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PL
Zastosowanie zaawansowanego aparatu matematycznego do opracowania dużego zbioru danych pomiarowych zaowocowało pozyskaniem nowych informacji, a tym samym umożliwiło odczytanie ukrytych informacji o składzie pierwiastkowym atramentów.
EN
A near-millennial tree-ring chronology (AD 1147-2000) is presented for south-west Finland and analyzed using dendroclimatic methods. This is a composite chronology comprising samples both from standing pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) and subfossil trunks as recovered from the lake sediments, with a total sample size of 189 tree-ring sample series. The series were dendrochronologically cross-dated to exact calendar years to portray variability in tree-ring widths on inter-annual and longer scales. Although the studied chronology correlates statistically significantly with other long tree-ring width chronologies from Finland over their common period (AD 1520-1993), the south-west chronology did not exhibit similarly strong mid-summer temperature or spring/early-summer precipitation signals in comparison to published chronologies. On the other hand, the south-west chronology showed highest correlations to the North Atlantic Oscillation indices in winter/spring months, this association following a dendroclimatic feature common to pine chronologies over the region and adjacent areas. Paleoclimatic comparison showed that tree-rings had varied similarly to central European spring temperatures. It is postulated that the collected and dated tree-ring material could be studied for wood surface reflectance (blue channel light intensity) and stable isotopes, which both have recently shown to correlate notably well with summer temperatures.
EN
The article presents the results of French archival research concerning scholarly and scientific archives. The article points out that the subject-matter is of interest to historians of science and learning as well as archivists employed in research institutions. It is tressed that the concept of ’’scholarly/scientific archives” refers to three kinds of archives: the archives of institutions responsible for research administration, of those conducting research, as well as the archives of scholars and scientists themselves. The arcticle presents material on the archives of the Academie des Sciences as well as other research institutions, such as the Museum d’histoirenaturelle, the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, the EcolePolytechnique, the Institut Pasteur and the Observatoireastronomique. Special attention is devoted to the establishment, gathering and arrangement of the archival materials of those institutions. The next part of the article deals with the issue of the archives of Polish scholars to be found in French archival literature. It identifies the places where such materials are stored and discusses the archival materials relating to Polish researchers and scholars that are stored at the library of the Institut de France, the Bibliothequenationale, the central library of the Museum d’histoirenaturelle as well as other research institutions. The next part of the article is devoted to problems of evaluating materials created in the course of currently conducted research. It is pointed out that archival material produced by the activities of research institutions consist of (i) administrative documents and (ii) documents concerned with course of research work itself. It is stressed in the article that unpublished research materials and working materials are documents of a very controversial kind, and do not lend themselves easily to precise and rational criteria of assessment. The article also points out that it is difficult to work out a general framework of criteria for the assessment of scholarly and scientific documents. In conclusion in is stressed that the work on scholarly and scientific archives that has been produced in a joint effort by French history of science and learning and by French archival science, testifies to the wealth and diversity of French research activity, both as regards the work of individual scholars and scientists, as well as French research institutions. This work serves to underline the role and achievements of science and learning in the creation of cultural heritage.
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