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1

Konkrecje Fe-Mn z polskiego sektora Morza Bałtyckiego : stan wiedzy i potrzeba badań

Zglinicki Karol, Uścinowicz Szymon, Łęczyński Leszek, Szamałek Krzysztof, Jegliński Wojciech, Pączek Urszula, Bylina Paweł, Banaś Michał

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 3

161--168

EN

Studies on Baltic nodules have been undertaken since the1920s. In the 1970sand 1980s, the Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute conducted researches on the bottom sediments of the Baltic Sea, which allowed identifying the regions of occurrence of Fe-Mn nodules in the southern part of the Baltic Sea (Mojski, 1989-1994). Nodules from the Polish Baltic Sea Zone are the least studied element of the marine environment. So far, there is a lack of information on environmental-geological conditions of formation and occurrence of nodules, their metal resources and deposit potential. The Fe-Mn nodules may be a valuable source of information on the contamination of the Baltic Sea water and bottom sediments. In cooperation between the Institute of Oceanography of the University ofGdañsk and the Polish Geological Institute-NRI, two research cruises were carried out in August and September 2020 on a 5 X 5 km testing ground in the Gotland-Gdańsk Threshold region. The seabed surface was profiled using multibeam echo sounders and a side-scan sonar. A hundred samples of Fe-Mn nodules, 25 samples of surface sediments associated with the nodules, and25 samples of clay rocks underlain by marine sediments were collected. The extensive documentary material will enable, for the first time, to estimate the nodule resources and determine the regularity of their occurrence.

2

Evaluation of different binder combinations of cement, slag and ckd for s/s treatment of tbt contaminated sediments

Lindh Per, Lemenkova Polina

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2021

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Vol. 15, no. 4

236--248

EN

The seabed in the ports needs to be regularly cleaned from the marine sediments for safe navigation. Sediments contaminated by tributyltin (TBT) are environmentally harmful and require treatment before recycling. Treatment methods include leaching, stabilisation and solidification to remove toxic chemicals from the sediments and improve their strength for reuse in the construction works. This study evaluated the effects of adding three different binder components (cement, cement kiln dust (CKD) and slag) to treat sediment samples collected in the port of Gothenburg. The goal of this study is to assess the leaching of TBT from the dredged marine sediments contaminated by TBT. The various methods employed for the treatment of sediments include the application of varied ratios of binders. The project has been performed by the Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) on behalf of the Cementa (HeidelbergCement Group) and Cowi Consulting Group, within the framework of the Arendal project. An experiment has been designed to evaluate the effects of adding CKD while reducing cement and slag for sediment treatment. Methods that have been adopted include laboratory processing of samples for leaching using different binder combinations, followed by statistical data processing and graphical plotting. The results of the experiment on leaching of TBT for all samples are tested with a varied ratio of cement, slag, CKD and water. Specimens with added binders 'cement/CKD' have demonstrated higher leaching compared to the ratio 'cement/slag/CKD' and 'cement/slag'. The 'CKD/slag' ratio has presented the best results followed by the ‘cement/slag/CKD’, and can be used as an effective method of s/s treatment of the sediments. The results have shown that the replacement of cement and slag by CKD is effective at TBT leaching for the treatment of toxic marine sediments contaminated by TBT.

3

Amphipods in estuarine and marine quality assessment — a review

Podlesińska Weronika, Dąbrowska Henryka

Oceanologia

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2019

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No. 61 (2)

179--196

EN

Amphipods are a diverse and important group of invertebrates contributing to the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. In spite of their variety, many species of amphipods share important biological and ecological characteristics that make them suitable test organisms for assessment of the ecological quality of estuarine and marine sediments. Their pertinence as test organism includes ecological relevance, close association with sediments, sensitivity to environ-mental contaminants, and amenability for culture and experimentation. Amphipod bioassays are used to examine the effect of exposure to contaminants, as well as to assess whole sediment quality, improve bioassay methods, develop more sensitive endpoints, and compare sensitivity and utility of species in environmental quality assessment. This work reviews the developments in this area of research over the last decades, focusing on European amphipods. The most often used species, the type of bioassays and endpoints investigated, confounding factors influencing the bioassays outcome, and the main applications of the bioassays have been presented. This review also addresses some aspects of amphipod biology that are relevant for bioassay methods and results analysis.

