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1

Validation of a behavioral marker system for rating cadet’s non-technical skills

da Conceição V. P., Mendes J. B., Teodoro M. F., Dahlman J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

89--96

EN

Simulator-based training assumes a very important role in the maritime domain, particularly in the education of Officers Of the Watch (OOW). In the Portuguese Navy, most of the cadet’s skills as future OOW rely on the success of this training. Beyond theory and technical training, the development of non-technical skills is a key factor for obtaining officers capable of identifying and solving problems. To optimize the training and development of non-technical skills, using the Portuguese Naval Academy Simulator, a previously designed Behavioral Marker System model was further assessed. The revised model, which comprises new parameters such as the effectiveness of the task, was validated through a set of simulated sessions, where 11 instructors and 48 students participated. After each session, data was collected with questionnaires and focus group discussion, focusing on the quality and usability of the model and on the design of the scenario. The results show that the revised model, positively addresses the limitations found on the previous version, and it has received encouraging feedback from both instructors and cadets. This new model is now under implementation in all the Naval Academy course programs, and future research aims to digitalize the behavior markers.

2

Use of simulator training to mitigate risks in Arctic shipping operations

Røds J. F., Gudmestad O. T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 2

375--379

EN

Over the recent years, ship traffic in the polar areas has increased. There is reason to believe that this traffic, and especially the cruise traffic, will increase further as the ice retracts towards the poles. There is also reason to believe that with the continued focus and exposure of the Polar Region, the cruise tourism to the region will grow. The increased presence in the polar areas will create positive repercussions for several actors, both on sea and land. There will, however, also be challenges associated with the growing presence in the polar areas. Vessels will be operating at long distances to other vessels and land infrastructures. These vessels will also be operating in climate and conditions that will put extra pressure on both vessel and crew. These challenges need to be solved in order for the ship industry to operate safely in the Polar Region. To ensure that companies operating in these areas identify and manage these challenges, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed the Polar Code (2017) with the intent of increasing the safety for vessels operating in polar waters, and to reduce the impact on humans and environment in this remote, vulnerable and harsh area. This code defines a number of requirements, with which the vessels should operate in accordance with. In this paper, we reveal which challenges the vessel and its crew need to deal with when navigating in polar waters. The challenges will be analysed and assessed through the use of a preliminary qualitative risk analysis to determine the potential hazards the vessel is exposed to under operations in polar waters, and to find out what level of risk the different hazards represents for the vessel and its crew. The main objective of the paper is to find out how the risk levels can be reduced, with particular focus on the use of simulator training as a risk reducing measure. The final goal is to measure the risk towards acceptance criteria, which have been determined prior to conducting the analysis.

3

Translation theories and pragmatics – analysis of maritime and legalese language based examples

Denc M., Denc J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

647--654

EN

Translators and interpreters need to rewrite or retell the essence of a message to be conveyed in a foreign language through cognitive grammar, implicatures, connotations and sometimes standardized phrases to bring out the full and true meaning in the translated work. The aim of this paper is to acquaint with the specificity of the translator's workshop, familiarization with the working framework for translations of implied meaning, theories of translation and elementary principles to be followed, so that, the reference meaning of the communicated content could impart pragmatic meaning. In view of the constraints of literal translation, special attention is given to linguistic aspects of pragmatics with regard to the conveyance of context sensitivity, precision, intentionality of the communicating sender, influence of the translator’s linguistic intuition and approach, and communicating receiver. Different approaches to translations and possible limitations are exemplified and explained with the use of Polish and English equivalents adopted from standard, maritime and legalese language.

4

The role of maritime education and training of young adults in creating a strategic model for the management of a public diplomacy project

Czarnecka A., Muszyńska K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 2

387--392

EN

The article focuses on the issues of maritime education and training of young adults as a tool of public diplomacy. In the first part, the authors present a contemporary approach to the tools and tasks of public diplomacy used for strengthening the image of the state.

