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Sposoby przedstawiania zagadnień geośrodowiskowych na przeglądowych mapach tematycznych

Sikorska-Maykowska M., Grabowski D., Strzelecki R., Lewandowski P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2003

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T. 35, nr 4

259-264

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia metodyczne kartograficznej prezentacji waloryzacji stanu środowiska przyrodniczego na terenach poddanych silnej antropopresji górnictwa i przemysłu na obszarze województwa śląskiego, Wynikiem tych prac była seria map w skalach 1:200 000, 1:300 000 i 1:650 000, z których kilka wybrano jako ilustrację tekstu.

EN

The article presents the experience of the Department of Environmental Geology of the Polish Geological Institute in the field if thematic map elaboration. Presentation of geoenvironmental issues in a cartographic form of a thematic map was conducted in two stages: - the first stage - combined data collection and edition, i.e. an analysis of environmental condition and valorization of its resources; - the second stage - dealt with the presentation, i.e.choice of an appropriate form for this particular subject. Collected and verified geoenvironmental information from the region of Silesia were thoroughly analyzed; on the basis of this analysis the following environmental components were valorized: mineral deposits, surface waters, ground waters and elements of plant life protected by law. At the same time the areas which are strongly affected by mining and industry were also analyzed. To cartographically present the analyzed processes the area was divided into 1 km aquares; within each square anthropopression weight was calculated. The calculation accounted not only for the strength of particular factors, but also the area occupied by the source of anthropopression within a particular square. To determine the area of most valuable natural resources in the region of Silesia several factors were considered: location of highest quality ground water and its resources, area vital for the preservation of the quality and quantity of surface water, location of most valuable deposits (in this case they were hard coal, zinc, lead and dolomites) and nature preserves of CORINE system. The synthesis allowed to point out areas of special care because of anthropogenic hazard as well as areas that should be protected for their natural resources. Analysis of prepared maps was conducted in GIS environment. Finally five classes of areas of different conflict level were determined: Class A - very hogh conflict level, Class B - high, Class C1 - average to high, Class C2 - average, Class D - low. Research results were presented in the form of general maps in 1:650 000, 1:300 000 - for selected areas and result maps in 1:200 000. These maps with a written commentary present many aspects of environment protection, which ahould be accounted for in economic policies, spatial planning, or in the management of environment and space. To present such a wide spectrum of environmental issues several types of maps in three different scales have been used. On the most signifacant of them - the result map in 1:200 000, titled " Anthropopression and conflict areas in the region of Silesia " there is also an enlarged fragment in 1:100 000 presenting the area of highest conflict level. The illustration shows four most interesting examples of prepared maps. Complete presentation is prepared in GIS form, in ArcInfo system.

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Koncepcja Mapy dziedzictwa przyrodniczo-kulturowego Polski 1:50 000

Opach T., Pasławski J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2003

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T. 35, nr 1

3-11

PL

Po określeniu pojęcia dziedzictwa przyrodniczo-kulturowego i przedstawieniu problemu redakcji mapy na podkładzie nowej Mapy topograficznej Polski 1:50 000, omówiono koncepcję treści Mapy dziedzictwa przyrodniczo-kulturowego Polski 1:50 000. Szczegółowo scharakteryzowano poszczególne wyróżnienia dziedzictwa przyrodniczego i dziedzictwa kulturowego oraz wskazano możliwości wykorzystania mapy.

