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1

Grawitacyjne ruchy masowe na obszarze Gdyni udokumentowane na dawnych mapach i w źródłach archiwalnych

Małka Anna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

308--317

EN

The article deals with selected examples of old nautical maps (portolans), topographic maps, archival materials of the 19th century German language studies, which are valuable sources of information on the history of landslide processes. The city of Gdynia was founded in 1926, and its location despite very unfavourable formation of mass movements, was determined by economic and political reasons. As documented on nautical maps from 1596, landslides have been occurring in the coastal zone of today’s Gdynia since at least the 16th century. Within the limits of the zone, the oldest structural damage has been observed. The Urmesstischblätter map from 1837 documented damage to the redoubt in Cypel Oksywski. These fortifications, which were erected during Napoleonic Wars between 1810 and 1812, were completely rouined in the first half of the 19th century. It was the first time when mass movement resulted in financial losses in Poland’s coastal zones. Compared with the present, the 19th century saw an increase in mass movement activation in coastal zones. Between 1837 and 1909 the maximal changes in Cypel Oksywski were 2.2 m a year. The landslide in Cypel Oksywski is also the first stabilized landslide within the city limits of Gdynia. It also has the longest history of stabilizing efforts that go back to 1909. This article shows, based on the study of a landslide in Wielki Kackfrom 1930, that in the development of the city of Gdynia virtually from the beginning of its foundation in 1926, man-made dangerous gravitational processes have always been present.

2

Charting topographic maps based on UAV data using the image classification method

Klapa Przemysław, Bożek Piotr, Piech Izabela

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2019

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no. 2

77--85

EN

A topographic map is a representation of the terrain, its landform and spatial elements present therein. Land surveying and photogrammetric measurements must be conducted in order to produce such cartographic document. The following must be done while obtaining information on topographic objects: determine the character and type of an object or phenomenon; determine the range of its occurrence; indicate a precise location. The next stage involves classification of objects into relevant classes and categories, i.e. arable land, pastures, forests, water basins, technical infrastructure, buildings, and other. Then, the determined classes undergo the process of cartographic generalization by combining smaller elements into a single complex, determination of a common border of their occurrence, and application of relevant graphic symbols and colours. The measuring technique which provides quick and accurate topographic information about the surrounding area is the one that uses Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Digital photographs taken during the flight are the basis for generating a high-quality orthophotomap. Accurate determination of the location of individual spatial elements allows large-scale cartographic documents to be developed. This paper will present the method of charting topographic maps of rural areas based on orthophotomaps made from the photographs taken during the UAV flight. Supervised and unsupervised methods of object classification will be tested in order to increase the effectiveness of determination of types and occurrence range of individual topographic objects, and the obtained results will be used to chart a topographic map of the studied area.

3

Analysis of errors in the creation and updating of digital topographic maps

Yartseva V., Besimbaeva O., Khmyrova E.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2018

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Vol. 67, no. 1

143--151

EN

This article analyzes the technology of creating and updating a digital topographic map using the method of mapping (generalization) on an updated map with a scale of 1 : 25;000 based on the source cartographic material. The main issue in the creation of digital maps is the study of map production accuracy and error analysis arising from the process of map production. When determining the quality of a digital map, the completeness and accuracy of object and terrain mapping are evaluated. The correctness of object identification, the logical consistency of the structure, the and representation of objects are assessed. The main and the most effective method, allowing to take into account displacement errors for the relief during image processing, is orthotransformation, but the fragment used to update the digital topographic map needs additional verification of its compliance with the scale requirements of the map. Instrumental survey will help to clearly identify areas of space image closer to nadir points and to reject poor quality material. The software used for building geodetic control network should provide stable results of accuracy regardless on the scale of mapping, the physical and geographical conditions of the work area or the conditions of aerial photography.

4

Ideogramy rekonstrukcji i wirtualne modele przestrzenne tworzone na bazie historycznych map topograficznych w badaniach zabytkowych zespołów rezydencjonalno-ogrodowych

Urbański P., Walerzak M., Wilkaniec A., Rosada A.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

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2017

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T. 45

151--167

PL

W badaniach historycznej zieleni komponowanej wykorzystywane są różne techniki komputerowe, między innymi tworzenie ideogramów rekonstrukcji oraz wirtualnych modeli przestrzennych. Wykonywane są one na podstawie historycznych materiałów kartograficznych, wśród których na szczególną uwagę zasługują mapy pruskie Urmesstischblätter i Messtischblatter, dostarczające niezwykle cennych i niejednokrotnie trudno dostępnych informacji dotyczących układu kompozycji przestrzennej. W artykule zaprezentowano przykłady postępowania na wybranych obiektach badań. Tworzenie tego typu opracowań jest niezwykle przydatne w procesie badań, analiz i dokumentacji historycznego stanu obiektów zabytkowych, a także jest istotnym materiałem do dalszych analiz związanych z rewaloryzacją i kreacją krajobrazu kulturowego.

