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1

Estimation of changes in marine traffic flow due to installation of virtual buoys based on the OZT method

Fukuda G., Tamaru H., Shoji R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

445--454

EN

In this study, changes in maritime traffic flow due to the installation of virtual buoys were analysed from the perspective of collision, based on the obstacle zone by target (OZT) method. The existence of an OZT within ±2° in the bow direction is considered to be dangerous; all the OZTs that a vessel encountered at the time when this orientation prevailed were subjected to analysis. For the calculation of the OZT model, an SD3 model was used. The estimated OZT was used to calculate the OZT density, and the positions of the ships that were encountering the OZT were used for the analysis. It was found that the OZT density at the locations where collisions had occurred in the past was approximately 0.01 [times/km2]. After the installation of virtual buoys, most places around there were reduced to around approximately 0.005 [times/km2]. The results imply that the installation of virtual buoys has reduced the risk of collisions. In contrast, the OZT density in the southern region of Buoy 1 increased from approximately 0.005 [times/km2] to approximately 0.01 [times/km2], suggesting that a more detailed analysis of this area is required.

2

Distribution of the international marine traffic air pollutant emissions in the port of split

Mihanović L., Lalić B., Bratić K., Stazić L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

611--614

EN

The paper describes the initial part of the research into the impact of the Port of Split marine traffic on the environment and the city. The Port of Split is situated in the middle of the Adriatic Sea and it is one of busiest marine traffic regions in the Mediterranean. The Port consists of six geographically separated basins, two of them for smaller vessels, other four for the international marine traffic. The paper presents type and size of vessels in basins, engine size, stay in Port and finally quantity of the international marine traffic air pollutant emission per each basin. The distribution of the international marine traffic and its air pollutant emission pinpoint exactly main sources of the emissions in the area around the city and its dependency on various factors linked to the vessels, showing that the city is encircled by with multiple pollution sources.

3

Maritime Green Solution for Traffic Congestion

Petković M., Zubčić M., Krčum M., Vujović I.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

97--103

EN

Traffic congestion is a wide problem in many tourist destinations. Airports are usually distant from the city centers. Hence, road and rail traffic are widely used to connect airports and city centers. In this paper, we propose zero-emission solution for connection between airport and the center at the example of Croatian city Split. Since Split has become a popular tourist destination, the number of vehicles during summer season increases. As a measure to decrease air pollution, in this paper the marine traffic by electric vessels is proposed for the route Split – airport. Seven all-electrical vessels are presented with their technical characteristics. The idea is to have zero emission transfers by sea from the center of the Split to the airport. The criteria for minimum cruising speed is set to 13 knots, which ensures that one crossing takes 30 minutes and makes it competitive with other forms of transport.

4

Assessing safety effects of digitization with the European Maritime Simulator Network EMSN: the sea traffic management case

Burmeister H. C., Scheidweiler T., Reimann M., Jahn C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

91--96

EN

This paper will give an intro into the technical backbone of the EMSN and derive necessary specifications to allow for objective testing in large scale. Further, it will demonstrate the potential of EMSN as a maritime safety test-bed on the STM case. Therefore, the simulations executed within the EMSN are evaluated regarding their safety level in order to demonstrate the effects of various measures to improve safety. Based on a fuzzy logic approach, numerical Data from the EMSN Data-Tracker is used as an input to assess a present traffic situation from the perspective of a specific ship and outputs a comprehensive safety index developed by expert opinions. The safety index is used to further analyze navigators’ behavior and decisions in different maritime traffic scenarios that are executed within the EMSN.

5

Analysis of the vessels’ service time in the Port of Gdańsk, Based on the Time Registration of ships entries and departures, as a proposition of multi-aspect method of port monitoring

Myszka A., Kaizer A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 2

465--468

EN

The aim of the paper is to analyse the length of time that ships spend in the Port of Gdansk. It is based on the examination of the time when ships come into and leave the port. Source of data used in the study is public web platform - Marine Traffic. Analysis which was conducted, enables to get information about duration of ships servicing in the port with a division into dimension, load capacity and type of the ship. Due to that information, it is possible to observe the duration of complete service for each vessel, including entering the harbour, reloading and the departure. Gained knowledge would allow to forecast, plan and model future development operations more properly. In addition, due to the method based on counting the number of hours that ships spend in the harbour, it is possible to estimate the amount of pollution emitted to the air.