EN

The authors describe a concept of contents of a Map of the natural-cultural heritage of Poland 1:50 000. First they define the notion of natural-cultural heritage, and then characterize particular distinctions of natiral heritage and those of cultural heritage. They also indicate possible uses for such a map. The contents of Map of the heritage comprises the objects of heritage, i.e. the most valuable elements of geographic environment. In the case of natural elements of environment we can talk of "natural heritage ", that is the object and areas of exceptional aesthetic value, examples of ecological and biologic processes, as well as traces of important events in the Earth's history. In the case of objects and phenomena resulting from material and immaterial human activities, we can talk of "cultural heritage". Map of the heritage is drawn on a bases of a new Topographic map of Poland 1:50 000, with which the overprinted graphic symbols have to agree. It was assumed that the map should be accessible to general, nonspecialist public, therefore the legend distinctions should be comprehensible for any reader with at least secondary education. Map's contents is divided into two groups. The first group, "Natural heritage (fig.1) contains three topic categories: - environment protection - didactic stands - degradation of the natural environment The second group, "Cultural heritage (fig. 3) is divided as follows: - major archeological sites - historic sites - major events and non-existent objects Map of the heritage also includes elements of tourist infrastructure (fig. 2). Additionally, a hypsometric sketch has been included, with physico-geographical regionalization of the presented area (fig. 5). The map could be used in many fields, especially regional planning, education, tourism and promotion of "little homelands". Rich contents and the scale of presentation mean that the reader would gain access to previously unavailable information.

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Niktóre problemy kartografii środowiska przyrodniczego Polski

Siwek J.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2001

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T. 33, nr 2

106--113

PL

W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono w zwięzły sposób polskie mapy środowiska przyrodniczego, w drugiej zaś główne problemy związane z ich opracowaniem.

EN

A rapid development of the process of mapping the natural environment started in Poland after the World War II. During the first period, which lasted until the late 1960s, the majority of ganeral maps were prepared at the scale of 1:300,000. This includes two series of geologic maps (A - superficial deposits and B - without quarternary deposits), two hydrogeologic series (A - subsurface water (first level), B - deep horizon water-bearings), soil map, geologic-energeering map, map of raw materials as well as the magnetic and gravimetric maps. At the same time, a series of detailed, 1:50,000-scale maps based on terrain research was initiated. The series included the following maps: geological, geomorphological and hydrographic. The oldest and most important of these three - the Detailed Geological Map of Poland has been published since 1954, and now covers over 40 per cent of the Polish territory. The hydrographic map is also continued (although intermittently) - it now covers 30 per cent of the country. The geomorphologic map was discontinued after a small number of sheets had been put out. During the second period (1970s and 1980s) the focus was on the preparation of general maps designed as synthetic sources of knowledge on the environment of Poland. This included the soil, hydrographic, geomorphologic and geological maps at 1:500,000. Finally, the third period started in 1990s. During this time three new series at 1: 50,000 were initiated - hydrogeological, ecological and geological-economical (with vital ecological contents). Also, the geological and hydrographic maps were continued. Two new versions of 1:200,000-scale geological maps appeared as well as the map of potential vegetation at 1: 300,000 (fig. 1). The current problems of the cartography of natural environment in Poland to the large extent result from the past. During the 45 years of the socialist economy numerous distorted base maps were used. As a result,topographic maps are distorted and not uniform. The attempts to improve their quality consist in the process of transferring the thematic contents to the correct topographic base. This process must be performed especially in the areas, for which digital databases are created. The general maps also have a differing and not always correct topographic base. This is a result of the lack of a general-reference map that would be reliable and easily-accessible. The lack of uniformity is also reflected by the different divisions into sheets used on maps (fig. 4). The out-dated maps should also be considedred to constitute a vital problem in environment cartography. This is especially true in the case of the 1:50,000-scale maps (the geologic map in particular). The maps in smaller scales do not need updating so often, both becouse of their scale and their character (synthesis). The loss of their actuality is more often the result of progress in the branch of science they refer to. Owing to the fact that over 20 years have passed since most of the 1:500,000-scale were published, it might be beneficial to prepare their new versions, which should however be preceded by a broad discussion on their concepts. Eventually, the computer technology used to prepare 1:50,000-scale maps since the mid 1990s presents certain problems. Apart from its numerous advantages, it also has some noticeable drawbacks, which can clearly be seen when the offset printing process is supplemented by plotting, which degrades the graphic form of maps.