EN

In the research on historic, composed green areas various computer technologies are applied, including among others reconstruction ideograms and virtual spatial models. They are created on the basis of historical cartographic materials, among which Prussian maps Urmesstichblatts and Messtischblatts deserve special attention as they provide extraordinarily useful and often otherwise unavailable information concerning the system of spatial composition. The article presents a method of procedure on the example of selected research objects. Such studies are extremely useful in the process of research, analyses and documentation of the authentic state of historical sites. Moreover, they provide a significant material for further analyses concerning revalorisation and creation of the cultural landscape.

5

Land cover changes in catchment areas of lakes situated in headwaters of the Tyśmienica River

Grzywna A., Sender J.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2017

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no. 33

65--71

EN

The paper presents the history of land cover changes in the catchment area of lakes situated in the headwaters of the Tyśmienica River. The basis of the study were topographic maps in scale 1:50 000, from 1936 and 2014. We analyzed the quantitative aspect of these changes. The study was conducted in three natural lakes (Rogóźno, Krasne, Łukcze), and in one lake transformed into a storage reservoir (Krzczeń). The technical issues of georeferencing maps in the Geographic Information System (GIS) software are addressed first. In the landscape of Łęczna and Włodawa Lake District, to the end of the 19th century wetlands and bushes dominated. The first type of human pressure on this area was agriculture. Another type of pressure was recreation. In the catchment areas of studied lakes increased mainly the area of buildings and forests. Significantly increased also the length of roads and watercourses. Almost completely disappeared bushes and wastelands. In most of the analyzed basins, the area of wetlands and arable lands decreased. The probable cause of the changes in catchment use was decline in the water table, and thus overgrowing of meadows and wetlands.

PL

Na podstawie map topograficznych w skali 1: 50 000 z 1936 i 2014 roku zaprezentowano zmiany w zagospodarowaniu terenu w zlewniach jezior. Do badań wybrano trzy naturalne jeziora (Rogóźno, Krasne, Łukcze) i jedno jezioro przekształcone w zbiornik retencyjny (Krzczeń). Do analiz wykorzystano program ArcGIS. W krajobrazie Pojezierza Łęczyńsko-Włodawskiego do końca XIX wieku dominowały mokradła i zakrzaczenia. Pierwszym rodzajem presji był rozwój rolnictwa. Kolejnym rodzajem presji krajobrazowej był rozwój rekreacji. W zlewniach badanych jezior zwiększyła się powierzchnia zabudowań i lasów. Zwiększyła się także długość dróg i cieków. Niemal całkowicie zanikły zakrzaczenia i nieużytki. Zmniejszyła się także powierzchnia mokradeł i gruntów ornych. Prawdopodobną przyczyną było obniżenie się lustra wody, a co za tym idzie – zarastanie użytkowanych ekstensywnie łąk i terenów podmokłych.

6

Dwie najnowsze generacje podstawowej mapy topograficznej Polski

Głażewski A.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2017

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Vol. 29

85--99

PL

W badaniach wyróżniono zasadnicze generacje podstawowej mapy topograficznej Polski, z których dwie najnowsze poddano analizie ze względu na technologię i zasady opracowania, źródła danych, zakres treści, czy też sposób udostępnienia. Generacje te wskazują na kolejne etapy postępu technologicznego i rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego kraju. Mapa podstawowa oznacza mapę w największej skali, która w poprzednich, analogowych generacjach była podstawowym źródłem danych dla opracowań w skalach mniejszych, a obecnie jest najbardziej szczegółową urzędową mapą topograficzną, jednym z tzw. standardowych opracowań kartograficznych. Poszczególne edycje polskich map topograficznych, związane z przyjętymi zasadami redakcji i opracowania, wydanymi najczęściej w postaci dokumentacji technicznej opracowania mapy (np. instrukcji czy wytycznych technicznych), pogrupowano w cztery generacje map. Dwie pierwsze z nich - mapy Wojskowego Instytutu Geograficznego oraz mapy okresu PRL - nie będą tu przedmiotem zainteresowania. Dwie kolejne generacje (trzecia i czwarta), określone w tytule jako najnowsze, obejmują: generację map topograficznych opracowanych w technologii analogowej z lat 90. XX w., obejmującą mapy w 2 skalach (1:10000 oraz 1:50000), łącznie 3 edycje map oraz współczesną generację map topograficznych, opracowanych w technologii cyfrowej, na podstawie baz danych topograficznych, obejmującą dotychczas (lipiec 2017) łącznie 2 edycje mapy w skali 1:10000 (mapy podstawowej). Pierwsza z wyróżnionych generacji obejmuje dwie edycje mapy podstawowej: mapę opracowaną wedug instrukcji technicznej z r. 1994 (Zasady redakcji mapy topograficznej w skali 1:10000, GUGiK, 1994) oraz mapę topograficzną opracowaną wg instrukcji technicznej z r. 1999 (GUGiK, 1999). Druga - najnowsza generacja obejmuje także dwie edycje mapy podstawowej, obydwie opracowane w technologii cyfrowej: mapę topograficzną w standardzie TBD, opracowywaną na podstawie Wytycznych Technicznych Bazy Danych Topograficznych (2003, zmodyfikowane w 2008 r.) oraz współczesną mapę topograficzną Polski 1:10000, wydawaną w dwóch wersjach: zwykłej i cieniowanej, opracowaną na podstawie obecnie obowiązujących standardów technicznych (Dz.U. Zał. do nr 279, poz. 1642 z 27.12.2011) oraz najnowszych badań naukowych. (Olszewski, et al., 2013).