6

Detection of floating objects based on hydroacoustic and hydrodynamic pressure measurements in the coastal zone

Buszman Krystian, Gloza Małgorzata

Polish Maritime Research

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2020

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nr 2

168--175

EN

The development of coastal infrastructure and related maritime transport necessitatesthe intensification of vessel traffic monitoring. Navigation systems used in this research are traditionally based on the information transmitted by radio waves. Marine traffic safety requires constant supervision carried out by dedicated systems, the operation of which may be limitedby difficult environmental conditions. The possibilities of supporting navigation systems with underwater observation systems are explored here. The research was carried out using an underwater measurement system. Local disturbances of the hydroacoustic and hydrodynamic field from the moving vessels were analysed. The potential for identifying a moving vessel, for example for offshore infrastructure security purposes, is demonstrated.

7

Ship route planning using historical trajectories derived from AIS Data

He Y. K., Zhang D., Zhang J. F., Zhang M. Y., Li T. W.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

69--76

EN

Ship route planning is one of the key issues in enhancing traffic safety and efficiency. Many route planning methods have been developed, but most of them are based on the information from charts. This paper proposes a method to generate shipping routes based on historical ship tracks. The ship's historical route information was obtained by processing the AIS data. From which the ship turning point was extracted and clustered as nodes. The ant colony algorithm was used to generate the optimize route. The ship AIS data of the Three Gorges dam area was selected as a case study. The ships’ optimized route was generated, and further compared with the actual ship's navigation trajectory. The results indicate that there is space of improvement for some of the trajectories, especially near the turning areas.

8

Mapping marine traffic density by using AIS data: an application in the Northern Aegean Sea

Kundakҁi B., Nas S.

Polish Maritime Research

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2018

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nr 4

49--58

EN

Automatic Identification System (AIS) data is used for monitoring the movements of vessels live movements through instant transmission of vessel information while, at the same time, historical AIS data is used for marine traffic analysis by researchers. There are several methods and computer programs developed for the analysis of marine traffic by the use of AIS data. Combining the intersection algorithm proposed by Antonio (1992) and distance calculation method, this study develops a method to analyse vessel distribution on a selected cross sectional line (SCS) in the Northern Aegean Sea. As a complementary to the new methods proposed, a desktop application is developed in C# programming language to visualize the vessel distribution on the SCS line. SQL server is used for AIS data storage and analysis. The study is conducted over 7-day AIS data, specifically 2.382.469 rows and 42.884.442 data in total, belonging to the Northern Aegean Sea marine traffic. As a result, the mapping of the movements of different types of vessels in the Northern Aegean Sea is effectively performed and Frequency-Distance, Draught-Distance, SOG-Distance, SOG-COG distributions on the SCS line are successfully analysed by the new method introduced.

9

Marine traffic, accidents, and underreporting in the Baltic Sea

Sormunen O.-V. E., Hänninen M., Kujala P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2016

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nr 46 (118)

163--177

EN

This paper presents an overview of ship traffic volume and accidents in the Baltic Sea with a special focus on the Gulf of Finland. The most common accidents are groundings and collisions, usually reported to be caused by human error. The annual number of Baltic Sea accidents reported to HELCOM varied from 34–54 for collisions and 30–60 for groundings. The number of yearly port calls varied from 468–505 thousand with a peak in 2008. Exact port call data could not be found for all ports and hence had to be estimated. The number of line crossingings in HELCOM AIS data was found to be a good, rough surrogate measure for the total number of port calls and could be used if more precise port call data was not available. By analyzing two separate accident databases, an estimate for accident underreporting was calculated. Different statistical methods yielded an underreporting rate in the range of 40–50%. Lastly, the true number of accidents was estimated, based on the estimated underreporting percentage for the Baltic Sea. Based on these results, the true number of true accidents should be first estimated if accident statistics are used in building or validating maritime risk models. When using such models or accidents statistics in decision-making, the underlying uncertainty in the accident statistics should be taken into account as the underreporting frequency estimates are only approximations of the real number of accidents.

10

Modeling of dredging works and marine traffic interference assessment

Kuznetsov A., Kaizer A.

Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2014

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Z. 29

16--24

EN

This article introduces a model providing an assessment of interdependence of the marine traffic and dredging activity in a port’s areas. This assessment in turn enables to optimize the time schedule of dredging works by coordinating them with a given schedule or with the random pattern of ship’s arrivals. The effectiveness of this type of project (dredging works) depends to a great extent on the proper analysis of the factors hindering the implementation of the project, such as: the vessels traffic, and uninterrupted operation of port terminals. For a better understanding of the problem, the article describes only correlation between dredging works and vessels calling at the harbor. Full form of this issue should describe the interference of the total ship's traffic in port areas, i.e. arrivals and departures. That model is currently under construction and will be described in the following article.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia model oceny wzajemnej zależności ruchu jednostek morskich i działalności prac pogłębiarskich na kanale portowym. Analiza ta ma na celu umożliwienie doboru czasu prac pogłębiarskich i koordynacji ich ze stałym harmonogramem lub losową strukturą zawinięć statków. Skuteczność tego typu przedsięwzięcia zależy w dużej mierze od prawidłowej analizy czynników utrudniających realizację projektu, tj. głównie ruchu statków i nieprzerwanego działania terminali portowych. Optymalny harmonogram prac pogłębiarskich, szczegółowo dopasowany do funkcjonowania portu, pozwala zarówno na efektywne wykonywanie zaplanowanych prac, jak i na ograniczenie strat finansowych armatorów i terminali portowych. Dla wstępnego lepszego zrozumienia problematyki artykuł opisuje zaledwie zakres prac pogłębiarskich wobec jednostek morskich wpływających do portu. Pełna forma niniejszej problematyki powinna opisywać wpływ całkowitego ruchu statków na obszarach portowych, tj. wejścia i wyjścia. Taki model jest obecnie tworzony przez autorów i będzie opisany w kolejnym artykule.

11

Surveillance Unattended Foliage Penetrating Radar for Border Control and Homeland Protection

Amato F., Farina A., Fiorini M., Gallone S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 2

193--196

EN

The increasing request for safety, security and environment protection at local and national level reveal the deficiency of the traditional surveillance and control centers to satisfy the needs and requirements of modern border control systems for homeland protection where land border is expected to be monitored as well as the maritime one. This is, for instance, the case of any land border affected by hidden immigration and/or illegal traffics as well as any small areas such as critical infrastructures or military/ civilian posts in forest or jungle environment characterized by vegetation. In such challenging environment, logistics constraints strongly recommend to have very low power devices able to operate months or years without maintenance. A such scenario should be the perfect place for implementing an Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) network making use FOliage PENetration (FOPEN) radar for border control. The paper aims to present the basic characteristics and preliminary results of a Surveillance Unattended FOPEN (SUF) radar suitable for detecting moving targets, people or vehicles, in dense forest environment.

12

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Congested Marine Traffic Environment – An Application Using Marine Traffic Simulation System

Hasegawa K., Yamazaki M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 2

179--184

EN

Difficulty of sailing is quite subjective matter. It depends on various factors. Using Marine Traffic Simulation System (MTSS) developed by Osaka University this challenging subject is discussed. In this system realistic traffic flow including collision avoidance manoeuvres can be reproduced in a given area. Simulation is done for southward of Tokyo Bay, Strait of Singapore and off‐Shanghai area changing traffic volume from 5 or 50 to 150 or 200% of the present volume. As a result, strong proportional relation between near‐miss ratio and traffic density per hour per sailed area is found, independent on traffic volume, area size and configuration. The quantitative evaluation index of the difficulty of sailing, here called risk rate of the area is defined using thus defined traffic density and near‐miss ratio.

13

Functional Requirements to Support Traffic Organization Service

Jeong J.S., Park G.K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 1

115--118

EN

In the era of e‐Navigation, the future VTS is anticipated to play an important role on the enhancement of maritime safety and the efficiency of maritime transport as a key stakeholder of e‐Navigation. The VTS services need the advanced Traffic Organization Service(TOS). In this paper, the VTS functions for TOS is revisited from the reports of IMO e‐Navigation Correspondence Group and IALA VTS Committee. In Korea, the research activities to enhance the existing VTS functions have been conducted. In terms of TOS, some VTS functions have been developed. In conclusion, all the past traffic data and real‐time ship data are required to provide the advanced TOS. For this, the advanced functions to support TOS should be implemented on VTS console.

