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1

Faeces As an Important Pollution Source of Airborne Pathogens in Traveling from Swine Farm

Liangbin Zhao, Wenjin Zhang, Dongmei Jiang, Lin Bai, Xiaoxia Hao

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2023

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Tom 25

55--67

EN

Airborne pathogens are the most important factor causing environmental issues on pig farms. Research on airborne swine-derived microbes has mainly concentrated on several specific microbes or pathogens. The present work was conducted to detect and identify the entire microbial community in piggery air and their dispersion by 16SrRNA sequencing. Fifteen faeces and eighty-four air samples were collected in swine barns and from different distances away from the barns, respectively. The results showed that the faeces and air share the most dominant bacteria. The top 10 genera belonged to Fimicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and accounted for 54% and 76-84% of the total sequences. Moreover, great higher (P < 0.01) microbial diversity was detected in the faeces. This study indicated that a hygienic interval of 50 m should be set on swine farms to prevent the spreading infectious disease caused by airborne pathogens.

2

The effect of fish waste and duck manure on the growth and yield of pak choi

Idris Muhammad, Bangun Imam H., Ani Nurma, Hutagaol Dermawan, Siddik Fajar

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

100--107

EN

In 2021, pak choi production in Indonesia was 727.47 Mg, marking an increase of 8.2% compared to the 2020 production, which was 667.47 Mg. Therefore, there is a clear need for cultivation improvement, particularly through the implementation of organic fertilisers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of liquid organic fertiliser (LOF) derived from fish waste and duck manure on the growth and yield of the pak choi plant (Brassica rapa. L. var. Nauli F1). A randomised block design factorial was used with two factors and three replications. The first factor considered was LOF from fish waste, comprising three levels (LOF0= control, LOF1= 25 cm3∙dm-3 of water, and LOF2= 50 cm3∙dm-3 of water). The second factor focused on duck manure fertiliser (DMF) and involved four levels (DMF0= control, DMF1= 3.7 kg∙plot-1, DMF2= 5.55 kg∙plot-1, and DMF3= 7.4 kg∙plot-1). The results showed that the application of LOF from fish waste positively influenced the growth and yield of pak choi, with the most effective treatment observed in LOF1(25 cm3∙dm-3 of water). However, the application of DMF did not yield a significant difference in its effect on the growth and yield of the pak choi plant. The control treatment (DMF0) reported comparable results and the combination of LOF from fish waste and DMF did not show a significant effect, with the most favourable findings observed in the LOF2DMF0 treatment (50 cm3∙dm-3 and control).

3

Generating Electricity from Soil Using Different Sources of Manure

Hassan Khalida Abdul-Karim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

187--192

EN

In this study three different types of manure (bird, cattle and sheep) with three doses (10, 20 and 30 g) were mixed with soil to investigate and compare the different performance of energy generation as well as provides the ways of increasing the efficiency for such an application. The mixed soil was incubated for ten days after wetting with tap water as needed, then the voltage and current readings were taken every twenty-four hours for ten days. Experiment results indicated that 30 g cattle manure was the best use for energy generating purposes, delivering a voltage peak of 7.4 mV and current of 0.48 mA compared to 7.4 mV; 0.34 mA for bird manure and 6.56 mV; 0.32 mA for sheep manure. Cattle manure produced the highest peak for voltage with all doses and was therefore the best to use. In general, all treatments provide enough voltage to power the LED bulb successfully.

4

Efficiency of Integrated Nutrient Management to Improve Eggplant Production in Intercropping Systems

Maghfoer Moch. Dawam, Lehar Laurensius, Lestari Mahayu Woro

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 11

217--227

EN

Eggplant is a vegetable that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. Fertilization is one of the most influential factors to increase eggplant productivity. The research to improve the eggplant productivity through the application of various nitrogen nutrient sources in an integrated nutrient management system and an intercropping system with cabbage was carried out from June to December 2019 in Wonorejo, Poncokusumo-Malang. The study was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD) with 21 treatments and was repeated 3 times. The treatments were D0 = Control (180 kg N) and (D1–D20), which were various combinations of inorganic N fertilizers, manure, and microbes (EM and PGPR). Observations included the number of leaves and stem diameter of eggplant, number of cabbage leaves, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight (per plant, per hectare, and per fruit), and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), soil analysis before and after the research. The results showed that the combination of 75% inorganic fertilizer + 20–30 t·ha-1 manure + 10–20 ml·l-1 microbe (EM / PGPR) in the eggplant – cabbage intercropping system increased the growth and yield of eggplant, with fruit weights ranging 1.86–2.35 kg·plant-1 or 40.88–53.17 t·ha-1, and LER value was 1.94–2.04.