5

Study on effective maritime training through the anchoring training

Kunieda Y., Murai K., Kashima H., Sugawara M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 2

381--386

EN

Anchoring exercises on a training ship have a significant effect on the acquisition of ship handling skills. Furthermore, such training is also effective for the development of critical thinking and problem solving. The authors investigated this topic to develop effective training methods for anchoring exercises. We created a rubric for anchor training, and the instructor evaluated trainees based on the rubric items. These rubrics were effective for judging trainee performance. The effect of dialogue in group work was shown by comments from instructors and the trainees. Group presentations were also evaluated via student comments. After conducting the anchoring training in native language in the spring, the same exercise was conducted in English in the fall. Only English instructions were offered during the training exercise in the first year (2016). In the second year (2017), students took a brief e-learning course in English about anchoring before attempting the second exercise in English. According to instructor evaluations, the second session in 2017 saw a much greater improvement in trainee performance than did the second session in 2016. English practice in the e-learning course allowed students to focus more on practising the techniques they had learned previously when performing the second training exercise in English.

6

Simulation methods of designing specialist’ qualification improvement system

Moyseenko S. S., Meyler L. E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

79--87

EN

Development of the specialists’ professional competence can be achieved both directly during games and a post-game analysis. Since the continuing education system must respond quickly to changes in external and internal conditions it is necessary to adapt it to new conditions. This is possible when scientific and pedagogical staff of the university is ready to the project activity. In this regard the problem of teachers training for such activities is actual one. The most effective methods of such preparedness development are game methods and, in particular, business and simulation games. There are situations of "conflict" of interest during games as in real life and teachers of different subjects must search a compromise that satisfies basic learning goals. During the game, participants consider many variants for solving certain project tasks, methods of training schemes designing. It is very important in the sphere of maritime specialists training. Participants are often faced with a lack of methodological training that is an important motivating factor for self-development and new knowledge. Business and simulations games have an aim to develop readiness of teachers to design educational systems. The paper discusses the methodological approaches to the development of conceptual designs of professional business/simulation games for seafarers and managers of maritime transport and describes a business/simulation game scenario “Ensuring the safety of maritime cargo transportation”. The problems of the game organization, a results analysis and developing measures to improve the system of training and self-improvement plans of participants are considered.

7

Safe information exchange on board of the ship

Ahvenjärvi S., Czarnowski I., Kåla J., Kyster A., Meyer I., Mogensen J., Szyman P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

165--171

EN

The first ever attempt at fully autonomous dock-to-dock operation has been tested and demonstrated successfully at the end of 2018. The revolutionary shift is feared to have a negative impact on the safety of navigation and the getting of real-time situation awareness. Especially, the centralized context onboard could be changed to a distributed context. In navigation safety domain, monitoring, control, assessment of dangerous situations, support of operators of decision-making support system should be implemented in real time. In the context of autonomous ships, decision-making processes will play an important role under such ocean autonomy, therefore the same technologies should consist of adequate system intelligence. At the same time, situation awareness is the key element of the decision-making processes. Although there is substantial research on situation awareness measurement techniques, they are not suitable to directly execute quantitative processing for the situation awareness of autonomous ships navigation. Hence, a novel quantitative model of situation awareness is firstly proposed based on the system safety control structure of remotely controlled vessel. The data source is greatly limited, but the main result still indicates that the probability of operator lose adequate situation awareness of the autonomous ship is significantly higher than the conventional ship. Finally, the paper provides a probabilistic theory and model for high-level abstractions of situation awareness to guide future evaluation of the navigation safety of autonomous ships.

8

Impact of simulation fidelity on student self-efficacy and perceived skill development in maritime training

Renganayagalu S. K., Mallam S., Nazir S., Ernstsen J., Haavardtun P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

663--669

EN

Maritime education and training (MET) has a long tradition of using simulator training to develop competent seafarers and relevant seafaring skills. In a safety critical domain like maritime industry, simulators provide opportunities to acquire technical, procedural and operational skills without the risks and expense associated with on-the-job training. In such training, computer-generated simulations and simulators with higher realism are inferred to better training outcomes. This realism, or the extent to which simulators replicate the experience of a real work environment, is referred to as the “fidelity” of a simulator. As the simulation technology develops, the maritime industry adapts to more advanced, higher fidelity simulators. However, the cost of a simulator generally increases with increasing fidelity, and thus practical and economic constraints must be considered. In this paper, we investigated two types of simulators on perceived skill development of the students at engine room simulation training. We compared the self-efficacy levels of 11 second year marine engineering students and their perceived skill development between two different fidelity engine room simulators. The result suggests that students have higher motivation and prefer to train with immersive training simulators compared to the traditional training. This article aims to add to existing knowledge on the influence of fidelity of simulators in training effectiveness in maritime education and training.