4

Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Marine Sediments Around the Coastal Waters of Mimika Regency, Indonesia

Tanjung Rosye Hefmi Rechnelty, Hamuna Baigo, Yonas Marcelino Novryanto

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

35--42

EN

The heavy metal contamination has become a serious problem in the aquatic environment, including marine sediments. This study was aimed at analyzing the content of heavy metals in marine sediments, then assessing and evaluating the level of heavy metal contamination and its ecological risks. The sediment samples were taken using a grab sampler at six sites in the coastal waters of Mimika Regency, Indonesia. The TCLP testing method was used to determine the content of heavy metals in marine sediments. The results showed that the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Hg in marine sediments ranged from <0.25 to 0.59 ppm, <0.02 to 0.54 ppm, <0.005 to 0.03 ppm, and < 0.0007 ppm. Only the concentrations of Cu on the Meoga and Puriri sites exceeded the quality standard in the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 18 year 1999. The results of the assessment of heavy metal contamination and its ecological risk potential indicate that the coastal waters of Mimika Regency are included in the category of low contamination and low ecological risks. The concentration of heavy metals in this study shows that the coastal waters of Mimika Regency are not contaminated by Pb, Cu, Cd, and Hg heavy metals.

5

Temporal and spatial variability of heavy metals in Marudu Bay, Malaysia

Soon T. K., Denil D. J., Ransangan J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 3

353--367

EN

The current study was conducted to estimate the baseline concentration of heavy metals in the surface sediment of Marudu Bay. Environmental parameters were measured at the seafloor and samples of the surface sediment were collected at monthly intervals for the period of 12 months. The organic content, total N, total P and concentration of 16 trace metals in the surface sediment were analyzed. The baseline concentration of metals was estimated by geochemical normalization. Anthropogenic inputs of metals were then estimated by calculating the enrichment factor for each element. The result demonstrated that the C/N ratio of sediment at Marudu Bay varies from 15 to 342, which indicates the dominance of terrestrial organic matter. The baseline concentration of V, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ti, Rb and Sr were 26.74 mg kg-1, 1.04%, 205.31 mg kg-1, 34.09 mg kg--1, 507.61 mg kg-1, 93.25 mg kg-1, 37.56 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentration of most metals was comparable to the baseline, except Mn and Zn which showed higher concentrations in most parts of Marudu Bay. In conclusion, the metal concentration in Marudu Bay is still within the permissible

6

Differences in shell size of the bivalve Varicorbula between marginal parts of the Vienna and Danube basins

Fuksi T.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 1

71--72

EN

Middle Miocene marine sediments in the Vienna and Danube Basins provide opportunities for analysis of spatial and temporal variations in the composition of molluscan communities and variations in species abundance and size. Varicorbula gibba (Olivi 1792) is an opportunistic bivalve with high tolerance to hypoxic conditions and variations in salinity (Holmes & Miller 2006) that appears in the Oligocene and persists to present, occurring in the tropical and northern temperate Eastern Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. Varicorbula belongs to one of the most frequent species in the benthic communities in the Paratethys during the Middle Miocene. However, spatial and temporal variations in taphonomic preservation and in abundance, size, and shape of this genus is poorly known – insights into such variations would improve paleoenvironmental interpretations. Molluscan assemblages with Varicorbula gibba (Olivi 1792) were collected from boreholes located in the western (Vienna basin) and eastern (Danube basin) margins of the Malé Karpaty Mountains (Slovakia). Boreholes intersect sediments of the Studienka Formation (Vienna Basin) respective Madunice Formation (Danube Basin) that belong mainly to the Upper Badenian stage (Janočko et al. 2003, Kováč et al. 2004). We have selected assemblages with more than 20 Varicorbula specimens from sediment samples sieved with 1 mm mesh size. A well preserved shelly material contains presently more than 130 specimens of Varicorbula , with ongoing screening of additional samples. We measured dimensions of four morphological variables (in mm). Shell length, shell height, posterior shell length and upper shell height were measured on all specimens. The valves were photographed and the dimensions were measured using ImageJ image analysis software. We used principal component analysis (PCA) and bivariate and multivariate allometric analyses to investigate ontogenetic and spatial variations in size and shape. We find that this taxon shows significant regional-scale differences in size distribution between the coeval Upper Badenian sediments in the Vienna and Danube basins, with significantly smaller size in the Danube Basin. In subtidal muds in the northern parts of the Vienna Basin, Varicorbula gibba achieves very high proportional community-level abundance and its median shell width ranges between 6–10 mm. Specimens from low-energy muddy sediments of the Vienna basin show low levels of taphonomic damage but are frequently bored by naticids snails that produce the trace fossil Oichnus paraboloides (Bromley 1981, Pek et al. 1997). In contrast, muddy sands from the northeastern margin of the Danube Basin; community composition is more even and median width ranges just between 3–4 mm. The higher sandy content and lower sedimentation rates (as evidenced by higher taphonomic damage, with higher proportion of bored specimens (by muricid snails – Oichnus simplex, in the Danube Basin; Bromley 1981) imply that the regional size differences can partly positively correlate with nutrient supply. Morphometric analyses indicate that height and width of individuals of this taxon undergo significant ontogenetic allometry and that smaller-sized individuals in the Danube Basin have a smaller width/ height ratio. Therefore, some shape differences in the height-width ratio between the two basins are unrelated to ontogenetic allometric effects (because height-width ratio changes even during the ontogeny).