5

Study on the rate of O2 consumption and purification of tail biogas with a biofilter in the composting process

Zhen Xiaofei, Luo Miao, Li Zhenggui, Zhang Yongheng, Wang Weiwei, Kang Jian

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 1

87--97

EN

For aerobic static composting, fresh cow, pig, and chicken manures were used as feedstock and mixed with 10 % corn straws, which was considered as the bulking agent. In the composting process of different livestock and poultry manures, the changing trends of temperature, pH, conductivity, density, and other parameters were intensively studied. The results were as follows: (1) after the tail biogases of composting systems – using cattle manure, pig manure, and chicken manure - were introduced into the biofilter, the concentration of O2 decreased slightly, but the concentration of CO2 increased. The odour in these tail biogases declined significantly, and thus the biodegradation of tail biogas was obvious. (2) The oxygen consumption in the different periods of the composting process of these three manures was almost the same, and the average oxygen consumption for the three manures was 0.928, 0.937, and 0.945 m3/kg, respectively. Under standard conditions, the density of oxygen is 1.429 g/L, and the average oxygen consumption in the composting processes of these three manures was 1.326, 1.338, and 1.350 kg/kg, respectively.

6

Database System for Estimating the Biogas Potential of Cattle and Swine Feces in Poland

Wawrzyniak Agnieszka, Lewicki Andrzej, Pochwatka Patrycja, Sołowiej Piotr, Czekała Wojciech

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

111--120

EN

Animal biomass is an important substrate in the anaerobic digestion process. The implementation of a waste technology for energy production, such as the production of biogas from animal waste, has been recognized in many countries as one of the best ways to achieve the Sustainable Energy Development Goals. Without a systematic review of resources and accurate estimation of available sources in terms of the amount of potential electricity, it is impossible to manage biomass rationally. The main aim of the article was to present a new tool for assessing the biomass of animal origin and estimating its potential energy through a computer database, which will be widely available in the end of 2020 to show results from the calculation using the database. This tool is configured to enter the data on the developed and undeveloped biomass resources in production of farm animals in rural areas in Poland. Calculations from the database show the biogas potential of swine and cattle manure and slurry in Poland, which is approximately 5.04 billion m3, with a 60% share of methane in biogas. It is the value of approximately 3.03 billion m3 of methane. It is worth underlining that slurry and manure are not high-energy substrates; therefore, it is necessary to introduce more energetic substrate streams to improve the biogas plant efficiency.

7

Effect of Fertilization with the Sheep Manure Vermicompost on the Yield of Sweet Potato and Selected Properties of Soil Developed from Loess

Garczyńska Mariola, Kostecka Joanna, Kaniuczak Janina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 5

27--33

EN

The experiment was carried out in 2016–2018 in Łańcut, in the Rzeszów Foothills. The effect of fertilization using the sheep manure vermicompost on sweet potato of early cultivar (Carmen Rubin) and selected soil characteristics was investigated. The experiment was based on the method of randomized sub-blocks performed in four replications. Two cultivation technologies were used, in which the differentiating factor was fertilization applied or the lack of it. In the first technology (I nf – without fertilization), no fertilization was used in the years of research; in the second technology (II fv – fertilization with vermicompost), the vermicompost made from the sheep manure was applied. The vermicompost increased the yield of sweet potatoes of Carmen Rubin cv. and the share of large tubers in the yield structure. It also influenced the increase of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the soil as well as the content of available forms of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Some of the studied soil properties were less favorable compared to their condition before the start of the experiment.

8

Wpływ nawożenia nawozami naturalnymi i mineralnymi w różnych dawkach na liczebność wybranych grup mikroorganizmów epifitycznych runi łąkowej

