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1

The Welded Joints Structure of the Inconel 617 Alloy Designed for High Temperature Operation in Supercritical Parameters Boilers

Adamiec J., Konieczna N.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2020

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Vol. 65, iss. 1

243--255

EN

The development of power industry obligates designers, materials engineers to create and implement new, advanced materials, in which Inconel 617 alloy is included. Nowadays, there are a lot of projects which describe microstructure and properties of Inconel 617 alloy. However, the welded joints from mentioned material is not yet fully discussed in the literature. The description of welded joints microstructure is a main knowledge source for designers, constructors and welding engineers in estimating durability process and degradation assessment for elements and devices with welds of Inconel 617 alloy. This paper presents the analysis and assessment of advanced nickel alloy welded joints, which have been done by tungsten inert gas (TIG). Investigations have included analysis made by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The disclosed precipitates were identified with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis, then it were done X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) phases analysis. To confirm the obtained results, a scanning-transmission electron microscope (STEM) analysis was also performed. The purpose of the article was to create a comprehensive procedure for revealing the Inconel 617 alloy structure. The methodology presented in this article will be in future a great help for constructors, material specialists and welding engineers in assessing the structure and durability of the Inconel 617 alloy.

2

Effect of Variable Manganese Content on Microstructure of Al-Cu Alloys

Stąpór S., Górny M., Kawalec M., Gracz B.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2020

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Vol. 65, iss. 4

1377--1383

EN

The presented access the influence of Mn content (0-0.94 wt.%) on the course of the cooling curves, phase transformation, macrostructure, and microstructure of Al-Cu alloys for three series: initial (Series I), with the addition of an AlTi master (Series II), and modified with AlTi5B1 (Series III). The maximum degree of undercooling ΔT was determined based on the cooling curves. The surface density of the grains (NA ) was determined and associated with the inverse of solidification interval 1/ΔTk . Titanium (contained in the charge materials as well as the modifier) has a significant effect on the grinding of the primary grains in the tested alloys. A DSC thermal analysis allowed for the determination of phase transition temperatures under conditions close to equilibrium. For series II and III, the number of grains decreases above 0.2 wt.% Mn with a simultaneous increase in solidification interval 1/ΔT2 . The presence of Al2 Cu eutectics as well as the Cu-, Fe-, and Mn-containing phases in the examined samples was demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy.

3

Comparative analysys of macro- and microstructure of printed elements in the FDM, SLS and MJ technologies

Majca-Nowak Natalia, Kluska Ewelina, Gruda Piotr

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2019

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Nr 4 (257)

66--80

EN

The article presents research conducted with the project: "Additive manufacturing in conduction with optical methods used for optimization of 3D models’’. The article begins with the description of properties of the materials used in three different additive technologies – Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Material Jetting (MJ). The next part focuses on the comparative analysis of macro- and microstructure of specimens printed in order to test selected materials in additive technologies mentioned above. In this research two types of specimens were used: dumbbell specimens and rectangular prism with hole specimens. In order to observe macrostructure specimens, they were subjected to load test until it broke. In the case of observing microstructure, they were cut in some places. Each of described additive technologies characterizes by both different way of printing and used materials. These variables have a significant influence on macro- and microstructure and fracture appearance. FDM technology specimens printed of ABS material characterized by texture surface appearance. SLS technology specimens printed of PA12 material characterized by amorphous structure. MJ technology specimens printed of VeroWhite Plus material characterized by fracture appearance which had quasi- fatigue features. The microstructure of these specimens was uniform with visible inclusions.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje wyniki testów, które powstały w trakcie realizacji projektu „Addytywne wytwarzanie w połączeniu z metodami optycznymi stosowane do optymalizacjii modeli przestrzennych”. Artykuł rozpoczyna się opisem właściwości materiałów użytych w trzech wybranych technologiach przyrostowych – Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) oraz Material Jetting (MJ). W dalszej części dokonano analizy porównawczej makrostruktury oraz mikrostruktury dla próbek referencyjnych wydrukowanych na potrzeby testu z wyselkcjonowanych materiałów w podanych technologiach przyrostowych. Ze względu na rodzaj obserwacji, w badaniach użyto dwóch rodzajów próbek: próbki wiosełkowe oraz płaskie, prostokątne próbki z otworem. W celu obserwacji makrostruktury próbki poddane zostały obciążeniu aż do zerwania. Natomiast, w celu obserwacji mikrostruktury zostały pocięte w kilku miejscach. Każda z opisanych w tym artykule technologii przyrostowych charakteryzuje się innym sposobem drukowania oraz zastosowanym materiałem. Zmienne te mają znaczący wpływ na makrostrukturę, mikrostrukturę oraz przełom. Próbki wydrukowane z materiału ABS w technologii FDM charakteryzują się widoczną teksturą materiału. Próbki wydrukowane z PA12 w technologii SLS charakteryzują się strukturą amorficzną. Charakterystyczny dla próbek wydrukowanych z VeroWhite Plus w technologii MJ był przełom, który miał cechy pseudo-zmęczeniowe. Mikrostruktura tych próbek była jednorodna z widocznymi wtrąceniami.