9

Efficiency of maritime siimulator training in oil spill response competence development

Halonen J., Lanki A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

199--204

EN

Marine oil spill response operation requires extensive vessel manoeuvring and navigation skills. At-sea oil containment and recovery includes both single vessel and multi-vessel operations. Towing long oil containment booms, several hundreds of metres in length, is a challenge in itself. Boom deployment and towing in multi-vessel configurations is an added challenge that requires precise coordination and control of the vessels. Efficient communication, as a prerequisite for shared situational awareness, is needed in order to execute the response tasks effectively. In order to gain and maintain adequate maritime skills, practical training is needed. Field exercises are the most effective way of learning, but especially the related vessel operations are resource-intensive and costly. Field exercises may also be affected by environmental limitations such as high sea-state or other adverse weather conditions. In Finland, the seasonal ice-coverage also limits the training period to summer seasons as regards the vessel operations of the Fire and Rescue Services. In addition, the sensitiveness of the marine environment restricts the use of real oil or other target substances. This paper examines, whether maritime simulator training can offer a complementary method to overcome the training challenges related to the field exercises. The objective is to assess the efficiency and the learning impact of simulator training, and the specific skills that can be trained most effectively in simulators. This paper provides an overview of learning results from two oil spill response pilot courses, in which maritime navigational bridge simulators together with an oil recovery simulator were used. The courses were targeted at Fire and Rescue Services responsible for near shore oil spill response in Finland. The competence levels of the participants were surveyed before and after the course in order to measure potential shifts in competencies. In addition to the quantitative analysis, the efficiency of the simulator training was evaluated qualitatively through feedback from the participants. The results indicate that simulator training is a valid and effective method for developing marine oil spill response competencies that complements traditional exercise formats. Simulator training provides a safe environment for assessing various oil containment and recovery tactics. One of the main benefits of the simulator training was found to be the immediate feedback the spill modelling software provides on the oil spill behaviour as a reaction to the response measures.

10

Comparative analysis of ports practices and activities in the Tri-City and China

Ziemska M., Płodzik E., Falkowska M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

641--646

EN

The following article presents a comparative analysis of the operation of Polish ports in the Tri-City as well as the characteristics of the most prosperous Chinese ports. The comparison of such unreasonably different size ports aims at directing Polish ports to development opportunities in order to achieve trans-shipment and development growth. The change in how cargo management in an area remote from the port affects the work of the city and the port itself may suggest changes in the management of the current situation.

11

Analyzing the factors affecting the safe maritime navigation for training apprentice officers

Lee M. K., Park S. W., Park Y. S., Park M. J., Lee E. K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 2

393--399

EN

One of the primary factors that affect the safe maritime navigation is the insufficient experience and skill of an apprentice officer, which may be improved using simulation-based training by ensuring operational efficiency. This study aims to determine appropriate factors for achieving effective and intensive simulation-based training of apprentice officers and present the guidelines for such a training scheme. Initially, a marine traffic risk model, which interprets and accurately measures the risk of collision with other vessels, is analyzed to derive the most influential factors in safe navigation. Subsequently, simulation experiments are conducted by applying machine learning to verify the required safe navigation factors for effectively training the apprentice officers. As a result of the above analysis, it was confirmed that the factor affecting safe maritime navigation was the distance from other vessels. Finally, the differences between these distances in the simulations are analyzed for both the apprentice officers and the experienced officers, and the guidelines corresponding to both these cases are presented. This study has the limitation because of the difference between the ship maneuver simulation and the actual ship navigation. This can be resolved based on the results of this study, in combination with the actual navigation data.

12

What Is the next?

Walczak A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 4

829--831

13

Computer-Based Training (CBT):innovation and influence Towards Teaching-Learning Process at JBLFMU-Molo

Alimen R. A., Ortega N. B., Galve R., Bito‐onon L. B.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 4

821--825

EN

This study determined the level of assessment of subjects with CBT (Computer-Based-Training) application among marine engineering students of John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Iloilo City. The participants in this study were the randomly selected one hundred and thirty-three (133) marine engineering students of JBLFMU-Molo, Iloilo City who had taken subjects with CBTs. The present study employed quantitative-qualitative research design by Creswell (2013). Results reveal the following: (1) review with CBT or CBTR review is the mostly utilized subject because this is needed in the marine engineering licensure examinations; (2) level of assessment of CBTs is excellent; (3) no significant differences in the assessment of CBTs were found out among marine engineering students as classified according to different variables such as academic performance, students’ classification, type of students, and section.