Kiliszczyk Anna, Kierasińska Katarzyna, Wróbel Barbara

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2019

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T. 19, z. 2

53--67

PL

Celem badań przeprowadzonych w latach 2009–2011 była ocena wpływu nawożenia łąki trwałej nawozami naturalnymi (obornikiem i gnojówką) i nawozami mineralnymi (wprowadzonymi w trzech różnych dawkach) na liczebność wybranych mikroorganizmów epifitycznych bytujących na runi łąkowej. Próbki roślin do badań pobierano trzykrotnie w trakcie sezonu wegetacyjnego. W ramach badań eksperymentalnych oceniano: ogólną liczebność bakterii tlenowych, bakterii z rodzaju Enterobacteriaceae oraz drożdży i grzybów pleśniowych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań nie wykazano różnic w liczebności badanych grup drobnoustrojów bytujących na roślinności łąkowej nawożonej różnymi nawozami i w różnych dawkach. Stwierdzono jednak, że liczebność poszczególnych grup mikroorganizmów zależała przede wszystkim od terminu pobierania próbek. Największe liczebności wszystkich badanych mikroorganizmów stwierdzono w drugim roku badań (2010 r.). Liczba bakterii tlenowych rosła statystycznie istotnie wraz z okresem wzrostu roślin (kolejnym pokosem) i była największa w trzecim terminie zbioru. W próbkach świeżej masy roślin z trzeciego pokosu w drugim roku badań stwierdzano największą liczbę bakterii z rodzaju Enterobacteriaceae (6,61 jtk∙g–1) oraz bakterii tlenowych (8,65 jtk∙g–1). W próbkach z tego samego roku badań, ale z drugiego pokosu, odnotowano największą liczebność grzybów pleśniowych (5,88 jtk∙g–1) i drożdży (3,44 jtk∙g–1).

EN

The study The aim of the research carried out in 2009–2011 was to assess the effect of fertilizing meadow with natural fertilizers (manure and liquid manure) and mineral fertilizers on the number of selected epiphytic microorganisms living on the meadow sward. Samples of plants for testing were collected three times during the growing season. The total number of aerobic bacteria, enterobacteria, yeast and mold fungi were assessed as a part of the study. As a result of the conducted experimental research, there were no differences in the number of examined groups of microorganisms living on the meadow plants fertilized with various fertilizers and doses. However, it was found that the number of individual groups of microorganisms depended mainly on the date of sampling. The largest number of all studied microorganisms occurred in the second year of the research (2010). In the samples of plants from the third cut in the second year of the study, the highest number of bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae (6.61 cfu∙g–1) and aerobic bacteria (8.65 cfu∙g–1) were found. In the samples from the same research year, but from the second cut, the highest numbers of mold fungi (5.88 cfu∙g–1) and yeast (3.44 cfu∙g–1) were recorded.

9

Occurrence and concentration of mycotoxins in grass silage from selected farms

Kiliszczyk Anna, Kierasińska Katarzyna, Wróbel Barbara

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 64, nr 3

20--24

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of occurrence and concentrations of mycotoxins in grass silages depending on meadow location, term of harvest and type of fertilizer used. The research material consisted of 24 grass silage samples collected in 2013 from three farms located in: Falenty, Kodeń and Kąty. The following mycotoxins were evaluated: deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T2 and HT2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEA) and roquefortine C (ROQ C). 22 samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin. The most frequently detected toxins were NIV (14 samples contaminated), DON and ZEA (10 samples). The concentration of mycotoxins in silage samples coming from individual farms varied and significant differences between farms were obtained only in the case of T2 toxin and ZEA. Silage made out of sward from the third cut was more likely to be contaminated, than silage made out of sward from the first cut. The type of fertilizer had no significant impact on mycotoxin concentrations except for NIV and HT2 toxin.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena częstotliwości występowania i zawartości mykotoksyn w kiszonce z runi łąkowej w zależności od lokalizacji gospodarstwa, terminu zbioru runi łąkowej oraz rodzaju nawożenia stosowanego do nawożenia łąki. Materiał badawczy stanowiły 24 próbki sianokiszonki pobrane w 2013 r. w trzech gospodarstwach: w Falentach, Kodniu i Kątach. Oceniono zawartość następujących mykotoksyn i toksyn: deoksyniwalenolu (DON), niwalenolu (NIV), toksyn T2 i HT2, zearalenonu (ZEA) i roquefortyny C (ROQ C). 22 próbki były skażone co najmniej jedną mykotoksyną. Najczęściej wykrywanymi toksynami były NIV (14 próbek) DON i ZEA (po 10 próbek). Zawartość poszczególnych mykotoksyn w próbkach kiszonki pochodzących z poszczególnych gospodarstw była bardzo zróżnicowana, ale istotne różnice między gospodarstwami stwierdzono tylko w przypadku dwóch mykotoksyn: toksyny T-2 i ZEA. Kiszonki sporządzone z runi łąkowej zebranej w trzecim pokosie zwykle były bardziej zanieczyszczone niż kiszonki z pierwszego pokosu. Rodzaj nawożenia nie miał istotnego wpływu na poziom skażenia mykotoksynami, z wyjątkiem toksyn NIV i HT2