4

Odporność betonu na pękanie w temperaturach pożarowych

Plechawski Stanisław

Przegląd Budowlany

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2019

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R. 90, nr 7-8

90--96

PL

W artykule zostanie omówiony wpływ temperatur pożarowych na najważniejszy kompozyt cementowy, jakim jest beton. Badania własne wykazały, że uszkodzenia powstałe w stadium początkowego twardnienia kompozytów cementowych przed użytkowaniem, jak i w jego trakcie, propagują pod wpływem wysokich temperatur i wpływają na właściwości fizykochemiczne, strukturalne oraz mechaniczne tych kompozytów, a ich wielkość może być oceniana za pomocą krytycznego współczynnika intensywności naprężeń KIC, który jest miarą odporności na pękanie.

EN

The aim of this article is to discuss the effect of fire temperatures on the most important cement composite, which is concrete. The author’s research has indicated that damage caused at the stage of initial hardening of cement composites before and during their use, propagates at high temperatures and affects the physicochemical, structural and mechanical properties of these composites, whereas their size can be assessed using the critical stress intensity factor KIC, which constitutes a measure of resistance to cracking.

5

Struktura stopu Inconel 617 przeznaczonego na krytyczne elementy kotła energetycznego

Konieczna N., Adamiec J.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling

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2018

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R. 63, nr 10

15--19

PL

Rozwój przemysłu energetycznego wiąże się zarówno z wprowadzaniem nowej technologii jak i zaawansowanych materiałów. Jednym z nich jest Inconel 617, który w dokumentacjach technicznych kotłów wymieniany jest jako kandydat na jego krytyczne elementy. Z tego powodu istotna wydaje się być ocena struktury w stanie wyjściowym stopu, na którą składa się analiza i interpretacja wyników. W artykule przedstawiono opracowaną metodykę oceny jakościowej struktury stopu Inconel 617. Wykonana analiza struktury za pomocą mikroskopii świetlnej oraz elektronowej posłużą projektantom, konstruktorom oraz technologom do szacowania trwałości elementów krytycznych kotła.

EN

The power plant industry evolution is associated with development of new technology and advanced materials. One of them is Inconel 617 alloy, which is mentioned in technical documents as a candidate for critical elements of power plants. Therefore the structure assessment of Inconel 617 alloy in the initial state seems to be relevant. This evaluation is consisted of micro- and substructure analysis and results interpretation. This paper presents elaborated methodology of quality structure assessment. Light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning-transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis will help designers, constructors and technologists to estimate boilers critical elements durability.