EN

During studies there has been distinguished generations of basic topographic map of Poland. Two the newest ones were objects of analysis. The data sources, contamination rules and technologies has been presented. These generations of maps shows us the stages of technological as well as economic and social development of Poland. Basic map means the map in the greatest scale, the most detailed governmental topographic map. Two first generations are not interesting here. These are: maps of Military Geographical Institute (pol. WIG) and maps in standards of Warsaw Pact (edited in communist era). The next generations - 3 i 4 are: G3: analog maps had been compiled in 90. of XX c. - 2 scales: 1:10,000 and 1:50,000, together 3 editions of maps; and G4: contemporary generation of topographic maps, being complied in digital environment, containing till now (2017) two editions of basic map. The third generation (G3) was including two editions of basic map: 1994 and 1999, both edited as analog printed maps. The last, fourth generation (G4) including two editions of map: map in standard 2003 (TBD) and contemporary map in standard 2011 (BDOT), is using Topographic DataBase of Poland (TBD, and its new version: BDOT) as a data source. Among these generations of maps, it's worth to point the complex scientific elaborations, often completed with set of technological rules or standard sheets of maps. The studies and its results determined directions of editions development and delivered indications for formulating of new technical standards of maps. It is now interesting in which direction these standards will be evolving, and how will the generation nr 5 of basic topographic map be presented and used.

7

Geometric accuracy of topographical objects at Polish topographic maps

Ławniczak R., Kubiak J.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2016

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Vol. 65, no. 1

55--66

EN

The objective of research concerned verifying the accuracy of the location and shape of selected lakes presented on topographical maps from various periods, drawn up on different scales. The area of research covered lakes situated in North-Western Poland on the Międzychód-Sieraków Lakeland. An analysis was performed of vector maps available in both analogue and digital format. The scales of these studies range from 1:50 000 to 1:10 000. The source materials were current for the years 1907 through 2013. The shape and location of lakes have been verified directly by means of field measurements performed using the GPS technology with an accuracy class of RTK. An analysis was performed of the location and shape of five lakes. The analysed water regions were vectorised, and their vector images were used to determine quantitative features: the area and length of the shoreline. Information concerning the analysed lakes obtained from the maps was verified on the basis of direct field measurements performed using a GPS RTK receiver. Use was made of georeferential corrections provided by the NAVGEO service or a virtual reference station generated by the ASG EUPOS system. A compilation of cartographic and field data formed the basis for a comparison of the actual area and the length of the shoreline of the studied lakes. Cartographic analyses made it possible to single out the most reliable cartographic sources, which could be used for the purposes of hydrographical analyses. The course of shorelines shows the attached map.

8

Porównanie zakresu i metod ujęcia treści na mapach topograficznych ziem zaboru rosyjskiego z przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Panecki T.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2015

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T. 47, nr 1

47--65

PL

Celem artykułu jest porównanie zakresu i metod ujęcia treści na mapach topograficznych z przełomu XIX i XX wieku obejmujących zabór rosyjski. Do analiz wybrano trzy mapy: rosyjską w skali 1:84 000, austriacką w skali 1:75 000 oraz niemiecką w skali 1:100 000. Do analizy wykorzystano arkusze z czterech obszarów badawczych: okolic Brześcia, Dęblina, Pińska oraz Pułtuska. Głównym etapem prac było opracowanie zestawienia legend w postaci tabeli dla poszczególnych warstw tematycznych: osadnictwa i zabudowy, sieci komunikacyjnej, obiektów sakralnych, obiektów gospodarczych i innych elementów topografii, użytkowania ziemi, wód, rzeźby terenu i granic. Założono, że mimo podobieństwa skal i materiałów źródłowych analizowane mapy cechują się różnorodnym przedstawieniem krajobrazu geohistorycznego. Osadnictwo na mapie rosyjskiej zostało przedstawione dosyć schematycznie, a na pozostałych znacznie bardziej szczegółowo. Niespójności dotyczą także sieci komunikacyjnej, użytkowania ziemi i wód, gdzie znajdują się elementy klasyfikowane na trzech mapach według zupełnie różnych kryteriów. Niekiedy na mapach austriackich i niemieckich pomijanie były pewne kategorii treści z mapy rosyjskiej, np. drogi faszynowane, drewniane kościoły czy radiostacje. Różnice te wynikają nie tylko z „wojennego” trybu opracowywania map niemieckiej i austriackiej, ale także ze świadomych ingerencji w zakres i metody ujęcia ich treści.