10

Biological Processing of Renewable Raw Materials Resources with Regard to the Environmental and Technological Criteria

Kudrin Mikhail R., Krasnova Oksana A., Koshchaev Andrey G., Koshchaeva Olga V., Ulimbashe Murat B., Konik Nina V., Shabunin Sergey V.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

58--66

EN

The research was devoted to studying the influence of the Tamir biological product in the loose deep-litter keeping of the cattle on the indicators of rearing stock live weight, average daily weight gain, and withdrawal of replacement heifers, cows, and first-calf heifers due to the limb diseases. The study was performed at the stud farm for breeding the black-motley breed of the Integrated Agricultural Production Company (collective farm) Udmurtia in the Vavozhsky district of the Udmurtian Republic in the period from 2013 to October 2018. The report on animals culling from the main herd, and reports on animals weighing have shown that in 2013–2014, before the use of the biological product, the number of heifers withdrawn from the herd at the age of 10–12 months was 12 (in 2013), or 1.4%, and 13 (in 2014), or 1.4%; at the age from 12 to 18 months – nine (2013), or 1.1%, and 12 (2014), or 1.3%; at the age of 18 months and older – three (2013), or 0.6%, and eight (2014), or 0.5% of the total number in the age groups of the animals. In 2015–2017, i.e., after the use of the biological product, the number of heifers withdrawn from the herd at the age of 10–12 months was nine (1.1%), six (0.6%), and seven (0.6%); at the age of 12–18 months – seven (0.8%), five (0.5%), and three (0.3%); at age 18 months and older – two (0.2%), two (0.2%), and one (0.01%) of the total number in the age groups of the animals. Withdrawal of rearing stock due to limbs diseases was also analyzed. While before the use of the biological product, in 2013–2014, 26 animals, or 3.0% (2013) and 33 animals, or 3.5% (in 2014) had been withdrawn from the herd, after the use of the biological products in 2015–2017, this figure dropped to 18 animals, or 2.2% in 2015, 13 animals, or 1.2% in 2016, and 11 animals, or 1.0% in 2017. Thus, the percentage of the withdrawn heifers after the use of the biological product decreased from 3.0–3.5% to 1.0–2.2%, or almost three times. Analysis of the average daily weight gain by young animals in all age periods has shown that after the use of the biological product, the average daily weight gain increased, compared to the period before its use, which confirms the growth of this indicator. The live weight of the replacement heifers at first insemination before the use of the product amounted to 382–381 kg, and in 2015–2017, after the use of the product, it amounted to 385–388–390 kg, which also indicated the positive effect of the product on the growth. The percentage of the cows withdrawn from the main herd after the use of the biological product reduced from 10.3–15.4% to 5.8–6.1%, i.e., by 4.5–9.3%; of first-calf heifers – from 11.0–17.1% to 3.4–7.1%, i.e., by 7.6–10.0%, by the years of withdrawal, respectively. After processing the manure with the Tamir biological product, the fraction of manure became solid (crumbly) and lost the smell. Thus, the use of the Tamir biological product in the technology of loose keeping of cattle on deep litter increased the daily weight gain in heifers and their live weight at first insemination, and reduced the share of low-productive cows and first-calf heifers, as well as the incidence rate of limb diseases.

11

Feasibility study of biogas project development : technology maturity, feedstock, and utilization pathway

Kalinichenko Antonina, Havrysh Valerii

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 1

68--83

EN

Biogas production has a big potential to provide clean energy. To evaluate the future production and maturity of biogas technology the generalized Weng model was proved to be effective, due to it has the minimum error. The simple algorithms to determine its parameters have been proposed. The simulation results for China, USA, and EU have been presented. The quantity and quality analysis for biogas feedstock has been carried out. Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) indicator for different biofuels was considered. According to analysis done biogas from maize residue and chicken manure has high EROEI. Shannon Index was suggested to evaluate the diversity of feedstock supply. Biomass energy cost indicator was grounded to be used for feedstock energy and cost assessment. Biogas utilization pathways have been shown. Biogas boilers and CHP have the highest thermal efficiency, but biogas (biomethane) has the highest potential to earn as a petrol substitute. Utilization of biogas upgrading by-product (carbon dioxide) enhances profitability of biogas projects. Methods to assess the optimal pathways have been described.

