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Responding to spills of marine distillate fuels

Halonen J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 3

675--683

EN

The current spill response capability in Finland is built to respond to oil spills caused by heavy fuel oils and the most transported oil cargoes. However, the implementation of the Sulphur Directive in 2015 changed the fuel profiles of the ships: prior to the new regulation ships operating in the Baltic Sea mainly used heavy fuel oil (HFO), whereas now ships use marine gas oil (MGO DMA) or marine diesel (MDO DMB) known as marine distillate fuels. This paper reviews the effectiveness of the current recovery techniques in responding to spills of marine distillate fuels based on the oil recovery field tests. The results indicate that conventional recovery techniques are only partially applicable to marine distillate fuels, which calls for a reassessment of the marine oil spill response capability and further research. The use and availability of low-carbon marine fuels will continue to increase as emission regulations become more stringent. This will require a continuous assessment of the oil recovery capabilities and the adaptation of spill response preparedness accordingly.

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End-user and stakeholder views on selected risk assessment tools for marine oil spill preparedness and response, including future research and development needs

Goerlandt F., Laine V., Bal-Beşikçi E., Baldauf M., Al-Quhali M. A., Koldenhof Y.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

213--220

EN

Risks in the maritime domain have various sources, of which the transportation of oil and other noxious products is one of key concern to industry and public stakeholders. Operational or accidental releases of oil or other pollutants from ships or offshore facilities into the marine environment can have disastrous effects on the marine ecosystems, while also leading to very significant economical losses. Therefore, national states have implemented various mechanisms for preventing and responding to pollution in the maritime domain, with activities which are often embedded in regional cooperation frameworks clustered around certain sea areas. To support collaborative, harmonized, and risk-informed oil spill Pollution Preparedness and Response (PPR) planning for response authorities, the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM), together with its research partners, and with extensive end-user and stakeholder inputs, have developed the OpenRisk Toolbox. This toolbox includes several risk assessment tools and techniques, which can assist in providing answers to a range of PPR risk management questions in a range of organizational contexts. To better understand and ensure the applicability and usefulness of the OpenRisk Toolbox, a workshop was organized where some of these tools were tested. Selected end user and stakeholder views on the perceived usefulness of the tools were collected and analyzed. Another workshop focused on further development needs to implement the tools in organizational practices. This paper first presents the OpenRisk Toolbox, then describes the settings of the workshops. Finally, a summary of the end-user and stakeholder views on the tested tools, and on future development needs, is given.

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Efficiency of maritime siimulator training in oil spill response competence development

Halonen J., Lanki A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

199--204

EN

Marine oil spill response operation requires extensive vessel manoeuvring and navigation skills. At-sea oil containment and recovery includes both single vessel and multi-vessel operations. Towing long oil containment booms, several hundreds of metres in length, is a challenge in itself. Boom deployment and towing in multi-vessel configurations is an added challenge that requires precise coordination and control of the vessels. Efficient communication, as a prerequisite for shared situational awareness, is needed in order to execute the response tasks effectively. In order to gain and maintain adequate maritime skills, practical training is needed. Field exercises are the most effective way of learning, but especially the related vessel operations are resource-intensive and costly. Field exercises may also be affected by environmental limitations such as high sea-state or other adverse weather conditions. In Finland, the seasonal ice-coverage also limits the training period to summer seasons as regards the vessel operations of the Fire and Rescue Services. In addition, the sensitiveness of the marine environment restricts the use of real oil or other target substances. This paper examines, whether maritime simulator training can offer a complementary method to overcome the training challenges related to the field exercises. The objective is to assess the efficiency and the learning impact of simulator training, and the specific skills that can be trained most effectively in simulators. This paper provides an overview of learning results from two oil spill response pilot courses, in which maritime navigational bridge simulators together with an oil recovery simulator were used. The courses were targeted at Fire and Rescue Services responsible for near shore oil spill response in Finland. The competence levels of the participants were surveyed before and after the course in order to measure potential shifts in competencies. In addition to the quantitative analysis, the efficiency of the simulator training was evaluated qualitatively through feedback from the participants. The results indicate that simulator training is a valid and effective method for developing marine oil spill response competencies that complements traditional exercise formats. Simulator training provides a safe environment for assessing various oil containment and recovery tactics. One of the main benefits of the simulator training was found to be the immediate feedback the spill modelling software provides on the oil spill behaviour as a reaction to the response measures.

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New learning methods for marine oil spill response training

Halonen J., Lanki A., Rantavuo E.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 2

339--345

EN

In Finland the Regional Fire and Rescue Services (RFRS) are responsible for near shore oil spill response and shoreline cleanup operations. In addition, they assist in other types of maritime incidents, such as search and rescue operations and fire-fighting on board. These statutory assignments require the RFRS to have capability to act both on land and at sea. As maritime incidents occur infrequently, little routine has been established. In order to improve their performance in maritime operations, the RFRS are participating in a new oil spill training programme to be launched by South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences. This training programme aims to utilize new educational methods; e-learning and simulator based training. In addition to fully exploiting the existing navigational bridge simulator, radio communication simulator and crisis management simulator, an entirely new simulator is developed. This simulator is designed to model the oil recovery process; recovery method, rate and volume in various conditions with different oil types. New simulator enables creation of a comprehensive training programme covering training tasks from a distress call to the completion of an oil spill response operation. Structure of the training programme, as well as the training objectives, are based on the findings from competence and education surveys conducted in spring 2016. In these results, a need for vessel maneuvering and navigation exercises together with actual response measures training were emphasized. Also additional training for maritime radio communication, GMDSS-emergency protocols and collaboration with maritime authorities were seemed important. This paper describes new approach to the maritime operations training designed for rescue authorities, a way of learning by doing, without mobilising the vessels at sea.