EN

The aim of the article was a comparison of the content’s scope, classification and presentation methods on topographical maps issued at the turn of 19th and 20th century covering the territory of former Russian partition. Three of such maps were chosen for the analysis, namely: Russian (scale 1:84,000), Austrian (scale 1:75,000) and German (scale 1:100,000). As a starting point of the study served an attempt at reconstruction of map legends, as, a coherent symbology key (i.e. map legend) can be found neither for Russian nor German map. It was conducted by employing the symbology keys prepared in the Interwar Period, as for the Russian map there was no legend enclosed, while in the case of German the legend enclosed featured only the road network. Apart from the legends, an analysis of the map sheets covering four areas was conducted. Those areas were, as follow: Brest, Dęblin, Pinsk and Pułtusk vicinites. The next stage was to elaborate a legend comparison with summary in the form of a table for particular thematic layers: settlement and built-up area, transport network, sacral buildings facilities and other buildings, land cover, hydrography, relief, and borders. An assumption was made that despite the apparent similarity of the scales (1:75,000, 1:84,000, 1:100,000) and source materials the maps analysed are distinct in terms of presentation of the geohistorical landscape. The settlements on the Russian map were illustrated in a schematic manner, while the other maps approached the subject more meticulously. The discrepancies involve also such areas as: road network, land cover, and waters, which were categorised along different sets of criterion. It happened that some categories present on the Russian map were absent from the Austrian and German. It involved such objects as: fascine roads, wooden churches or radiostations. Those differences stem from not only the “military mode” of elaboration of the German and Austria map, but also conscious interference in the scope of content and classification methods.

9

Geometric characteristics of Iraq’s raster topographic maps used for automatic updating the road network

Abdallah R.

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2015

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no. 3

7--18

EN

This paper is devoted to the problem of road network extraction from raster image. The task of road network extraction is formulated in common view. The approach to the road map extraction has been proposed which can be applied for topographic map updating and is based on image clustering by k-means method and on application of scanning algorithm for extraction of road network fragments. Road map description is formed as set of linear fragments with knowing parameters. These linear fragments are created by merging of smaller parts. Experimental researches were implemented for maps of 10 Iraq cities. Experimental results show in average the extraction precision of 86% (in comparison with human expert).

10

Codziennie aktualna

Tomiczak E.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2015

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nr 5

30--33

11

Zmiany znaków na XX-wiecznych mapach topograficznych w skali 1:100 000

Kuna J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

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T. 46, nr 1

47--61

PL

Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia zmian zakresu treści wybranych XX-wiecznych map topograficznych w skali 1:100 000 obejmujących Lublin oraz zmian formy graficznej znaków z uwzględnieniem różnic semantycznych i stosowanych zmiennych graficznych.

EN

The 20th century was a time of change in the concept of topographic map design. The article focuses on analysis related to the influence of 20th century technological changes in the graphic form of symbols applied on topographic maps, using maps in the scale of 1:100 000 as examples. The choice of maps was dictated by availability and representativness for the 20th century Polish territory. The following maps presenting the region of Lublin and its surroundings have been analyzed: Karte des westlichen Rufllands by the Prussian Royal Geodesy Service from the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, the tactical map of Poland by the Military Geographical Institute from the 1930s, a topographic map in the "GUGiK-1980" projection from the 1980s and the topographic map of Poland by the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces -the tourist edition from the 1990s (fig. 1). The Prussian map from World War I was printed using lithography. The late maps by the Military Geographical Institute made in the 1930s are one of the most beautiful works of the "offset revolution". The maps by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK) are the civil version of military maps which were classified as secred in the times of the People's Republic of Poland (before 1990). The map by the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces was made at the time when Polish cartography was on the verge of the computerization era. During the past century, there occurred changes in both the contents of maps and its classification, as well as in the form of cartographic symbols. The ten¬dency to define notions and classify topographic objects in better detail has become clearly apparent. The most changes occurred in the methods of clas¬sification of transport contents, a little less in the remaining anthropogenic elements, and the least - in classification of natural elements. Graphic construction of symbols indirectly points to the technological process of map design and publication. Symbols on one- and two-color maps were designed differently than the symbols on multicolor maps. In the first half of 20th century, limited possibilities of color usage influenced bigger diversification of symbols' shapes and sizes. In the beginning of 20th century, image signs or image-symbolic signs constituted a large percentage of symbols applied on maps, whereas by the end of 20th century - symbolic and geometrical signs were most dominant. Therefore we witness a growing level of abstraction of maps as depictions of geographical space.