7

Testing the standardized growth curve (SGC) to OSL dating coastal sediments from the South Bohai Sea, China

Guang-Quan Ch., Liang Y., Xing-Yong X, Hong-Jun Y., Jian-Rong C., Qiao S., Lin-Hai Y., Yong-Hang X., Jun-Yi G., Zhong-Ping L.

Geochronometria

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2013

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Vol. 40, no. 2

101--112

EN

It has been suggested that the standardized growth curve (SGC) method can be used to ac-curately determinate equivalent dose (De) and reduce measurement time. However, different opinions regarding the applicability of the SGC method exist. In this paper, we evaluated quartz OSL SGCs of marine and coastal sediments of different grain sizes and different cores in the south Bohai Sea in China, and tested their applicability to the determination of De values. Our results suggested as fol-lows: (1) The SGC method is applicable to both multiple- and single- aliquot regenerative-dose (MAR and SAR) protocols of OSL dating and efficiently provides reliable estimates of De. (2) Fine-sand quartz of different palaeodoses showed highly similar dose-response curves and an SGC was de-veloped, but old samples using the SGC method have large uncertainties. (3) For coarse-silt quartz, two different types of dose-response curves were recorded: low-dose (≤60Gy) and high-dose (≥100Gy). The growth curves of low-dose quartz were similar to each other, facilitating the use of SGC in De estimations, but errors tended to be larger than those obtained in the SAR method. For high-dose (100-300Gy) quartz, the SGC was also found to be reliable, but there was large uncertainty in De (>300Gy) estimation. We suggest that SGC could be employed for the dating of marine and coastal sediments dating using either MAR or SAR OSL protocol and either fine-silt, coarse-silt or fi-ne-sand quartz.

8

Distribution and origin of organic matter in the Baltic Sea sediments dated with 210Pb and 137Cs

Szczepańska A., Zaborska A., Maciejewska A., Kuliński K., Pempowiak J.

Geochronometria

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2012

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Vol. 39, no. 1

1-9

EN

Organic carbon deposited in marine sediments is an important part of the global carbon cycle. The knowledge concerning the role of shelf seas (including the Baltic Sea) in the carbon cycle has increased substantially, however organic carbon accumulation rates in the Baltic sediments still require clarification. This paper describes methods used for assessing organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation rates in six sediment cores collected in the sediment accumulation areas in the Baltic Sea. Mass sediment accumulation rates were based on 210Pb method validated by 137Cs measurements. The organic carbon accumulation rates ranged from 18 to 75 gźCźm-2źyr-1. The C/N ratios and δ13C were used to access sedimentary organic matter provenance. The C/N ratios in the investigated cores vary in the range from 7.4 to 9.6, while δ13C ranged from -24.4‰ to -26.4‰. Results of the terrestrial organic matter contribution in the sedimentary organic matter were calculated basing on δ13C using the end member approach. Large proportion (41-73%) of the sedimentary organic carbon originates on land. The obtained results indicate the Baltic Sea sediments as an important sink for organic carbon. Substantial fraction of the sedimentary load originates on land.

9

Expressions of shallow gas in the Gdansk Basin

Majewski P., Klusek Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2011

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R. 52 nr 4 (187)

61-71

EN

In the paper, a short introduction to present-day acoustic and seismoacoustic inventory of shallow gas occurrence and its expression in the Gdansk Basin is presented. Signals of various frequencies and beamforming were employed during surveys conducted from the board of r/v ‘Oceania’. Such a set of diverse acoustic signals was exploited in order to obtain a better recognition of different forms of shallow gas existence in the area. The utilized frequency started from about 1 kHz once a boomer was used in sounding, up to 40–60 kHz in the case a chirp echosounder. At acoustic transects classical echosounders working at 12 and 38 kHz were applied. Some details of the qualitative analysis and the technicalities of the algorithms are given. Variety of examples of echo images obtained in different frequency bands, associated with different forms of gas occurrence is presented.

