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The Occurrence of Marine Debris and Its Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Sempu Island Nature Reserve, Malang, Indonesia

Isdianto Andik, Pangestu Wanda Suryani, Yamindago Ade, Dewi Citra Satrya Utama, Aliviyanti Dian, Luthfi Oktiyas Muzaky, Setyoningrum Desy, Fathah Aulia Lanudia, Putri Berlania Mahardika, Puspitasari Intan Dwi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2024

Vol. 25, nr 9

70--80

Marine debris significantly impacts coral ecosystems, especially in regions with high biodiversity like the Sempu Island Nature Reserve in Malang, Indonesia. According to the guidelines of ReefCheck and KLHK 2020, this indepth study looked at the types, amounts, and impacts of marine debris on coral health at five different sites close to the Pondokdadap Coastal Fishing Port. This study employs a belt transect method measuring 100×5 meters to systematically collect data. The obtained results indicate that cloth refuse is the most substantial form of waste, accounting for 84.65% of the weight of marine waste. The primary locations for this form of waste are areas with high human activity, particularly those near fishing ports. The impact of marine debris on coral reefs depends on its proximity to human activity, as it exhibits a wide range of density and composition. Millepora, a coral species characterized by its branching structure, was the most severely impacted, with damage levels spanning from 12.07% to 48.65%. This indicates its vulnerability to debris accumulation. The study determined the prevalence of a variety of waste categories, with plastic being the most prevalent. The study also focused on other types of inorganic waste, such as packaging, fishing lines, raffia ropes, rubber (flip-flops and tires), fabric, metal (cans and metal cutlery), glass bottles, and other items, primarily in the port area. The density of debris is an important indicator of the environmental pressure exerted on coral ecosystems. Among the examined locations, the Jetty station displayed the highest concentration of inorganic debris, with a density of 0.100 items/m2. In contrast, Watu Meja Station had the lowest density of inorganic waste at 0.008 items/m2, but the highest concentration of organic waste at 0.066 items/m2. This indicates that there is less human impact but more accumulation of natural refuse. This study highlights the pressing necessity for effective marine waste management strategies, particularly near active ports like Pondokdadap, to mitigate the detrimental effects on coral reefs. The health and sustainability of this critical marine ecosystem can be ensured by reducing refuse accumulation through enhanced waste management protocols and community engagement.

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Marine Debris Distribution in Pulo Aceh Waters, Indonesia

Agustina Sri, Karina Sofyatuddin, Purnawan Syahrul, Ondara Koko, Samosir Ignatia, Nauri Muhammad Alizan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

2024

Vol. 25, iss. 11

284--298

The movement of marine debris in the ocean relies on hydrodynamic conditions formed by the seabed topography and coastal morphology. Therefore, it is important to understand debris distribution patterns using numerical simulations. Pulo Aceh is situated in the north of Aceh Province, the westernmost province of Indonesia, featuring small islands and marine waters that are connected to the Indian Ocean, Malacca Strait, and the Andaman Sea. The geographical position of this island results in dynamic particle movement. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of marine debris around Pulo Aceh waters through numerical simulation of particle tracking. The basic hydrodynamic model used before running the particle-tracking module was the FM flow model. This model relies on essential input data including bathymetry, tides, and wind information. Four particle release points were established in the Pulo Aceh waters: Krueng Aceh, near Nasi Island, Sabang, and north of Breueh Island. Field observations were also conducted at two locations on Nasi Island, Alue Riyeung and Nipah Beach, to obtain information on the distribution and concentration of the marine debris. The model showed that the water circulation generally moved northward through the waters between Weh Island and Pulo Aceh, resulting in the movement of debris particles towards the Andaman Sea beyond the boundary conditions. However, some particles are also stranded on the beach, potentially contaminating the coastal environment, including Nasi Island. Field validation confirmed that marine debris is dominated by plastics originating from several countries, mostly Indonesia. Notably, the model particle trajectories suggest the potential presence of particles reaching the beach, causing environmental pollution.