12

Problematyka efektywności przekazu kartograficznego na przykładzie map topograficznych nowej generacji

Fiedukowicz A., Głażewski A., Kowalski P. J., Olszewski R., Pillich-Kolipińska A.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

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T. 46, nr 2

129--139

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań obejmujących wizualizację danych topograficznych BDOTIOk i ich publikację w dedykowanym serwisie internetowym. Jednym z celów projektu było określenie zbioru zasad optymalizacji wizualizacji kartograficznej i opracowanie efektywnych sposobów ich publikacji. Wykazano, iż o efektywności lub szerzej - użyteczności mapy jako środka przekazu informacji, oprócz odpowiedniego doboru danych źródłowych, decyduje również czytelność obrazu, logika systemu znaków umownych, estetyka kompozycji oraz funkcjonalność aplikacji internetowej - w przypadku tego środka dystrybucji map.

EN

One of the key challenges in the process of development of IIP (Infrastructure for Spatial Information) in Poland is the construction of a complex model of a multi-resolution database of topographic objects. Effective implementation of an MRDB-type database requires development of geographic information generalization procedures, as well as a method of visualization of spatial data compliant with classical cartographic methodology. The main assumption of contemporary approach to the edition of Polish topographic maps is a significant extension of a semi-automatic stage of generation of cartographic image from BDOTIOk (database of topographic objects) and BDOO (database of geographic objects), with graphic coherence all through the scale series. Altitude presented through contour lines and shading should also be an important element of topographic maps. To facilitate the evaluation of the process of map edition and effectiveness of the resulting cartographic presentation, three levels of visualization of spatial data have been determined. They are conditioned by the applied GIS technology and are linked to the extent of application of cartographic methodology. The first level is raw visualization, the second - auto¬matic cartographic visualization, and the third - cartographic presentation. The results of the so-defined editorial process basing on BDOT referential data are presented in the form of topographic maps of new generation and in a geo-information on-line service. An experimental geo-information service has been designed and launched; it complies with the basics of cartographic methodology and the rules of optimization of cartographic visualization, which is the basic element guaranteeing usefulness of the geo-service, such as: widespread accessibility, quality of information, graphic and cartographic quality (projection, symbolization, generalization) and ergonomics. Functionalities of the prototype of such a service are described: parallel display of topographic maps in various scales, with an option of synchronization of images and scales. The realized projects provided a wider context for the issue of effectiveness, and primarily for the selection of methods and means of cartographic presentation which would guarantee effective communication in the sense of conveying the contents, efficiency, ease of use, information reliability and general usability for the reader.

13

Pilotaż, wdrożenie i produkcja BDOT10k

Bac-Bronowicz J., Pluta P., Rutkowska G., Tomiczak E, Wałachowska M

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2014

|

nr 4

18--20

14

Mierz i zapisuj raz, używaj wiele razy

Tomiczak E.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

|

2014

|

nr 8

20--25

15

Planes coordinates transformation between PSAD56 to SIRGAS using a Multilayer Artificial Neural Network

Tierra A., Romero R.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2014

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Vol. 63, no. 2

199--209

EN

Prior any satellite technology developments, the geodetic networks of a country were realized from a topocentric datum, and hence the respective cartography was performed. With availability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems-GNSS, cartography needs to be updated and referenced to a geocentric datum to be compatible with this technology. Cartography in Ecuador has been performed using the PSAD56 (Provisional South American Datum 1956) systems, nevertheless it’s necessary to have inside the system SIRGAS (Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las AmericaS). This transformation between PSAD56 to SIRGAS use seven transformation parameters calculated with the method Helmert. These parameters, in case of Ecuador are compatible for scales of 1:25 000 or less, that does not satisfy the requirements on applications for major scales. In this study, the technique of neural networks is demonstrated as an alternative for improving the processing of UTM planes coordinates E, N (East, North) from PSAD56 to SIRGAS. Therefore, from the coordinates E, N, of the two systems, four transformation parameters were calculated (two of translation, one of rotation, and one scale difference) using the technique bidimensional transformation. Additionally, the same coordinates were used to training Multilayer Artificial Neural Network -MANN, in which the inputs are the coordinates E, N in PSAD56 and output are the coordinates E, N in SIRGAS. Both the two-dimensional transformation and ANN were used as control points to determine the differences between the mentioned methods. The results imply that, the coordinates transformation obtained with the artificial neural network multilayer trained have been improving the results that the bidimensional transformation, and compatible to scales 1:5000.

PL

Dostęp do nowoczesnych technologii, w tym GNSS umożliwiły dokładniejsze zdefiniowanie systemów odniesień przestrzennych wykorzystywanych m.in. w definiowaniu krajowych układów odniesień i układów współrzędnych. W Ekwadorze wykorzystywany jest system PSAD56 (Provisional South American Datum 1956), ale w ostatnim czasie zaszła konieczność zdefiniowania wewnętrznego(krajowego) systemu SIRGAS (Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las AmericaS). Do transformacji pomiędzy oboma systemami powszechnie wykorzystuje się metodę Helmerta, stosując układ siedmioparametrowy. Transformacja taka pozwala na zachowanie dokładności wystarczającej do opracowania map topograficznych w skalach 1:25 000 lub mniejszych. W artykule do transformacji zastosowano sieci neuronowe, co umożliwiło podniesienie dokładności do skali 1:5 000.

