The article presents a wide range of applications of functional materials and a scale of their current industrial production. These are the materials which have specific characteristics, thanks to which they became virtually indispensable in certain constructional solutions. Their basic characteristics, properties, methods of production and use as smart materials were described.
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The paper contains derivation of reciprocity principle for boundary problem of magnetostriction. The results obtained in this work can become the theoretical basis to formulate the numerical solutions of different scientific and engineering problems connected with magnetostrictive materials.
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The paper shows how to transform a given nonlinear boundary problem of magnetostriction into a variational formulation. A sufficient condition for the construction of variational principle is formulated in the theorem of VAINBERG. The results obtained in this work can become the theoretical basis to formulate the numerical solutions of different scientific and engineering problems connected with magnetostrictive materials.
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Purpose: The paper presents a numerical model for the analysis of magnetostriction in composite materials in polymer matrix reinforced by Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.9 particles. The properties were determined by taking into account the applied stresses and magnetic field intensity. Design/methodology/approach: The finite element method for simulation the magnetostriction phenomenon was established by theoretical analysis based on experimental results. Findings: Thanks to the finite element method the numerical model has been formulated, enabling to simulate behavior of dynamically exciting rod with the nonlinear constituted model of magnetostrictive effect. The results received from experiments and simulations confirmed accuracy of this model for operating conditions, enabling a selection of magnetostrictive composite material with polymer matrix reinforced with Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.9 particles for specific application. Research limitations/implications: It was confirmed that using the finite element method can be a way for reducing the investigation cost. This paper proposes analysis which is efficient with respect to the number of simplifications in numerical model and accuracy of results. Practical implications: The proposed method could be helpful in the design process of magnetostrictive composite materials. Originality/value: Modelling based on the finite element method allows to simulating behavior of dynamically exciting rod with the nonlinear constituted model of magnetostriction phenomenon.
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Synthetic overview of the state of knowledge in the field of intelligent materials will be made. Interest in intelligent materials has been growing rapidly from the late 1980 ties of the XX c. One can state that they have currently become an individual group of materials. In the English language literature the terminology varies, two terms coexist: "intelligent materials" and "smart materials", however sometimes they are also called "adaptive materials". On a basis of literature survey, as the most important intelligent materials, shape memory alloys, ceramic piezoelectric materials, magnetostrictive materials, rheological fluids, intelligent polymers and its composites have been selected. Interest in exhibiting intelligent behavior of polymers appeared much latter than it was in the case of metallic or ceramic intelligent materials. Within last two decades the role of intelligent polymers grew rapidly due to the promising results of research proving that some polymers show properties useful for practical applications. Available scientific data indicates that current level of knowledge on intelligent polymers varies substantially and very basic reports appear parallel to much matured and advanced developments, which are ready for implementations. The second part of the paper brings brief analysis of the scope of the Smart Structures / NDE Joint SPIE Conference, held at San Diego in March 2004.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono w sposób syntetyczny stan wiedzy w obszarze materiałów inteligentnych. Zainteresowanie materialami inteligentnymi wzrosło gwałtownie w końcu lat 80-tych XX wieku. Można uznać, że aktualnie stanowią one indywidualną klasę materiałów. w publikacji w języku angielskim terminologia nie jest jednolita i wspołistnieją dwie nazwy: "intelligent materials" i "smart materials", a czasami sa one określane jako "adaptive materials". Na podstawie przeglądu literatury uznać można, że materiałami inteligentnymi o największym znaczeniu są: stopy z pamięcią kształtu, ceramiczne materiały piezoelektryczne, materiały magnetostrykcyjne, ciecze reologiczne oraz inteligentne polimery i ich kompozyty. Zainteresowanie polimerami inteligentnymi pojawiło się znacznie później niż materiałami ceramicznymi i metalowymi. W ciągu ostatnich dwóch dekad znaczenie inteligentnych polimerów gwałtownie wzrosło w wyniku obiecujących możliwości ich praktycznego zastosowania. Dostepne wyniki badań wskazują, że stopień zaawansowania wiedzy dotyczącej inteligentnych materiałów polimerowych jest zróżnicowany. Istnieją wyniki badań podstawowych, a jednocześnie wyniki wskazujące na możliwość już zaawansowanego wykorzystania. W części drugiej artykułu przedstawiono sysntetyczny przegląd materiałów z konferencji "Smart Structures and Materials 2004 and Nondestructive Evaluation for Health monitoring and Diagnostics 2004", która odbyła się w San Diego w marcu 2004.
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