6

Computational Modeling of the Elastic Property of Three-Dimensional Open Cell Foams

Nie Z., Lin Y., Tong Q.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 3

1153--1165

EN

The work reports on the development of random three-dimensional Laguerre-Voronoi computational models for open cell foams. The proposed method can accurately generate foam models having randomly distributed parameter values. A three-dimensional model of ceramic foams having pre-selected cell volumes distribution with stochastic coordinates and orientations was created in the software package ANSYSTM. Different groups of finite element models were then generated using the developed foam modeling procedure. The size sensitivity study shows that each of foam specimens at least contains 125 LV-cells. The developed foam models were used to simulate the macroscopic elastic properties of open cell foams under uni-axial and bi-axial loading and were compared with the existing open cell foam models in the literature. In the high porosity regime, it is found that the elastic properties predicted by random Laguerre-Voronoi foam models are almost the same as those predicted by the perfect Kelvin foam models. In the low porosity regime the results of the present work deviate significantly from those of other models in the literature. The results presented here are generally in better agreement with experimental data than other models. Thus, the Laguerre-Voronoi foam models generated in this work are quite close to real foam topology and yields more accurate results than other open cell foam models.

7

Selected properties of kauri wood (Agathis australis (D. Don) Salisb.)

Czajka M., Fabisiak E., Turkowiak N.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2018

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No. 103

90--96

EN

The article presents results of the study of kauri wood which it was underground for 45,000 years and excavated in the form of logs from peat bogs located in the northern parts of New Zealand. Kauri wood is a raw material highly valued by the manufacturers of stringed musical instruments, not only because of its acoustic properties, but also because of the unique pattern of wood. The following wood properties were determined: widths of annual rings, the share of late wood, lengths of early and late wood tracheids, dimensions of wood rays and the density of their occurrence on the tangent section, as well as wood density and sound propagation velocity. The studied wood was characterised by narrow annual rings and a very low share of late wood zones (less than 15%). The weighted mean lengths of the tracheids in individual annual rings fell within a narrow range from 3600 m to 3900 m. All wood rays were uniseriate, and there were 20 rays per 1 mm2 of the tangent section. The wood density was 460 kg/m3, the mean velocity of sound propagation in longitudinal direction was 3700 m/s.

PL

Badania przeprowadzono na drewnie soplicy australijskiej, które znajdowało się w torfowych mokradłach w północnych rejonach Nowej Zelandii przez 45000 lat. Drewno to jest bardzo cennym surowcem dla producentów strunowych instrumentów muzycznych, nie tylko ze względu na jego właściwości akustyczne, ale także niepowtarzalny rysunek. W pracy oznaczono podstawowe parametry makrostrukturalne oraz cechy budowy anatomicznej takie jak długości cewek drewna wczesnego i późnego oraz wymiary i gęstość występowania promieni drzewnych. Oznaczono także gęstość drewna i prędkość propagacji dźwięku. Wykazano, że drewno to odznaczało się wąskimi przyrostami rocznymi i bardzo małym udziałem drewna późnego, nieprzekraczającym 15%. Obliczone średnie ważone długości cewek zawierały się w wąskim przedziale od 3600 um do 3900 um. Gatunek ten posiada tylko jednorzędowe promienie drzewne, a na 1 mm2 przekroju stycznego jest ich 20. Średnia prędkość propagacji dźwięku w kierunku podłużnym kształtowała się na poziomie 3700 m/s, a w promieniowym 2140 m/s.

8

Application of Modified Cores for Grain Refinement in Castings of Aircraft Turbine Blades

Binczyk F., Cwajna J., Gradoń P.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, iss. 3

19--22

EN

Paper presents the results of research on modified surface grain refinement method used in investment casting of hollow, thin-walled parts made of nickel based superalloys. In the current technology, the refining inoculant is applied to the surface of the wax pattern and then, it is transferred to the ceramic mould surface during dewaxing. Because of its chemical activity the inoculant may react with the liquid metal which can cause defects on the external surface of the cast part. The method proposed in the paper aims to reduce the risk of external surface defects by applying the grain refiner only to the ceramic core which shapes the internal surface of the hollow casting. In case of thin-walled parts the grain refinement effect is visible throughout the thickness of the walls. The method is meant to be used when internal surface finish is less important, like for example, aircraft engine turbine blades, where the hollowing of the cast is mainly used to lower the weight and aid in cooling during operation.