16

Landscape structure changes in the Slepiotka River drainage basin in the period 1824-1993 (The Silesian Upland, Poland)

Mazurek K.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2014

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Vol. 3, iss. 1

32--40

EN

The area of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin is the most important underground mining district in Poland. Coal mines, operating in the area since the eighteenth century, have contributed to massive transformations of the landscape structure. River valleys within range of intensive exploitation activities have been undergoing vast changes. The Slepiotka River drainage basin constitutes an interesting regional example of transformations in the river's watercourse as well as in its adjacent area. It is a left-hand tributary of the Klodnica River with a length of about 8.6 km. Changes in the landscape structure that occurred between 1824-1993 have been analyzed. The starting material consisted of topographical maps that were digitized and calibrated and served as a basis to create colorful compositions. The areas occupied by the different land cover types have been calculated, which allowed to determine their participation in the drainage basin. In about 169 years, significant changes took place in the area of research considering the share of different types of cover and land use. During this time, the river changed its course, both naturally and by human activities. Increasing urbanization and technological development contributed to the diametrical transformation of the landscape structure in the discussed area.

17

Polskie mapy topograficzne do użytku powszechnego – ćwierć wieku sukcesów czy niepowodzeń?

Kowalski P., Siwek J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 4

334--343

PL

W artykule zostały omówione dokonania państwowej służby geodezyjnej i kartograficznej na polu kartografii topograficznej po 1989 roku. Zwrócono uwagę na duże braki pokrycia Polski aktualnymi mapami topograficznymi do użytku powszechnego, a także na próbę poprawy stanu naszej kartografii topograficznej poprzez opracowanie dla całego kraju Georeferencyjnej Bazy Danych Obiektów Topograficznych.

EN

Twenty four years pass since the repeal of restrictions that for over 40 years impeded progress in Polish cartography, and the production of topographic maps for general use in particular. Since then, a division of topographic mapping into civilian and military branches that existed before 1898 has been maintained. The evaluation of military maps is not the subject of this article but the military’s role in broadening the choice of topographic maps for civilian users must be acknowledged. In democratic Poland, the first army-made map for general distribution was The Topographic Map of Poland at a scale of 1:200 000 published in 1990–1992 based on data current for the eighties of the 20th century. The second important undertaking was the publication in 1993–2001 of The Topographic Map of Poland at 1:100 000 with added tourist content and the data current as of the eighties and the first half of the nineties. Those two military maps are the only topographic maps of the whole country published after 1990 to meet the needs of civilian users. At the same time period, the civil cartographic service has not delivered any complete map in any scale amid several unsuccessful attempts. Efforts to develop a new concept of a topographic map of Poland at a scale of 1:10 000 began in 1991, and for the 1:50 000 series in 1993. Grounding the maps’ concepts firmly on solid theoretical basis and original mathematical foundations made it possible to map the entire country in a uniform coordinate system (the “1992” system). The resulting set of rules for compiling the contents of both maps and their graphic representation was successively revised taking into account suggestions from the development teams as well as the numerous opinions of other people and institutions. The work on the 1:10 000 map concept continued until 1999. In the analog version, the map covered less than 25% of the country area (all cities and towns with their surroundings and economically important regions). In 2003 works began to design a 1:10 000 map series based on a topographic data base. As of November 2013, approximately 1400 sheets of that series have been completed with content current for the last decade. The development of the final concept for the 1:50 000 map series took 5 years and was completed in 1998. It is worth emphasizing that the 1:50 000 map is very detailed and features a new, original approach to the classification of built-up areas that employs criteria of functionality and physiognomy, not used in other maps, domestic or foreign. However, after nearly eight years (1995–2002) and after publishing 589 sheets (about 55% of the total coverage), the work on the remaining part of the series has been halted. An alternative to the unfinished map series was supposed to be a civilian version of the 1:50 000 military map (VMap L2) in the “WGS-84” coordinate system. Until 2006, the alternative map covered about ¼ of Poland, with a large proportion of the new sheets having earlier counterparts in the “1992” coordinate system. With the content up-to-datedness raging between 1993 and 2006, these maps jointly cover about 74% of the Poland’s land area. For the rest of the country, an old 1:50 000 map is available that was published from 1977 to 1982 using data current for the 1970s. An overview of source materials for the 1:50 000 series in the “1992” coordinate system indicates that many of its map sheets fail to comply with the rules and procedures established for that series. According to those instructions, an up-to-date map at 1:10 000 was to be used as the source material for compiling the maps at 1:50 000 series. However, only 45% of the total number of 1:50 000 map sheets (265) have been made exclusively on the basis of the 1:10 000 map – the source material for the remaining sheets consisted of topographic maps at 1:50 000 (as many as 252 sheets!) and 1:25 000. This puts a question mark on the reliability of over a half of the published sheets. The present state of Polish topographic maps for general use is unsatisfactory. The majority of map coverage is significantly out of date, and three map series that cover Poland at 1:50 000 are incompatible in terms of mathematical basis, content classification and graphic design. Efforts undertaken in recent years by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography give rise to hope for the improvement of Polish topographic mapping. The pace of work on the topographic database, which began at the onset of the 21st century, have accelerated considerably in 2010 thanks to the implementation of the EU INSPIRE Directive in Poland. Subsequently, a geo-referenced data base (BDOT10k) is under construction resembling in terms of accuracy and precision a 1:10 000 topographic map. The database is planned to be used for the compilation of topographic maps at scales from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. Its completion is expected in 2013.