14

The application of E-learning in maritime education and training in China

Chen X., Bai X., Xiao Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 2

349--354

EN

E-learning brings the third wave to Internet applications. E-learning is a new training mode with the open characteristics, which is completely different with traditional training. E-learning teaches students the specialized knowledge of theories, work experience and technology by information networks and computer hardware equipment. Students can through a variety of terminal equipment to learn anytime and anywhere, so as to improve student learning results. Maritime education and training must conform to the trend of times to explore E-learning training to improve the training performance. In this paper, based on the theory of E-learning, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of E-learning training. By analyzing current status of maritime education and training, using E-learning to establish China's maritime education and training of the lifelong education system, using E-learning to promote the internationalization of navigation education and training.

15

Occupational Issues and Expectations of Turkish Deck Cadets

Yıldız S., Uğurlu O., Yüksekyıldız E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 3

403--408

EN

Seafaring is one of the world's most difficult professions. Seafarers have to face with many negative factors while they are at sea. These negative factors, makes the seafaring profession difficult to be preferred. Fatigue, stress, heavy weather conditions and lack of communication are some of these factors that affect seafarer’s occupational continuity and also make contribution to occurrence of marine accidents. Cadet is one of the seafarers who will be a navigation officer and captain in the near future. That’s why cadets have a significant role in maritime industry. Theoretical and practical training of cadets is very important. Purpose of this study was to examine deck cadets’ training conditions and difficulties they have to face with during their training period. In order to identify these difficulties, render their lives during trainings easier, and establish their expectations, questionnaire conducted with 618 deck cadets. Interviews were carried out with 3 trainers and 10 maritime companies that have substantial shares in Turkey’s maritime trade. As a result of this study identified factors that increase fatigue mostly, reduction measures have been exposed and have tried to offer solutions. This study is an advisory to improve the occupational continuity of cadets in the profession.

16

Experimental Research with Neuroscience Tool in Maritime Education and Training (MET)

Papachristos D., Nikitakos N.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 2

341--349

EN

The paper argues for the necessity to combine MMR methods (questionnaire, interview), gaze tracking as neuroscience tool and sentiment/opinion techniques for personal satisfaction analysis at the maritime and training education (MET) and proposes a practical research approach for this purpose. The purpose of this paper is to compare the results from gaze tracker (Face analysis tool) of three experiments & sentiment analysis of two experiments for satisfaction evaluation of the students-users’ (subjective) satisfaction of the maritime education via user interface evaluation of several types of educational software (i.e. engine simulator, ECDIS, MATLAB). The experimental procedure presented here is a primary effort to research the emotion analysis (satisfaction) of the users-students in MET. The gaze tracking & sentiment analysis methodology appears to be one sufficient as evaluation tool. Finally, the ultimate goal of this research is to find and test the critical factors that influence the educational practice and user’s satisfaction of MET modern educational tools (simulators, ECDIS etc.).

17

A Study of Social Networks for Maritime Education and Training

Takimoto T., Furusho M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 3

409--414

EN

This study analyzes the role played by social networks in maritime education and training. The objective of this study is to investigate the shortage of seafarers in maritime global transportation, as mentioned by the BIMCO. The authors divide the processes of maritime education and training into two categories: “Maritime educational institute” and “Maritime Company.” These are not systematically connected but are found in the processes between social networks; it has the social networks to both. Therefore, teaching staff members, in their roles as job advisors in “Maritime educational institutes,” use social networks in conjunction with “Maritime companies.” The teaching staff members communicate with students using these processes. The teaching staffs are the carriers in regard to how these processes are related. This study surveyed aspects of “personality” and “social networks” pertaining to teaching staffs and quantitatively analyzed the processes related to social networks.

18

Further Studies On The COLREGs (Collision Regulations)

Demirel E., Bayer D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 1

17--23

EN

The collision risk is one of the major reasons threaten safety at sea. The Collision Regulations (COLREGs) is the essential international arrangement which regulates the rules of the roads at sea. Being also a legal document, the language of the COLREGs is not so apparent for the end users (navigators) and this cause some misunderstandings and ambiguity. Many discussions on COLREGs have continued since its first submission related to its application. It seems unlikely to make a radical change on COLREGs even on its manner of introduction. So it would be better to improve new manners to ensure the effective use of COLREGs in particular in the field of education and training. It is aimed to review the existing studies on COLREGs and recent improvements in the maritime education, and investigate applicable and reliable solutions to reduce the negative impacts experienced during the application of the COLREGs.