9

Spawanie metodą CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) w porównaniu z klasyczną metodą MAG w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym

Mirski Z., Pękala P.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2016

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R. 88, nr 2

15--20

PL

Obecnie jednym z wielu kierunków rozwoju zrobotyzowanych metod spawania jest łączenie cienkich blach z materiałów o jednakowych i różnorodnych właściwościach. Potrzeby przemysłu i łatwość zrobotyzowania metody MIG/MAG doprowadziły do szybkiego wdrożenia metody Cold Metal Transfer (CMT). W artykule przedstawiono analizę metody CMT w odniesieniu do klasycznej metody MAG na przykładzie zrobotyzowanego spawania w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym. Do wykonania złączy próbnych zastosowano blachy ze stali S355MC o grubości 3 mm, które stanowią elementy składowe spawanej konstrukcji oparcia fotela samochodowego. Wykonane połączenia próbne, przy zróżnicowanej energii liniowej spawania, poddano badaniom makrostrukturalnym oraz pomiarom twardości. Wyniki pomiarów obrazują wpływ energii liniowej spawania oraz prędkości podawania spoiwa na geometrię spoin i szerokość strefy wpływu ciepła [1].

EN

Nowadays combining thin steel sheet with the same and different materials properties is one of the main routes robotized of welding. The needs of industry and ease of robotized MIG/MAG led to the rapid implementation Cold Metal Transfer method (CMT). The article presented the analysis CMT method in comparison to classical method of MAG based on robotized welding in the automotive industry. Welded test joints are made of sheet steel S355MC thickness of 3 mm, this material is used as a component for car seats. Welding connections were investigated in macrostructure test and hardness with differentiated the Welding Energy Input. The measurement results reflect the impact of Welding Energy Input and wire-feed speed on the geometry of the welds and heat affected zone width [1].

10

Creep Behaviour of Modified Mar-247 Superalloy

Cieśla M., Mańka M., Binczyk F., Gradoń P.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 2A

701--704

EN

The paper presents the results of analysis of creep behaviour in short term creep tests of cast MAR-247 nickel-based superalloy samples made using various modification techniques and heat treatment. The accelerated creep tests were performed under temperature of 982 °C and the axial stresses of σ = 150 MPa (variant I) and 200 MPa (variant II). The creep behaviour was analysed based on: creep durability (creep rupture life), steady-state creep rate and morphological parameters of macro- and microstructure. It was observed that the grain size determines the creep durability in case of test conditions used in variant I, durability of coarse-grained samples was significantly higher.

11

Influence of Modification and Casting Technology on Structure of IN-713C Superalloy Castings

Binczyk F., Cwajna J., Gradoń P., Mańka M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 3

11--14

EN

The paper presents the results concerning impact of modification (volume and surface techniques), pouring temperature and mould temperature on stereological parameters of macrostructure in IN713C castings made using post-production scrap. The ability to adjust the grain size is one of the main issues in the manufacturing of different nickel superalloy castings used in aircraft engines. By increasing the grain size one can increase the mechanical properties, like diffusion creep resistance, in higher temperatures. The fine grained castings. on the other hand, have higher mechanical properties in lower temperatures and higher resistance to thermal fatigue. The test moulds used in this study, supplied by Pratt and Whitney Rzeszow, are ordinarily used to cast the samples for tensile stress testing. Volume modification was carried out using the patented filter containing cobalt aluminate. The macrostructure was described using the number of grains per mm2, mean grain surface area and shape index. Obtained results show strong relationship between the modification technique, pouring temperature and grain size. There was no significant impact of mould temperature on macrostructure.