12

Właściwości mikrobiologiczne obornika w bezstajennym i boksowym systemie utrzymania koni

Wolny-Koładka K., Blok B., Kuś A.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2018

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T. 18, z. 2

99--113

PL

Dobrostan zwierząt oraz higiena pracowników ośrodków jazdy konnej, a także zachowanie odpowiedniego stanu czystości na terenie stajni to sposób na zapobieganie rozprzestrzenianiu się drobnoustrojów patogennych. Obornik jest źródłem mikroorganizmów odzwierciedlających naturalną mikroflorę jelita zwierząt. Drobnoustroje te charakteryzuje znikoma zjadliwość, jednak w stanach chorobowych zwierzęcia odchody mogą być źródłem szczepów patogennych wywołujących zoonozy i epizootie. Dlatego celem niniejszej pracy była ocena właściwości mikrobiologicznych obornika w trzech ośrodkach jazdy konnej różniących się sposobem utrzymania koni. Analizie poddano obornik pobrany z jednego ośrodka, prowadzącego bezstajenny tryb hodowli koni, oraz dwóch różniących się wielkością stajni boksowych. Obornik pobierano przez trzy lata (2015–2017), cztery razy w roku (wiosna, lato, jesień, zima), w celu uwzględnienia zjawiska sezonowości. Liczebność wybranych mikroorganizmów, tj. bakterie tlenowe mezofilne, grzyby pleśniowe, Staphylococcus spp., E. coli i Salmonella spp., określano metodą seryjnych rozcieńczeń według Kocha. Stwierdzono, że system utrzymania koni wpływa na występowanie badanych drobnoustrojów. Obornik pobrany z największego ośrodka jeździeckiego, prowadzącego boksowy system utrzymania koni, był najliczniej zasiedlony przez mikroorganizmy. W badanych próbkach zidentyfikowano m.in. bakterie Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp. i E. coli oraz grzyby z rodzajów Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Trichothecium, Cladosporium i Alternaria.

EN

The welfare of animals and the hygiene of workers in horse riding centres, as well as proper level of cleanliness within stables, is a way to prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. Manure is a source of microorganisms reflecting the natural microflora of the animal intestines. These microorganisms are characterized by low virulence, but in the case of animal disease, faeces can be a source of pathogenic strains that cause zoonoses and epizooties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial contamination of manure in three horse riding centres differing in the system of horse keeping. The manure was sampled in one horse riding centre with free-range horse keeping system and in two centres with different areas of box-stall stables. The samples of manure were collected over a period of three years (2015–2017), four times per year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in order to verify the seasonal variations. The number of selected microorganisms, i.e. mesophilic aerobic bacteria, mould fungi, Staphylococcus spp., E. coli and Salmonella spp., was determined using the Koch’s serial dilution method. The studies indicated that the system of horse keeping affected the occurrence of the examined microorganisms. The manure collected from the largest facility, with the box-stall stable system of horse keeping was the most contaminated by microorganisms. The following microorganisms were identified in the analysed samples: bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella and species E. coli, and mould fungi from the genus Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Trichothecium, Cladosporium and Alternaria.

13

The effect of annual application of natural fertilizers and straw on the yielding of maize grown for grain in multiple monoculture

Szymańska G., Sulewska H., Ratajczak K.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 3

112--117

EN

The purpose of the work was to evaluate the effects of agricultural use of natural fertilizers and rye straw in the cultivation of maize for grain. The research was carried out using the variety PR39G12, on the field after a 6-year-old maize monoculture. In the years 2005-2008, two mono-factorial experiments were established on two soil complexes: rye and good wheat. It was shown, that the use of natural fertilizers and straw limited the negative effects of maize cultivation in monoculture. The application of a full dose of manure on a good wheat complex and plowing of rye straw with the addition of 40 m3. ha-1 slurry on a rye complex resulted in an increase in grain yield.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena efektów rolniczego wykorzystania nawozów naturalnych oraz słomy żytniej w uprawie kukurydzy na ziarno. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem odmiany PR39G12, na polu po 6-letniej monokulturze kukurydzy. W latach 2005–2008 założono dwa jednoczynnikowe doświadczenia na dwóch kompleksach glebowych: żytnim oraz pszennym dobrym. Wykazano, że stosowanie nawozów naturalnych oraz słomy ograniczało ujemne skutki uprawy kukurydzy w monokulturze. Zastosowanie pełnej dawki obornika na kompleksie pszennym dobrym oraz przyoranie słomy żytniej z dodatkiem 40 m3 ·ha-1 gnojowicy na kompleksie żytnim prowadziło do wzrostu plonu ziarna.

