013, and evaluating whether the stated targets have been achieved or not. Moreover it is also planned to investigate the maritime transportation and to state the new opportunities and current issues about Turkey briefly.

16

The Economical Emigration Aspect of East and Central European Seafarers: Motivation for Employment in Foreign Fleet

Sencila V., Bartuseviciene I., Rupsiene L., Kalvaitiene G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2010

|

Vol. 4, no. 3

337--342

EN

East and Central Europe countries practically experience advantages and disadvantages of sea-farers‘ employment in foreign shipping companies. There is a need to investigate this phenomenon in the aspect of economical emigration. Shortage of marine officers worldwide exaggerates the shortage of seafarers in the mentioned region because of the economical emigration of national seafarers to foreign fleet, which pro-vides more favorable conditions. These facts encouraged investigating several questions using case study method in one country (Lithuania), which social-economic conditions are similar to other countries of the re-gion: What shipping companies (national or foreign) marine officers give priority to be employed to? What is the motivation of such a decision? What personal characteristics mostly determine this decision? The study results show very strong seafarers’ attitude towards economical emigration, reveal the reasons of this phenomenon and relations with the personal characteristics of marine officers. Key words: economical emigration, seafarers, motivation.

17

Assessment of ISPS Code Compliance at Ports Using Cognitive Maps

Celik M., Ilker-Topcu Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

|

2010

|

Vol. 4, no. 3

359--362

EN

International ship and port facility security (ISPS) Code was developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as an execution framework to ensure high level of security measures applicable to ships and port facilities. Besides contributions of ISPS Code towards security improvement, additional bureaucracy (i.e. documentation, certification, training, expenses etc.) and serious shortfalls have appeared dur-ing implementation process. This paper explores the ISPS Code practice at ports based on cognitive mapping approach. The outcomes of this research can be proposed to international maritime authorities in order to enhance the existing concept and regulatory compliances of the ISPS Code in respect to industrial feedback.

18

The Somali Piracy New or Old Challenge for International Community

Duda D., Szubrycht T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

|

2009

|

Vol. 3, no. 3

345--352

EN

Nowadays it is obvious that maritime transport is the core element of word economy so each disturbance in the world shipping can create more or less serious problems for world economy, especially now when the world crises appeared. The piracy activities showed that shipping safety in the Gulf of Aden and waters around the Somalia should be considered as an international problem. The Somali piracy has complex reasons, so it is not easy to provide safety of shipping in this region without wide spectrum of action and international cooperation. The paper presents analyze of piracy root in Somalia, the development of piracy activities and steps of international community which should be taken to provide safety and secure shipping in this region.

19

The Study on Social Security of Seamen

Li Z.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2008

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Vol. 2, no. 4

437--439

EN

The social security of the seamen is complex and it represents the protection of the human rights. There are a large number of seamen in China. The social security laws of the seamen in China are behind. Together with the approval of the Maritime Universal Labor Convention of the ILO we should regularize the social security of the seamen basong on the real conditions of China.

20

Zagraniczne wojskowe misje morskie w polskiej marynarce wojennej w latach 1919-1957 oraz ich wpływ na charakter polskiej polityki morskiej

Zalewski B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

|

2006

|

R. 47 nr 164K/1

195-206

PL

W artykule przedstawiono miejsce i rolę zagranicznych wojskowych misji morskich w organizacji i rozwoju sił morskich w Polsce w latach 1919-1957. szczególną uwagę zwrócono na uwarunkowania polityczno-militarne w jakich działały misje oraz ich wpływ na polską wojskową politykę morską.

EN

The article introduced the place and role of foreign naval missions in the organization and developmentof naval forces in Poland in years 1919-1957. Particular attention was paid to political military conditioning in which missions were put into action as well as their influence on the Polish military naval policy.