12

Image analysis in wood testing - selected examples

Wąsik R., Michalec K.

Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 20, No. 3

183--195

EN

This paper is a review article which presents examples of application of the image analysis in wood testing. The objective of the paper was to present selected research methods with the use of image analysis used in the research on anatomy and macro-structure of wood carried out in the Department of Forest and Wood Utilization of the Institute of Forest Utilization and Forest Technology of the University of Agriculture in Krakow. In the part concerning research on wood anatomy the following areas of application of the image analysis were indicated: identification of wood species and variability of the selected parameters of the anatomic structure with special attention to coniferous trees. In the part concerning the research on macro-structure of wood, methodology of collection and preparation of wood samples and measurement of the most important properties of the macrostructure was described with the use of the image analysis program. Moreover, the selected areas of practical application of the results of such analysis were indicated.

PL

Niniejsza praca jest artykułem przeglądowym, prezentującym przykłady zastosowania analizy obrazu w badaniach drewna. Celem pracy było przedstawienie wybranych metod badawczych z zastosowaniem analizy obrazu, wykorzystywanych w badaniach anatomii i makrostruktury drewna, prowadzonych w Zakładzie Użytkowania Lasu i Drewna, Instytutu Użytkowania Lasu i Techniki Leśnej Uniwersytetu Rolniczego im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie. W części dotyczącej badań anatomii drewna wskazano na takie obszary zastosowania analizy obrazu jak: identyfikacja gatunku drewna oraz zmienność wybranych parametrów jego budowy anatomicznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem gatunków iglastych. W części dotyczącej badań cech makrostruktury drewna opisano metodykę pobrania i przygotowania próbek drewna oraz pomiaru najważniejszych cech makrostruktury przy pomocy programu do analizy obrazu. Wskazano także wybrane obszary praktycznego zastosowania wyników takiej analizy.

13

Określenie mikro- i makrostruktury papierów offsetowych nadających się do zadrukowywania techniką natryskową

Pilczyńska K., Jakucewicz S.

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2015

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R. 71, nr 4

223--226

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badanie mikro- i makrostruktury papierów zwyczajowo stosowanych w technice offsetowej, ale nadających się również do drukowania cyfrowego natryskowego. Do badań wykorzystano mikroskop skaningowy, za pomocą którego wykonano zdjęcia powierzchni próbek powiększonych 250 razy. Makrostrukture określono poprzez zbadanie szorstkości metodą PPS. Wykazano, że w drukowaniu natryskowym można zastosować papiery przeznaczone do offsetu, szczególnie powlekane. Wykazują się one zarówno największą objętością obszaru barw odtwarzalnych, jak i najmniejszą szorstkością.

EN

In this article the research results on micro- and macrostructure of offset papers suitable for ink-jet printing are presented. Scanning microscope was used for making pictures of microstructure.The surfaces of papers enlarged 250 times were presented on photos. Macrostructure was determined by PPS roughness. It was shown that for ink-jet printing offset papers can be used, especially the coated ones. They have the largest gamut volume and the lowest roughness.

14

The Effect of Superalloy Structure on Ultrasonic Wave Parameters

Nawrocki J., Gancarczyk K., Manaj W., Albrecht R., Cygan R., Krupa K.

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

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2015

|

Iss. 7

61--65

EN

This paper analyses the nickel based superalloy Inconel 713C casts typically used in high and low pressure turbines of aircraft engines. The ingots were manufactured in the Research and Development Laboratory for Aerospace Materials at the Rzeszów University of Technology. The superalloy structures were analysed by the following methods: X-ray diffraction orientation measurement and ultrasonic wave propagation. Ultrasonic techniques are mainly used to measure the blade wall’s thickness. Measurement accuracy is determined by the velocity of the ultrasonic wave in the material tested. This work evaluates the effect of the nickel-based superalloy microstructure on the velocity of the ultrasonic wave propagation. Three different macrostructures: equiax (EQ), directionally solidified (DS) and single crystal (SX) were analysed. The authors determined the crystal misorientation in the obtained casts as the deviation of [001] crystallographic direction from the withdrawal axis or the main axis of the ingots. The measurements performed allowed researchers to identify significant differences in the wave velocity between EQ, DS and SX structures.