14

Correlation between the Ship Grounding Accident and the Ship Traffic – A Case Study Based on the Statistics of the Gulf of Finland

Mazaheri A., Montewka J., Kujala P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 1

119--124

EN

Ship traffic is one of the factors that is presented in almost all of the existing grounding models, and is considered as one of the affecting factors on the likelihood of grounding accident. This effect in grounding accident is mostly accepted by the experts as a common sense or simply by just generalizing the ship‐ship collision cases to grounding accidents. There is no available research on the actual causal link between the ship traffic and grounding accident in the literature. In this paper, authors have utilized the statistical analysis on historical grounding accident data in the Gulf of Finland between the years 1989 and 2010 and the AIS data of the same area in year 2010, as the source of ship traffic data, to investigate the possible existence of any correlation between the ship traffic and the grounding accident. The results show that for the studied area (Gulf of Finland) there is no correlation between the traffic density and the grounding accident. However, the possibility of the existence of minor relation between the traffic distribution and grounding accident is shown by the result. This finding, however, needs further investigation for more clarification.

15

Basin-Wide Maritime Awareness From Multi-Source Ship Reporting Data

Greidanus H., Alvarez M., Eriksen T. K., Argentieri P., Cokacar T., Pesaresi A., Falchetti S., Nappo D., Mazzarella F., Alessandrini A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 2

185--192

EN

A system was set up to ingest automatic ship position reports (terrestrial and satellite AIS, LRIT) and fuse these into a Maritime Situational Picture, tracking the ships within an ocean basin‐wide area of interest in real time. Trial runs were made over several months, collecting reporting data from a number of different sources, over the Gulf of Aden and the Western Indian Ocean. Also satellite radar surveillance was carried out in order to sample the presence of non‐reporting ships. The trial showed that satellite AIS is a powerful tool for basin‐wide ship traffic monitoring; that multiple AIS satellites are needed for sufficient completeness and update rate; and that coastal AIS and LRIT still provide essential complements to the satellite AIS data. The radar survey showed that about half of the radar‐detected ships are not seen in the reporting data. The ultimate purpose of this work is to support the countries around the Horn of Africa in the fight against piracy and to help build their capacity to deliver maritime security and safety.

16

A Marine Traffic Flow Model

Yip T.L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 1

109--113

EN

A model is developed for studying marine traffic flow through classical traffic flow theories, which can provide us with a better understanding of the phenomenon of traffic flow of ships. On one hand, marine traffic has its special features and is fundamentally different from highway, air and pedestrian traffic. The existing traffic models cannot be simply extended to marine traffic without addressing marine traffic features. On the other hand, existing literature on marine traffic focuses on one ship or two ships but does not address the issues in marine traffic flow.

17

Optymalizacja parametrów systemu morskich dróg wodnych w ujęciu inżynierii ruchu morskiego

Gucma S.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2013

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z. 95

157--166

PL

W artykule zdefiniowano system morskich dróg wodnych oraz przedstawiono ogólne zasady jego modelowania. Określono warunki bezpiecznej eksploatacji systemu morskich dróg wodnych oraz zbudowano model optymalizacji jego parametrów. Opisany model optymalizacji zastosowano przy projektowaniu systemu podejściowych dróg wodnych do portu zewnętrznego w świnoujściu (Terminalu LNG).

EN

The article defines a system of sea waterways and discusses general principles of modeling such systems. Conditions for safe operation of marine waterway systems are specified. The author's model of waterway parameter optimization herein presented was used in designing a system of approach channels leading to the outer port in Świnoujście, the LNG terminal.

18

The Relation with Width of Fairway and Marine Traffic Flow

Seong Y., Jeong J. S., Park G. K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 3

317--321

EN

Nowadays, many of changes have arisen in maritime traffic due to the enlargement of ship’s size and improvement of ship’s speed. It is common that the risks of handling a ship in narrow water area is increasing according to increase traffic volume. In order to correspond to these changes and risks, it should be necessary to make sure the relation between proper width of route in fairway and allowable traffic volume. The conventional method of designing a fairway takes into consideration of movement by one ship of maxi-mum size. But the congestion by traffic volume is not taken in the concept. In a while, a case of road design is generally considered about a traffic volume. From such a view point, this research proposes the method of de-termining fairway-width in consideration of traffic flow. To evaluate traffic congestion in a route, the Envi-ronmental Stress model is adopted as the index of standard, using traffic simulation with avoiding a collision for reproducing traffic flow.