14

Energetyczne wykorzystanie odpadów poprodukcyjnych powstających w dużych fermach hodowli bydła

Grygier S., Idziak P., Jędrzejczak M.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr I/1

25--37

PL

W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania prawne skłaniające do ograniczania emisji dwutlenku węgla w warunkach naszego kraju. Wykazano, że mimo niestabilnej i niesprzyjającej polityce finansowej inwestowanie w budowę lokalnych instalacji produkujących biogaz i przetwarzających go na energię elektryczną jest uzasadnione. Przedstawiono schemat technologiczny instalacji przystosowanej do przetwarzania gnojowicy, obornika bydlęcego i kukurydzy na biogaz. Wykazano, że pod względem surowcowym stado liczące ok. 1000 krów pozwala uruchomić i podtrzymać pod względem ilości niezbędnego surowca bioelektrownię o mocy 500 kW. W zestawieniach tabelarycznych przedstawiono dane dla takiej instalacji oraz dla instalacji o mocy dwukrotnie większej. Wskazano podstawowe kryteria doboru liczby zespołów prądotwórczych, typu napędu mechanicznego (silnika) dla zespołu prądotwórczego oraz samego generatora tak, aby źródła energii elektrycznej mogły pracować zarówno na sieć jak też w systemie wyspowym (wydzielonym). Wskazano na możliwość kompleksowego zagospodarowania całej wytworzonej w biogazowni energii cieplnej.

EN

The article presents the legal constraints for limiting carbon dioxide emissions in Poland. It has been shown that, despite unstable and unfavorable financial policies, investing in the construction of local biogas plants and converting them into electricity is justified. The technological processes in such installations have been described. The article presents a flowchart of the technological process of processing manure, bovine manure and maize for biogas. It has been shown that a herd of about 1000 cows provides enough waste that this enables the bio-power plant of 500 kW. Tabular data lists data for such installations and for installations with twice the power. The basic criteria for selecting the number of generating sets, the type of mechanical drive (motor) for the generating set and the generator itself, are given, so that the power sources can work both on the grid and in the island system (isolated). It was indicated the possibility of comprehensive development of all heat generated in the biogas plant.

15

Homemade Slow-Action Fertilizers, as an Economic Solution for Organic Food Production

Ciesielczuk T., Poluszyńska J., Rosik-Dulewska C.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 2

78--85

EN

Organic plant cultivation, especially those intended for human consumption, poses new requirements for gardening. It is recommended to use organic slow-action fertilizers, which provide doses of nutrients essential for plants for a long time. Particularly valuable fertilizers are those that arise within the household, due to their high quality and the absence of costs associated with their purchase and transport. Organic matter contained in the food industry waste or arising in households, in the absence of contamination by other types of waste, can be used for self-production of organic fertilizer. The paper presents the results of testing organic fertilizers, which you can make yourself, destined for the cereal plants. The experimental fertilizers were made from coffee spent grounds (CSG) and ash from the thermal conversion of biomass (A), and the components limiting the amount of pests in the form of leaves and flowers of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). The fertilizer can be used at the time of planting and sowing, because of the slow release of nutrients. Moreover, the addition of leaves and flowers of tansy helps to protect the seedling due to the content of essential oils. As a comparison, the horse manure and rabbit droppings fertilizers were used. Such fertilizers can be prepared independently, which leads not only to reducing the weight of biodegradable and mineral waste, but also provides the ability to generate financial savings of the household and promote organic gardening. Fertilizers made from a mixture of CSG and A support the implementation of good agricultural practice and sustainable development.

16

The evaluation of the fertilizing and yield potential of straw and cellulose manure

Słobodzian-Ksenicz O., Bojarski J.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2017

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No. 24(1)

187--195

EN

The objective of the study was to determine the physicochemical properties as well as the fertilizing and crop-yielding value of straw and cellulose manure after a 6-month storage period. Before field application pH value and contents of dry matter, TC, Corg. and N in cellulose manure were higher than in straw manure. The application of cellulose manure caused an increase in pH and the contents of P and K in the soil. The contents of DM, TC, Corg., as well as N and P in the rye grain collected from a field with cellulose manure were higher than in the rye grain collected from a field with straw manure. It follows that the soil fertilized with the cellulose manure was more conducive to the mineralization and sorption of macroelements assimilable by plants. The cellulose manure demonstrated better fertilizing value than the straw manure and increased the yield potential of the soil.

