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EN
A seaport is presented in this article as a system composed of various types of waterways. The author has defined relationships between port waterway system elements and conditions of safe operation of ships in port. Relationships were determined between the conditions of safe operation of ships and the parameters of the following port waterways: anchorage, fairways (approach and inner channels, port entrances), turning area and port basin. The identified relationships between port waterway system and conditions of safe ship operation provided a basis for formulating the objective function of waterway parameter optimization during port design. In practice, these relations were used to determine the parameters of the Outer Container Terminal being built in Świnoujście, where two optimization problems were to be solved: 1. The optimization of approach channel parameters, 2. The optimization of parameters of the port entrance, turning area and port basin. The Outer Container Terminal in Świnoujście is expected to handle ocean-going ships with a length overall Lo = 400 m, and its projected capacity is estimated at 1.5 million TEU per year, a figure that can be doubled in the future.
EN
Approaches to the port are usually considered high traffic areas. Not only deep draft vessels pass through this limited manoeuvring space, but also intensive pleasure craft traffic, especially during the summer season. Crossing of both commercial ships and pleasure craft traffic may generate dangerous situations for navigation. The aim of the following article is to present solutions to the aforementioned safety problem. The article focuses on the navigation safety aspects at the Świnoujście seaport entrance. Currently, Świnoujście-Szczecin Port Regulations take only large ships into consideration while specifying the safety passing at this area, at the same time, belittling the presence of small crafts up to 20 m in length. In order to prove the need for change, one should first present the necessary research concerning the evaluation of the safety level of maximum sized ships navigating at the Świnoujście entrance area in the presence or absence of small pleasure crafts. The surveys were conducted on a group of pilots and captains possessing pilot exemption certificates. The research findings clearly show that the traffic of small crafts and large ships should be separated due to safety concerns. Thus, marine traffic engineering solution is suggested in order to eliminate the most plausible dangers.
EN
This paper presents a simulation method for identifying optimal parameters for turning basins on waterways. This method has been used for the detailed design of the Przesmyk Orli Turning Basin in the Port of Szczecin. Methods of this type allow the parameters of a turning basin to be optimized so long as the facility is fixed in one location.
EN
The paper presents the development of a new simulation method to optimize bends in marine waterways. This method, using results of empirical research and simulation methods, would allow accurate determination of safe manoeuvring areas. The method was used at the stage of detailed design of parameters of the, which is undergoing modernization, to determine the optimum parameters of horizontal curves of the fairway. The study was conducted on the type of manoeuvring simulator called Polaris Kongsberg and attended by pilots from the Szczecin–Swinoujscie Pilot Station. Based on the studies carried out, the maximum safe ship length was determined for the redesigned waterway and the conditions for their safe operation. The maximum lengths of these ships are as follows: cruise Lc = 260 m, container Lc = 240 m and a bulk carrier Lc = 220 m.
EN
This article presents the optimized parameters of the Świnoujście seaport entrance and three-kilometer fairway linking Świnoujście and Szczecin, extended to allow the safe entry of 300-meter bulk carriers drawing up to 13.5 meters. The parameters were determined by a simulation-based optimization method, where the objective function and its constraint were, respectively, the reconstruction costs of that waterway section and the vessels’ navigation safety. The study made use of real-time simulation in coordination with the vessel’s human operator.
6
Content available remote Kryteria optymalizacji parametrów różnych modeli systemu morskich dróg wodnych
PL
W artykule przedstawiono algorytmy optymalizacji parametrów systemu morskich dróg wodnych dla modeli ruchu jednokierunkowego i dwukierunkowego oraz określono i przeanalizowano ich różne kryteria optymalizacji. Nowoopracowaną metodę (algorytm) optymalizacji parametrów systemu dwukierunkowej morskiej drogi wodnej zastosowano do określenia parametrów przebudowywanego toru wodnego Swinoujście-Szczecin w części Zalewu Szczecińskiego, określając parametry toru i jego oznakowania nawigacyjnego oraz lokalizacje i parametry mijanek.
EN
The article presents optimization algorithms for parameters of a sea waterway system for a one-way and a two-way ship's traffic model. Different optimization criteria have been determined and analysed. The novel method (algorithm) of optimization of a two-way sea waterway parameters was applied to determine the parameters of a modernized Swinoujście-Szczecin waterway located inside Szczecin Lagoon area by specifying the waterway and aids to navigation parameters as well as the location and parameters of passing places along the waterway.