19

Simplified Risk Analysis of Tanker Collisions in the Gulf of Finland

Goerlandt F., Hanninen M., Stahlberg K., Montewka J., Kujala P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 3

381--387

EN

Maritime traffic poses various risks in terms of human casualties, environmental pollution or loss of property. In particular, tankers pose a high environmental risk as they carry very large amounts of oil or more modest amounts of possibly highly toxic chemicals. In this paper, a simplified risk assessment meth-odology for spills from tankers is proposed for the Gulf of Finland, for tankers involved in a ship-ship collision. The method is placed in a wider risk assessment methodology, inspired by the Formal Safety Assess-ment (FSA) and determines the risk as a combination of probability of occurrence and severity of the consequences. The collision probability model is based on a time-domain micro simulation of maritime traf-fic, for which the input is obtained through a detailed analysis of data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS). In addition, an accident causation model, coupled to the output of the traffic simulation model is proposed to evaluate the risk reduction effect of the risk control options. Further development of the model is needed, but the modular nature of the model allows for continuous improvement of the modules and the ex-tension of the model to include more hazards or consequences, such that the effect of risk control options can be studied and recommendations made. This paper shows some preliminary results of some risk analysis blocks for tanker collisions in the Gulf of Finland.

20

Clustering analysis and identification of marine traffic congested zones at Wusongkou, Shanghai

Oo Kyay Mone Soe Oo Kyay Mone, Shi Chaojian Shi, Hu Qinyou Hu, Weintrit A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2010

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nr 67

101-113

EN

Shanghai, with its natural, cultural and historical wealth, is not only one of China's most beautiful cities, but it is also one of the most exciting cities in the world. However, there are enormous challenges for navigation in the Shanghai Strait due to its geographical, geopolitical and oceanographic structure. One of the challenges is the marine traffic which crosses from one side to other of the strait. In this study, an attempt is made to identify of vessel traffic zones based on DBSCAN in the Wusongkou. It is located along the north end of Huangpu river which flows from South-West of Shanghai to the North-East and flows into Yangtze river. Ship's domain is introduced into the DBSCAN algorithm, a particle suitable clustering algorithm is improved for clustering the real-time ship's dynamic data and detecting potential traffic congested areas at sea, and define three neighborhood models. In addition, fuzzy evaluation model is applied to identify traffic congestion degree. At the end of study, combining the improved DBSCAN algorithm and fuzzy evaluation model for traffic congestion degree, using three neighborhood models with different size to analyses the AIS data from the vessels nearby Wusongkou in Shanghai, and build the corresponding figure of traffic condition visualisation, used to visualise the evaluation result. The result indicate that the neighborhood three model (length is seventeen times of ship's length, width is six point four times of ship's length plus ship's width) can identify the traffic congested zones better.

PL

Szanghaj, z jego naturalnym, kulturalnym i historycznym bogactwem, jest nie tylko jednym z najpiękniejszych miast chińskich, ale również jednym z najbardziej fascynujących miast na świecie. Jednakże wody wokół Szanghaju stanowią duże wyzwania dla nawigacji ze względu na skomplikowane geograficzne, geopolityczne i oceanograficzne struktury obszaru. Jednym z wyzwań jest ogromne natężenie ruchu morskiego, który krzyżuje się w tym miejscu. Wusongkou to miejsce zlokalizowane wzdłuż północnego końca rzeki Huanpu, która płynie z południowego zachodu na północny wschód i wpływa do rzeki Jangcy. W niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto próbę identyfikacji stref natężenia ruchu w okolicach Wusongkou opartą na algorytmie DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) i modelowaniu odległościowym z rozmytym kryterium dopasowania. W zastosowanych algorytmach DBSCAN uwzględniono domenę statku, a także algorytmy grupowania pozwalające częściowo uwzględnić rzeczywiste dynamiczne dane statków w celu wykrycia obszarów o największym natężeniu ruchu. Głównym celem pracy jest budowa modelu algorytmu predykcji, identyfikacji i prezentacji w czasie rzeczywistym obszarów o szczególnie dużym natężeniu ruchu morskiego dla rzeczywistych danych statystycznych o ruchu statków na akwenie podejściowym do Shanghaju oraz wybór modelu algorytmu optymalnego dla danego akwenu wodnego.