18

Generalizacja NMT w opracowaniu metodologii reprezentacji rzeźby terenu

Bakuła K., Olszewski R., Bujak Ł., Gnat M., Kietlińska E., Stankiewicz M.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2013

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Vol. 25

19--32

PL

Artykuł prezentuje metodę generalizacji numerycznego modelu terenu dla potrzeb prezentacji rzeźby terenu na mapach topograficznych „nowej generacji”. Poprawna generalizacja numerycznego modelu terenu ma szczególnie istotne znaczenie dla zasilania systemów informacji geograficznej (GIS). Dla prowadzenia wiarygodnych analiz przestrzennych szczególnie istotne jest bowiem zachowanie rzeczywistego położenia punktów charakterystycznych kluczowych form terenu. Zdecydowano, że proces generalizacji numerycznych modeli terenu polegać będzie na generowaniu modelu o strukturze hybrydowej z najdokładniejszych danych wysokościowych dostępnych w zasobie geodezyjnym i kartograficznym, które do tego celu musiały zostać odpowiednio przygotowane. Danymi wykorzystywanymi w całym procesie były numeryczne modele terenu pozyskane technologią lotniczego skaningu laserowego w ramach systemu ISOK, a także dane fotogrametryczne z projektu LPIS. W ramach badań stworzono aplikację wykorzystującą w procesie generalizacji: ekstrakcję punktów charakterystycznych wybranymi metodami oraz punktów uzupełniających rozmieszczonych w regularnej siatce, a także ekstrakcję linii strukturalnych do utworzenia wtórnego NMT. Utworzony dla danego poziomu generalizacji model posłużył następnie do generowania warstwic w odpowiedniej skali, prezentujących rzeźbę terenu na mapach topograficznych.

EN

The paper presents the generalization methodology for data contained in digital terrain model (DTM) for the purpose of relief presentation on new topographic maps. An appropriate generalization process of digital terrain model is especially significant for geographic information systems (GIS). It is particularly important for reliable spatial analysis, therefore, to retain real position of characteristic points defining key landforms. It was decided that the proposed generalization process of digital terrain models was based on the hybrid structure of DTM generation from the most accurate height data in geodetic and cartographic resource. For this reason special application was developed which uses: an extraction of characteristic points and regularly distributed complementary points, as well as an extraction of structural lines to create a secondary DTM during generalization. The implementation of the whole process was carried out in Model Builder in ArcGIS 10. DTM created for a selected level of generalization was used then to generate contours for an appropriate scale, presenting the terrain on topographic maps. Two data source was used in presented research i.e. DTM from aerial laser scanning obtained in ISOK project and DTM created from photogrammetric data acquired in LPIS project. The proposed algorithm was tested on five areas representing different types of terrain: old glacial and young glacial landscape, low and high mountains and urban area. The results were compared for both data source. The statistical parameters were also calculated for the selected level of DTM generalization with regard to the raw data. For each test area DTM from LPIS and ISOK projects were positively generalized to hybrid structure which allowed for effective contours creation and acceptable relief representation on topographic maps in selected scale. Only few percent of initial data guaranteed appropriate cartographic accuracy in relief representation in result. As a conclusion authors indicate that full automation procedure of DTM generalization is not possible for whole Poland because of large morphometric diversity of our country. Presented research proved that achieving optimal results and satisfied cartographic accuracy can be obtained with usage of high resolution height data, exposed to the generalization algorithms, and supplemented by the current data from topographic data bases (TBD, BDOT).

19

Możliwości uzupełnienia Państwowego Rejestru Nazw Geograficznych o toponimy leśne umieszczane na wojskowych mapach topograficznych z okresu 1955-1965