7
Content available Port basin as a waterway system component
EN
The system of port waterways has been defined herein as a composition of three subsystems: approach area (port basin), quay and its equipment, navigational (determination of ship position and speed). Besides, the author defines the state vector of conditions for safe operation of berthing ships. Described are interrelations between parameters of port waterway system and the state vector of safe operation of berthing ships. Differences have been specified between sea waterway systems (fairways, harbour entrances, turning basins, anchorages) and systems of port waterways (port basin, lock).
8
Content available Systems approach to sea waterways
EN
The system of sea waterways, as defined in this article, consists of three subsystems: waterways, navigational, and traffic control. This author has defined a state vector for conditions of safe operation of ships on a waterway and described interrelations between parameters of sea waterway system and the state vector of safe ship operation conditions.
EN
The article presents an algorithm developed for determining conditions of safe ship operation in a system of sea waterways consisting of three components, or subsystems: waterways, navigation and traffic control. A model of the optimization of sea waterway system parameters is described.
PL
W artykule zdefiniowano system morskich dróg wodnych oraz przedstawiono ogólne zasady jego modelowania. Określono warunki bezpiecznej eksploatacji systemu morskich dróg wodnych oraz zbudowano model optymalizacji jego parametrów. Opisany model optymalizacji zastosowano przy projektowaniu systemu podejściowych dróg wodnych do portu zewnętrznego w świnoujściu (Terminalu LNG).
EN
The article defines a system of sea waterways and discusses general principles of modeling such systems. Conditions for safe operation of marine waterway systems are specified. The author's model of waterway parameter optimization herein presented was used in designing a system of approach channels leading to the outer port in Świnoujście, the LNG terminal.
11
Content available remote Optimization of sea waterway system parameters in marine traffic engineering
EN
The article defines a system of sea waterways and discusses general principles of modeling such systems. Conditions for safe operation of marine waterway systems are specified. The author's model of waterway parameter optimization herein presented was used in designing a system of approach channels leading to the outer port in Świnoujście, the LNG terminal.
PL
Streszczenie: W artykule zdefiniowano system morskich dróg wodnych oraz przedstawiono ogólne zasady jego modelowania. Określono warunki bezpiecznej eksploatacji systemu morskich dróg wodnych oraz zbudowano model optymalizacji jego parametrów. Opisany model optymalizacji zastosowano przy projektowaniu systemu podejściowych dróg wodnych do portu zewnętrznego w Świnoujściu (Terminalu LNG).
PL
Bezpieczeństwo manewrów wyprzedzania statków morskich jest istotnym elementem podczas realizacji nawigacji na akwenach ograniczonych. Specyfika akwenu ograniczonego redukuje dostępną przestrzeń manewrową, zwiększając ryzyko przerwania elementu systemu logistycznego poprzez kolizję statków podczas manewru wyprzedzania. Jednym z czynników determinujących bezkolizyjne wykonanie manewru jest prawidłowa ocena odległości bocznej pomiędzy jednostkami w momencie realizacji tego manewru. W artykule przedstawiono przyczyny kolizji statków podczas wyprzedzania na akwenach o ograniczonej przestrzeni manewrowej.
EN
Safety of overtaking maneuvers is an essential point of navigation carried out in restricted areas. The specificity of such areas causes reduce of manoeuvering available space. One of the elements determining no collision overtaking manoeuvre is the correct evaluation of the lateral distance between two ships during the action. The paper presents the causes of vessel collision during overtaking in restricted areas.
13
EN
This article presents basic principles of using simulation research in marine traffic engineering and describes a simulation method of waterway design. The author indicates the most common errors made when the procedures of simulation research are not followed, despite advanced ship handling simulators used, which makes it impossible to satisfy the criterion of conformity between the examined system and its model. Practical use of results thus obtained leads to the breach of safety criteria or overdimensioning of waterway system. The presented simulation method of waterway design has been developed by this author. Applying the procedures of the method ensures that the mentioned conformity criterion is fulfilled.