15

The variability of certain macrostructural features and the density of grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.) wood from selected stands in southern Poland

Wąsik R., Michalec K., Barszcz A.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2015

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vol. 58, nr 195

45--58

EN

The paper presents the results of investigations into the variability of certain features of the wood macrostructure, such as the width of the annual ring, the share of late wood, and the relative density of the wood of grand fir, growing in four stands in southern Poland. The trees under investigation were 30-35 years old. The research material consisted of incremental cores sampled from trial trees with the use of a Pressler borer. The examined wood features were analysed in sections, each one comprising five annual rings. The rings were given numbers, sorted in an ascending order from the trunk circumference. The mean values of the analysed features were as follows: the annual ring width – 4.38 mm, the share of late wood - 35.39%, the relative wood density – 0.354g·cm-3. It was established that the wood of grand firs growing on less fertile soils had significantly narrower annual rings and higher wood density than those on more fertile soils.

16

The Effect of Temperature on the Result of Complex Modification of IN-713C Superalloy Castings

Binczyk F., Gradoń P., Mańka M., Findziński R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

|

Vol. 15, iss. 4

13--16

EN

The paper presents the results of research on the determination of the effect of pouring temperature on the macrostructure of the castings subjected to complex (surface and volume) modification and double filtration. Tested castings were made of post-production scrap (gating system parts) of IN-713C superalloy. Tests included the evaluation of the number of grains per 1 mm2, mean grain surface area, shape factor and tensile strength. Casting temperature below 1470 °C positively influenced the modification effect. The grains were finer and the mechanical properties increased, especially for castings with thicker walls. On the other hand, manufacture of thin walled castings of high quality require pouring temperature above 1480 °C.

17

Surface Modification of Cored, Thin Walled Castings of Nickel Superalloy IN-713C

Binczyk F., Cwajna J., Gradoń P., Mańka M., Findziński R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 3

17--20

EN

In current casting technology of cored, thin walled castings, the modifying coating is applied on the surface of wax pattern and, after the removal of the wax, is transferred to inner mould surface. This way the modification leading to grain refinement occur on the surface of the casting. In thin walled castings the modification effect can also be seen on the other (external) side of the casting. Proper reproduction of details in thin walled castings require high pouring temperature which intensify the chemical reactions on the mould – molten metal interface. This may lead to degradation of the surface of the castings. The core modification process is thought to circumvent this problem. The modifying coating is applied to the surface of the core. The degradation of internal surface of the casting is less relevant. The most important factor in this technology is “trough” modification – obtaining fine grained structure on the surface opposite to the surface reproduced by the core.

18

Quality parameters of agglomerate produced using biofuel as a substitute forcoke breeze

Butkovska M., Hudak J., Lesko J.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2014

|

Vol. 81, nr 11

737--739

EN

This paper deals with assessing the impact of oak sawdust fuel substitution on the quality of agglomerate. Agglomerate quality is determined by its chemical composition, and further by its physical and metallurgical properties. An important physical property of agglomerate is porosity. When replacing sintering fuel by biofuel an important parameter is the amount of volatile substances that influence the process of pore formation in agglomerate. It was confirmed that the substitution by oak sawdust in the agglomeration fuel is only possible to a certain percentage.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono ocenę wpływu zastępowania paliw trocinami dębowymi na jakość aglomeratu. Jakość aglomeratu określana jest składem chemicznym, a ponadto właściwościami fizycznymi i metalurgicznymi. Ważną właściwością fizyczną aglomeratu jest porowatość. Przy zastępowaniu paliwa biopaliwem podczas procesu spiekania istotne znaczenie mają substancje lotne, które wpływają na proces tworzenia się porów w aglomeracie. Stwierdzono, że wykorzystanie trocin dębowych jako paliwa w procesie aglomeracji jest możliwe jedynie do pewnej zawartości.