Olenderek T

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2012

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T. 10, z. 5

55--60

PL

Państwowy Rejestr Nazw Geograficznych (PRNG) jest oficjalnym wykazem, zawierającym dwieście tysięcy toponimów. Wiele spośród nich opisuje obszary leśne lub obiekty związane z gospodarką leśną. Od paru lat PRNG jest systematycznie uzupełniany, dzięki czemu stał się najbardziej wartościowym źródłem informacji o nazwach geograficznych na obszarze Polski. W niniejszym artykule materiał badawczy stanowiły wojskowe mapy topograficzne 1:25000 oraz 1:50000 wydawane w okresie PRL. Analizowano, w jakim stopniu mogą stanowić one materiał uzupełniający PRNG w zakresie nazw obszarów leśnych. Poszukiwania wybranych kategorii toponimów objęły 480 arkuszy mapy 1:25000 i odpowiadające im 120 arkuszy mapy 1:50000 z obszaru Mazowsza. Okazało się, że rozmieszczenie toponimów leśnych w PRNG oraz na badanych mapach nie jest równomierne. Chociaż PRNG zawiera znacznie więcej toponimów leśnych, to nie uwzględniono w nim aż 60% nazw przedstawionych na mapach wojskowych. Potwierdzono ponadto, że jako materiał badawczy lepiej wykorzystywać mapę 1:25000, gdyż nazwy obszarów leśnych na mapie 1:50000 są bardzo zgeneralizowane.

EN

The Polish National Register of Geographical Names (PRNG) contains two hundred thousands of toponyms. Many of them describe forested areas or objects associated with silviculture. For several years, PRNG was regularly complemented and thus became the most valuable source of geographic names information on the Polish territory. The military topographic maps of 1:25000 and 1:50000 published in the period 1945-1989 were used as a research material for this paper. The possibilities of using these maps as supplementary material for PRNG with regard to the names of forest areas were analyzed. The search of selected categories of toponyms included 480 sheets of 1:25000 maps and corresponding 120 sheets of 1:50000 maps of the Mazowsze region. It was found that the location of forest toponyms in PRNG and on the studied maps is uneven. The PRNG contains significantly more forest toponyms, but it does not include as much as 60% of names shown on military maps. Moreover, the map of 1:25000 is a better research material, as the names of forest areas on the 1:50000 maps are very generalized.

20

Możliwości prezentacji rozwoju miast w wersji drukowanej i cyfrowej na przykładzie Historyczno-topograficznego atlasu miast śląskich

Gierczak D.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2012

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T. 44, nr 2

120-129

PL

Rozwój Internetu stał się poważnym wyzwaniem dla wydawców i autorów publikacji drukowanych. Jednak pomimo obaw związanych z tym nowym medium oraz z przyszłością druku, istnieją możliwości wykorzystania obydwu form edycji, które poprzez odpowiednie dopasowanie treści do danego medium zwiększają atrakcyjność produktu. Przykładem takiej hybrydowej publikacji jest Historyczno-topograficzny atlas miast śląskich, którego wydanie drukowane zawiera obszerniejsze teksty o rozwoju poszczególnych miast w okresie od początków XIX w. po teraźniejszość z przypisami i bibliografią oraz edycję map topograficznych w jednolitej skali 1:25 000. Wersja internetowa natomiast oferuje dodatkowe, multimedialne możliwości wizualizacji rozwoju prezentowanych miejscowości.

EN

Despite a still widespread scepticism, digital publishing has become a common way to distribute a quite different range of publications. It is getting more and more important, especially in the academic world. Therefore, the present paper discusses the option of hybrid publishing which is a particular interesting option for historical atlases as it is shown by the Historical-Topographical Atlas of Silesian Towns. The atlas displays the spatial developments of 34 selected Silesian towns from the beginning of industrialization in the 19th century until present times. Each issue of the atlas contains a wide range of topographic maps (standard scale of 1:25 000), starting with the Prussian Urmesstischblatter from the early 19th century to modern Polish and Czech maps, as well as the German orthoimages and aerial photographs. These unique aerial photographs which had been taken by the German Luftwaffe during the final period of World War II were often the last images of urban landscapes of Silesia before the heavy war damages occurred. The Internet version of the atlas is an interactive linking of maps, images, texts and film sources on urban history of the chosen cities. After loading the application and the dynamic introduction, there initially follows a town overview. The switchable legend on the main map shows the border movements of Silesia during the assessment period. The shifting of borders formed the most significant caesuras for urban development in Silesia, particularly in the 20th century. An additional information part provides different texts on the concept of this collaborative project. After clicking on a town in the overview map, a time-line appears which is used to visualize the spatial development of the respective settlement of the town using maps, aerial images and a 3D trailer. 'Additional materials' contain further graphic views, town maps, photographs, and films which also provide an image of the town, whilst the description offers informative texts on its respective development phase. In comparison with the print issue of the atlas, the texts are abridged and adapted to the graphic materials which are used in the digital version. The completion of the survey of the spatial development of each town is depicted by the growth phases maps. In the digital version of the Historical-Topographical Atlas of Silesian Towns they build one animated map, which brings together the spatial and temporal developments described in the textual contributions. In parallel with the interactive online version, the research results will be published in the form of individual bilingual volumes for each town. In addition to the complete texts on the development of the respective towns written by an international team of authors and the edited maps at a scale of 1:25 000, these also include an extensive bibliography. So far the two volumes Gorlitz/Zgorzelec (2010) and Opole/Oppeln (2011) have been published.