EN
The paper presents the usage of mathematical theory of evidence in maritime and offshore applications. This paper brings together a collection of some research on the Dempster–Shafer theory of belief functions. By bridging fuzzy logic and probabilistic reasoning, the theory of belief functions has become a primary tool for knowledge representation and uncertainty reasoning in expert systems. This paper can serve as the authoritative reference in the field of evidential reasoning and an important archival reference in a wide range of areas including uncertainty reasoning in artificial intelligence and decision making in maritime and offshore applications, in management, engineering and transport, in marine shipping, coastal management, navigation, surveillance, monitoring and observation. In particular the paper describes uncertainty reasoning approaches to decision making in maritime and offshore applications, possible applications in safety-based assessment, Coastal Management Expert System, mathematical theory of evidence in marine navigation, the optimisation problem of monitoring stations distribution and finally the facility location and location science.
EN
The article describes the method of the determination of optimal parameters of the approach channels leading to the outer port in Świnoujście assuring safe navigation of LNG tankers of Q-flex type. The method used was specially developed for optimized design of waterway systems. Conditions of safe vessel operations within the system were defined.
PL
W artykule wyznaczono optymalne parametry systemu podejściowych dróg wodnych do portu zewnętrznego w Świnoujściu zapewniających bezpieczną nawigację gazowców LNG typu Q-flex. Zastosowano specjalnie opracowaną metodę optymalnego projektowania systemów dróg wodnych. Określono warunki bezpiecznej eksploatacji systemu.
16
Content available remote The traffic engineering approach to problems of sea waterway system design
EN
The article deals with some problems that designers of sea waterways encounter, i.e.: interrelations between parameters of waterway, ships and positioning systems used, selection of position determination systems depending on ship's operating conditions on sea waterways, and the optimization of waterway parameters.
PL
W artykule zostaną przedstawione wybrane problemy projektowania systemu morskich dróg wodnych, takie jak: wzajemna zależność parametrów dróg wodnych, statków i stosowanych systemów pozycjonowania; dobór systemów pozycjonowania w zależności od warunków eksploatacji statków na morskich drogach wodnych; optymalizacja parametrów dróg wodnych.
17
Content available Simulation methods in LNG terminal design
EN
This article describes basic tasks to be done in the process of designing LNG terminals. In this connection various possible applications of computer simulation models are discussed. Dedicated methods for the selection of terminal site and the determination of parameters of approach channels, port areas and cargo handling facilities are presented. These methods make use of various models of computer-based simulation. The methods herein described have actually been used in the works on designing the LNG terminal in Świnoujście.
PL
W artykule opisano podstawowe zadania realizowane w procesie projektowania terminali LNG oraz przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania różnych modeli symulacji komputerowej do ich realizacji. Zaprezentowano specjalnie opracowane metody wyboru lokalizacji terminali oraz określenia parametrów torów podejściowych, akwenów portowych i stanowisk przeładunkowych. W metodach tych zastosowano różne modele symulacji komputerowej. Opisane metody zastosowano przy projektowaniu terminalu LNG w Świnoujściu.
PL
W referacie określono bezpieczne głębokości i szerokości podejściowych torów wodnych do portu Świnoujście. Są to parametry, które umożliwią realizację planowanych inwestycji portu Świnoujście.
EN
In article safe parameters for depths and widths of Swinoujscie waterways has been presented. Optimization of this values will allow to modernize port of Swinoujscie in aspect of planned investments
19
Content available Reliability level of safe manoeuvring area
EN
In the following article the methods for establishing parametres of safe manoeuvring area are presented. The methods are constructed on the basis of deterministic and probabilistic models of ships' manoeuvring in restricted areas. The reliance level has been established for these methods in which deterministic and probabilistic model of under keel clearance has been used.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metody określenia parametrów bezpiecznego akwenu manewrowego. Metody te są zbudowane w oparciu o modele deterministyczne i probabilistyczne ruchu statków na akwenach ograniczonych. Określono poziomy ufności metod, w których zastosowano deterministyczny i probabilistyczny model rezerwy wody pod stępką.
20
Content available remote The width of a fairway - comparison of models
EN
This article presents probabilistic and deterministic methods of safe waterway width assessment. The models were used to obtain optimal parameters of different type waterways. An analysis of results will be conducted to determine possible applications of the proposed methods.
PL
W artykule zostaną zaprezentowane modele probabilistyczne i deterministyczne określenia bezpiecznej szerokości dróg wodnych. Modele te zastosowano do określenia bezpiecznej szerokości dróg wodnych różnego typu. W oparciu o przeprowadzone badania zostanie przeprowadzona analiza możliwości zastosowania tych modeli dla różnego typu dróg wodnych.
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