19

Depositional environment of the glacigenic deposits from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) – interpretation based on macro- and microstructure analyses

Ludwikowska-Kędzia M., Pawelec H.

Geological Quarterly

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2014

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Vol. 58, No. 4

807–-826

EN

In this paper an attempt is made to identify the depositional environment of glacigenic deposits from the central part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Kielce-Łagów Valley). In this area, the primary glacial relief is very poorly visible, mainly due to its modification by subsequent denudation processes. The study is based on detailed sedimentological (macro- and microstructural) analysis of the deposits. The bottom part of the deposits consists of gravelly and sandy facies. They are overlain by diamicton facies, with a small proportion of sandy facies. Clayey/silty facies occur in minor quantities. The investigations indicate that these deposits represent an ice-marginal environment. Local stagnation of the ice sheet lobe was controlled by the geological structure of bedrock (karstified and faulted limestones) and the features of a fossil valley. The ice-marginal depositional environment is indicated by the predominance of sediment-gravity flow deposits, a low proportion of sorted deposits, as well as the interfingering/alternating of mass flow deposits and waterlain deposits. Deformation occurring in the deposits is of gravitational origin. They also show traces of periglacial processes. The deposits constituted an ice-marginal moraine (dry end moraine with limited topographic expression). Micromorphological analyses provided data for genetic identification of the deposits, and allowed the inference about rheology of deposition and deformation processes. However, in some cases, they did not allow unequivocal genetic classification of the deposits. The results of presented investigations confirm the opinion that detailed and complete explanation of deposit origin requires both micromorphological analyses and macroscopic field sedimentological and structural studies.

20

Impact of a Structure on Durability of Modified Nickel-Base Superalloys in Creep Conditions

Cieśla M., Mańka M., Gradoń P., Binczyk F.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2014

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Vol. 59, iss. 4

1559--1563

EN

The study assesses the impact of surface and bulk modification and filtration during pouring on a durability under accelerated creep conditions of casts made of IN-713C and MAR-247 nickel superalloys scrap used for manufacturing of aircraft engine parts. The impact of solutionizing (1185°C/2 h) with subsequent ageing (870°C/20 h) on the creep resistance of a casting made from MAR-247 coarse-grained superalloy was also examined. Morphological structure parameters were determined with the use of Met-Ilo software. Macrostructure analysis of casts showed very significant impact of surface modification treatment. Creep test results clearly showed that coarse grained samples of IN-713C and MAR-247 superalloys have higher creep resistance. Moreover alloy MAR-247 had higher creep durability after heat treatment compared to as-cast state.

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono ocenę wpływu zabiegów modyfikacji powierzchniowej i objętościowej oraz filtracji podczas zalewania form na trwałość w warunkach przyspieszonego pełzania odlewów wykonanych z odpadów poprodukcyjnych nadstopów niklu IN-713C i MAR-247 stosowanych na łopatki turbin silników lotniczych. Analizie poddano również wpływ operacji przesycania (1185°C/20 h) z następnym starzeniem (870°C/20 h) na trwałość pełzaniowa odlewu wytworzonego z stopu MAR-247 o strukturze gruboziarnistej. Badania makrostruktury wykonanych odlewów wykazały bardzo istotny wpływ zabiegu modyfikowania powierzchniowego. Stosując program Met-Ilo określono istotne z punktu widzenia trwałości parametry morfologiczne struktury. Próby pełzania wskazuje, że nadstopy IN-713C i MAR-247 charakteryzujace się wiekszym makroziarnem wykazywały dłuższy czas do zerwania próbki. Ponadto próbki stopu MAR-247 poddane obróbce cieplnej wykazują większą odporność na pełzanie niż próbki w stanie lanym.