PL

Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu określenie właściwości fizykochemicznych, przydatności nawozowej i plonotwórczej obornika słomiastego oraz celulozowego po okresie 6. miesięcznego składowania. Przed aplikacją na pole wartość pH oraz zawartość suchej masy, TC, Corg. i N w oborniku celulozowym były wyższe, niż w oborniku słomiastym. Aplikacja obornika celulozowego spowodowała wzrost pH oraz zawartości P i K w glebie. Zawartość suchej masy, TC, Corg., N i P w ziarnie żyta zebranego z pola po oborniku celulozowym była wyższa, niż w ziarnie zabranym po oborniku słomiastym. Wynika z tego, że w glebie nawiezionej obornikiem celulozowym panowały bardziej korzystne warunki mineralizacji i sorpcji makroelementów przyswajalnych przez rośliny. Obornik celulozowy posiadał lepszą przydatność nawozową, niż obornik słomiasty, a zaaplikowany do gleby podwyższył jej zdolność plonotwórczą.

17

Metoda zwiększenia ilości biogazu pozyskiwanego z fermentacji metanowej nawozów naturalnych

Wardal W. J., Romaniuk W., Myczko R.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

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2016

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R. 24, nr 4

91--107

PL

W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję urządzenia laboratoryjnego z systemem wypłukiwania materii organicznej z obornika z przeznaczeniem do produkcji biogazu oraz ocenę uzysku biogazu z nawozu naturalnego o różnym stopniu przefermentowania (dojrzałości). Ocena wydajności biogazowej badanych faz technologicznych obornika oraz mieszaniny wymywanej w celu określenia efektywności biogazowej projektowanej technologii wykazała, że spośród substratów użytych w doświadczeniu najlepsze własności pod względem prognozowanego uzysku biogazu wykazał obornik pryzmowany, 4-8-tygodniowy przed obornikiem świeżym (dobowym) i obornikiem dojrzałym (przefermentowanym, 4-6-miesięcznym). W przypadku obornika świeżego otrzymano uzysk biogazu 62,49 ± 5,03 dm3·kg-1 ś.m., natomiast w przypadku obornika pryzmowanego uzysk był o 7,05% większy, a obornika dojrzałego o 9,12% mniejszy. Z przesączy z obornika świeżego płukanego wodą destylowaną uzysk biogazu wyniósł 44,77 ± 3,58 dm3·kg-1 ś.m., natomiast z pozostałości po płukaniu obornika świeżego wodą destylowaną -17,20 ± 1,38 dm3·kg-1 ś.m.

EN

The aim of this study was to develop a concept device laboratory system for leaching of organic matter from manure, intended for the production and evaluation of biogas from manure with varying degrees of maturity. Biogas yields evaluation according to stage of maturity manure and mixtures eluted in order to determine the effectiveness of biogas designed technology showed that the substrates used in the experiment, which are three types of solid manure, the best properties in terms of forecasting the yield of biogas showed manure from dung pile (4–8 week old), before fresh manure (1 day) and old solid manure (mature manure 4–6 month old). For fresh manure (OS) the obtained biogas yield was on level 62.49 ± 5.03 dm3 per kg of fresh matter, for manure from dung pile (OP) yield was 7.05% higher, while for mature manure (OD) 9.12% lower. In turn, the filtrates (PC) of fresh manure rinsed with distilled water, the yield was 44.77 ± 3.58 dm3 per kg of fresh matter. But for residues (ST) after rinsing fresh manure rinsed with distilled water yield was 17.20 ± 1.38 dm3·kg–1 of fresh matter.

18

Wpływ stosowania międzyplonów i mikroelementów na wybrane właściwości gleby płowej

Ignaszak P., Ropińska P., Nowak J.

Ekologia i Technika

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2016

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R. 24, nr 2

83--87

PL

Doświadczenie założone w latach 2009-2011 miało na celu określenie wpływu nawożenia obornikiem, nawożenia organicznego w postaci międzyplonów ścierniskowych (gorczycy białej, grochu pastewnego i facelii błękitnej) oraz mikroelementów w aspekcie wskaźników zakwaszenia i żyzności gleby płowej. W pracy podjęto ponadto próbę oceny międzyplonów ścierniskowych jako alternatywy dla nawożenia naturalnego w aspekcie poprawy żyzności gleb. Po dwóch latach prowadzenia doświadczenia zaobserwowano zmniejszenie zakwaszenia gleby pod wpływem wszystkich czynników oraz istotny wpływ stosowania mikroelementów na zmniejszenie kwasowości hydrolitycznej. Uzyskano wzrost zawartości azotu ogółem, węgla organicznego oraz przyswajalnych form fosforu i magnezu. Stwierdzono przydatność międzyplonów ścierniskowych jako substytut obornika w poprawie żyzności gleb.