PL

W artykule dokonano wprowadzenia do współcześnie prowadzonych metodami akustycznymi detekcji i rozpoznawania różnorodności postaci występowania gazu w osadach dennych Basenu Gdańskiego. W celach lepszego rozpoznania form występowania gazu w górnej warstwie osadów w rejsach badawczych r/v „Oceanii” zastosowano sondowanie dna za pomocą sygnałów akustycznych zróżnicowanych pod względem częstotliwości oraz ukształtowania wiązki. Zakres częstotliwości sygnałów akustycznych wykorzystanych w sondowaniu dna zawierał się w granicach od około 1 kHz (boomer) poprzez 12/38 kHz do szerokopasmowych w granicach 40–80 kHz. Na wielu transektach akustycznych do obrazowania ukształtowania dna i warstwy naddanej zastosowano również sonar boczny i echosondę wielowiązkową. W artykule przedstawiono niektóre elementy analizy jakościowej oraz przybliżono szczegóły techniczne algorytmów pozwalających na identyfikację gazu w osadach. Zaprezentowano także liczne przykłady obrazów echa otrzymane dla sygnałów akustycznych w różnych pasmach częstotliwości, powiązanych z występowaniem gazu w osadach.

10

O metodach określania współczesnej akumulacji osadów w morzach

Szczuciński W.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2007

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R. 12, nr 2

12-14

11

Co znajduje się na dnie mórz i oceanów?

Szczuciński W.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2007

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R. 12, nr 1

28-31

12

Environmetric approaches to estima te pollution impacts on a coastal area by sediment and river water studies

Simeonov V., Simeonova P.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2001

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Vol. 8, nr 12

1257-1267

EN

An effort is done to demonstrate the opportunities of same environmetric methods like regression analysis, cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Their role for data modeling is stressed and the basic theoretical principles are given. The application of the multivariate statistical methods is illustrated by two major examples: - Assessment of metal pollution based on multivariate statistical modeling of "hot spot" sediments from the Black Sea - Trend study of Kamchia River water quality. In the first part of the study the environmetric approach makes it possible to separate three zones o the marine environment with different level of pollution (Bourgas gulf, Varna gulf and lake buffer zone). Further, the extraction of four latent factors offers a specific interpretation of the possible pollution sources and separates natural from anthropogenic factors, the latter originating from contamination by chemical, oil refinery and steel-work enterprises. In the second part of the study nine sampling sites along Kamchia River were considered as sources for water quality monitoring data. Trends for all determinants are calculated by the use of linear regression analysis and special attention is paid to a specific coastal site. Then five latent factors were extracted from the monitoring data set in order to gain information about same structural characteristics of the set.

PL

Pokazano możliwości jakie stwrzają metody enwironmetryczne: analiza klasterów i analiza głównych składników. Nacisk położono na ich rolę w opracowywaniu danych pomiarowych; podano również ich główne założenia. Zastosowanie statystycznej metody multiwariancji zostało zilustrowane dwoma przykładami: - ocena zanieczyszczenia metalami osadów dennych z Morza Czarnego; - badaniami nad jakości wód rzeki Kamchia. Podejście environmetryczne umożliwiło rozróżnienie trzech stref środowiska morskiego o różnym poziomie zanieczyszczenia (zatoki: Bourgas i Warna oraz strefa buforowa jeziora). Ponadto, wyznaczenie czterech niejawnych czynników daje ścisłą interpretację możliwych źródeł zanieczyszczenia oraz oddziela czynniki naturalne od antropogennych - pochodzących od zanieczyszczeń chemikaliami, ropą naftową z rafinerii i zakładów metalurgicznych. Ponadto, rozważano dziewięć miejsc pobierania próbek wzdłuż rzeki Kamchia jako źródła danych do oceny jakości wody. Zastosowano tu analizę regresji liniowej; specjalną uwagę zwrócono na obszar wybrzeża. Dane monitoringowe opracowano enwironmetrycznie uzyskując informacje o ich strukturze.

13

Determination of indole-3-acetic acid in sediments of the southern Baltic Sea

Mazur H.