EN

The experiment was conducted in 2009-2011, whose aim was to evaluate the effect of manure, stubble catch crop (white mustard, field pea and phacelia pea) and the application of micronutrients in terms acidity indicators and luvisols soil fertility. The study attempt to evaluate stubble intercrop as an alternative to natural fertilization in improving soil fertility. After two years of this experiment resulted in reduced soil acidification under the influence of all the factors and a significant effect of micronutrients to reduce the hydrolytic acidity. It was reach an increase in content of total nitrogen, organic carbon and available phosphorus and magnesium in the soil. It was found that stubble intercrop could be useful as a substitute for manure to improve soil fertility.

19

Ocena skuteczności diet redukcyjnych

Smurzyńska A., Czekała W., Działak B., Bartnikowska S., Kwiatkowska A.

Ekologia i Technika

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2016

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R. 24, nr 2

66--71

PL

W pracy omówiono zagadnienia związane z racjonalną gospodarką odchodów zwierzęcych podczas magazynowania oraz nawozowego wykorzystania naturalnych surowców zgodnie z obowiązującym w Polsce prawem. Działania związane z właściwym zarządzaniem nawozami naturalnymi mają na celu przede wszystkim ochronę przed niekontrolowanymi emisjami gazowymi oraz skażeniem gleb i wód. Podjęty temat jest istotny nie tylko z punktu widzenia produkcji zwierzęcej, ale także ochrony środowiska naturalnego. Celem pracy było przedstawienie i porównanie technicznych i technologicznych rozwiązań magazynowania nawozów naturalnych. W niniejszej pracy wskazano również alternatywne do magazynowania technologie zagospodarowania gnojowicy i obornika, które przyczyniają się do neutralizowania ich niekorzystnego wpływu na środowisko.

EN

The paper presents Issues related to the rational management of animal manure during storage and fertilization in accordance with law In Poland. Activities related to the proper management of natural fertilizers are primarily oriented to protect against uncontrolled gas emissions and contamination of soil and water. Discussed topic is important not only from the point of view of animal production but also for environmental protection. The aim of the study was to introduce and compare the technical and technological solutions for storage of natural fertilizers. Moreover the paper also showed alternative storage technologies for slurry and manure, which contributes to neutralization of their impact on the environment.

20

Comparison of economic efficiency of rapeseed production in farms with varied fertilization variants

Dobek T. K., Kołosowski P.

Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 20, No. 2

63--70

EN

Intensive breeding is related to formation of considerable amount of manure which may be used as a natural fertilizer. Manure fertilization may cause reduction of the amount of applied mineral fertilizers and thus reduction of production costs. It may particularly relate to the species with great fertilization requirements such as winter rapeseed. The objective of the research was to compare economic efficiency of rapeseed production in two farms which use different fertilization variants. In one, only mineral fertilizers were used and in the second one – mineral fertilization was supplemented with manure organic fertilization. The use of manure caused reduction of expenditures on materials and raw materials used in production, in particular of fertilizers. At comparable yields obtained by two farms, technology based on manure fertilization proved to be more efficient.

PL

Intensywny chów i hodowla zwierząt wiążą się z powstawaniem znacznych ilości gnojowicy, która może zostać wykorzystana jako nawóz naturalny. Nawożenie gnojowicą może przyczynić się do zmniejszenia ilości stosowanych nawozów mineralnych, a przez to obniżenia kosztów produkcji. Dotyczyć to może szczególnie gatunków cechujących się dużymi potrzebami nawozowymi, takich jak rzepak ozimy. Celem badań było porównanie efektywności ekonomicznej produkcji rzepaku w dwóch gospodarstwach, stosujących odmienne warianty nawożenia. W jednym stosowano jedynie nawozy mineralne, w drugim nawożenie mineralne uzupełniano nawożeniem organicznym gnojowicą. Stosowanie gnojowicy przyczyniło się do obniżenia nakładów na materiały i surowce do produkcji, szczególnie nawozy. Przy porównywalnych plonach uzyskiwanych przez oba gospodarstwa, technologia oparta na nawożeniu gnojowicą okazała się bardziej efektywna.