Oceanologia

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1998

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No. 40 (2)

117-124

EN

Analyses of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in sediments collected at stations in the southern Baltic Sea were carried out by HPLC. The seasonal variations in IAA content as well as the relationship between organic matter content and the concentration of IAA were shown. A decrease in IAA concentration with depth was observed in the sediment profiles from the Gdansk Deep, the Bornholm Deep and Slupsk Furrow.

14

Origin and development of the Odra Bank in the light of the geologic structure and radiocarbon dating

Kramarska R.

Kwartalnik Geologiczny

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1998

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Vol. 42, nr 3

277-288

EN

Sandy sediments of various origin and age dominate Quaternary geologic structure of the Odra Bank region. Three sediment series identified in numerous borehole section and dated using rediocarbon method represent sediments of the Interpleniglacial, the late Vistulian Glaciation, and the Holocene. The oldest series composed of sands, locally silty sands with organic matter and coalified organic remains, formed in the Interpleniglacial of the Vistulian Glaciation. Younger series is represented by the marshy-lacustrine sediments, which formed in the late Glacial and the Early Holocene. The youngest series is composed of marine sands. Stages of the region development were determined based on results of radiocarbon dating. Two dates are the most significant: 14 060 years BP, which indicates beginning of the peat accumulation in the studied region, and 5190 years BP, which indicates the beginning of the Littorina Sea transgression into the Odra Bank.

PL

W budowie geologicznej czwartorzędu rejonu Ławicy Odrzanej przeważają osady piaszczyste różnej genezy i wieku. Trzy serie osadów rozpoznane w licznych profilach wierceń i datowane metodą radiowęgla, reprezentują osady interpleniglacjału i późnego glacjału zlodowacenia wisły oraz holocenu. Seria 1, zbudowana z piasków, miejscami z domieszką mułków, z rozproszoną substancją organiczną i zwęglonymi szczątkami organicznymi, występuje na północnym stoku Ławicy Odrzanej pod cienką pokrywą piasków morskich. Na podstawie datowań metodą radiowęgla seria ta została uznana za osady interpleniglacjalne utworzone prawdopodobnie w środowisku rzecznym. Rozpoznany na obecnym etapie badań tylko strop warstwy - maksymalnie do głębokości 6 m - nie daje podstaw do rozważań paleogeograficznych . Pojedyncze stanowiska z małżoraczkami i brak okrzemek w osadach dodatkowo utrudniają jednoznaczne określenie genezy osadów i środowiska sedymentacji. Seria 2 złożona z piasków i piasków mulistych, miejscami z torfem lub kredą jeziorną, rozpoznana została między Ławicą Odrzaną a brzegiem morskim i lokalnie na północnym skłonie ławicy. Bagienno-jeziorne osady tej serii wypełniają zagłębienia w powierzchni glin zwałowych. Datowanie radiowęglowe osadów dokumentuje okres tworzenia się torfów i rozwój jezior od późnego glacjału aż do transgresji morza litorynowego w okresie atlantyckim. Szczególne znaczenie dla paleogeografii i historii rozwoju obszaru w tym okresie mają daty 14060ą220 i 5100ą200 lat BP - najstarsza i najmłodsza data radiowęglowa osadów serii 2 . Pierwsza z dat, uzyskana dla najniższej próbki torfów w profilu świadczy o bardzo wczesnej deglacjacji tej części Bałtyku. Druga wyznacza schyłek lądowego okresu rozwoju Ławicy Odrzanej. Kolejną serię 3 budują holoceńskie piaski morskie z licznymi odsypami muszlowymi i lokalnymi koncentracjami minerałów ciężkich. Pokrywa piasków morskich najlepiej rozwinięta jest w najpłytszych rejonach dna. Jest to przede wszystkim Ławica Odrzana oraz jej przedłużenie w kierunku południowo-wschodnim - relikt brzegu mierzejowego. Data radiowęglowa 5190ą130 lat BP, uzyskana dla skorupek małżów morskich wyseparowanych ze spągowych partii morskiej pokrywy piaszczystej w profilu, dokumentująca obecność morza u południowych zboczy bariery mierzejowej Ławicy Odrzanej, pozostaje w ścisłym związku z wcześniej wspomnianą datą wyznaczającą schyłek rozwoju jezior na ławicy. Istotne znaczenie mają też współczesne daty (młodsze niż tysiąc lat) muszli z warstwy erozyjnej leżącej w stropie osadów zaliczonych do interpleniglacjału. Dokumentują one współczesny etap rozwoju obszaru odznaczający się ograniczoną akumulacją osadów morskich i erozją płytko zalegających osadów starszych.