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1

Plant balls from a Pomeranian lake, their invertebrate and microplastic components

Witalis Bartosz, Kornijów Ryszard

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 3

307--311

EN

Two balls with similar diameters (approximately 11–12 cm) were found on the bottom of Lake Białe (Kashubian Lake District) at depths of 4 m and 7 m. The structures were made of tightly-packed plant remains represented mainly by decaying leaves of Larix sp. The balls were colonised by invertebrates (Tubificinae, Hirudinea, Isopoda, and insect larvae). They also contained pollutants, namely microplasticsin blue, white, red, and black colours with a length from 500 to 1000 μm. Four other balls had been earlier reported byan other diver in the same lake. According to a report of the local press, similar balls have also been found in Lake Bobęcińskie (Bytowskie Lake District). This article aims to record the first appearance of larch balls in this area.

2

Above- and belowground habitat complexity created by emergent and submerged vegetation drives the structure of benthic assemblages

Pawlikowski Krzysztof, Kornijów Ryszard

Oceanologia

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2023

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Vol. 65 (2)

358--370

EN

The contrast in habitat complexity between emergent (EMV) and submerged vegetation (SUV) zones in aquatic ecosystems results from the differences in the structure of plant above- and belowground parts, subject to seasonal changes. Comparative studies on the influence of habitat complexity created by vegetation on benthic macroinvertebrates in coastal areas are scarce. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we performed a study on a seasonal basis in the brackish Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic Sea) in two zones: EMV, dominated by a dense belt of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud, and SUV, with scattered stands of Potamogeton perfoliatus L. We assumed the following: i. Species richness, diversity, and density of invertebrates are higher in the EMV zone due to greater and less seasonally variable structural complexity than in the SUV zone, ii. High belowground complexity in the EMV zone due to the presence of the rhizome/root matrix, much more robust and denser than in the SUV zone limits the vertical distribution of macroinvertebrates. Both hypotheses were supported. Overall, our results pointing to higher animal diversity and density in more complex aquatic habitats are consistent with other studies, inferred mostly from comparative surveys of bare bottom and that covered with submerged vegetation. The results of this study highlight potentially far-reaching implications for benthic invertebrate fauna and their role in the aquatic ecosystem in the context of increasingly rapid loss of aquatic vegetation due to multiple anthropogenic stressors.

3

Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Treatment by Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus through Constructed Wetlands

Sial Taufique Ahmed, Teewno Abdul Majid, Memon Sheeraz Ahmed, Mahar Rasool Bux, Korai M. Safar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

303--314

EN

A sustainable performance evaluation of pilot-scale was carried through horizontal sub-surface Constructed Wetlands system for treating the leachate from constructed Municipal Solid Waste Landfill at Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro. The CWs were planted with Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus with sand and gravel. The leachate had been treated with two different cycles, first cycle was performed in the winter season whereas second cycle in summer, to differentiate the performance with seasonal variation. Chemical parameters of leachate pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids TSS, Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), Total Phosphate PO43- (TP) and heavy metals, Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) were tested with intervals of certain weeks. The tests result showed that all parameters experienced a considerable reduction in their concentrations. Significant reduction efficiencies were recorded for parameters, BOD with 53–82%, COD with 32–46%, TSS with 59–75%, NH3-N with 90–92%, NO3-N with 85–87%, and TP with 48–64%, and heavy metals Pb and Cu with 28–48% respectively in four weeks of the first cycle by all three plants. Whereas, in the second cycle, the removal efficiencies of BOD 78–93%, COD 63–76%, TSS 52–83%, NH3-N 90–91% and NO3-N 91–92% and heavy metals Pb and Cu with 21–58% respectively in five weeks were observed by all three plants. Along with the experimentation, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals UN SDGs are also highlighted. This study helps achieving tremendous SDGs accompanying treatment of leachate.

4

Distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates across a reed stand in a brackish Baltic lagoon

Pawlikowski Krzysztof, Kornijów Ryszard

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (3)

433--444

EN

The role of reeds in the functioning of ecosystems and their significance for zoobenthos in the coastal lagoons is poorly understood. We hypothesise that next to the spatial zonal differentiation of abiotic factors in the apparently homogeneous habitat of reeds, benthic macroinvertebrate fauna is also unevenly distributed, and differs in taxonomic and functional diversity, as well as density and biomass across the reed stand. The research was carried out in the Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic) along three designated sectors arranged parallel to the shoreline and differing in distance from the shore and depth. Mean density of reed stems in the analysed stand was within the range of values reported from different American and European wetlands. Regardless of the location within the reeds and the season, the fauna was dominated by detritivorous Tubificinae and larvae of Chironomidae. The highest diversity, density, and biomass of fauna were found in the middle littoral zone, and the lowest in the outer zone adjacent to the open water. The presented data support our hypothesis predicting the existence of a spatial variation pattern in the composition and distribution of macroinvertebrates in response to the changing zonal habitat conditions within the reed stand.

5

Assessment of the environmental state of surface waters of right-bank tributaries of the upper reaches of the Pripet River by macrophyte index MIR

Malovanyy Myroslav S., Boіaryn Maria, Muzychenko Oksana, Tsos Oksana

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

97--103

EN

The results of the study of the macrophytes of the rivers Turia, Vyzhivka and Tsyr, the right-bank tributaries of the upper reaches of the Pripet River, are presented. The species composition of aquatic and coastal aquatic vascular plants was investigated during the vegetation seasons of 2018 and 2019 at 9 observation points located along the rivers from the source to the mouth. The most numerous species composition, 57 species, was found in the Turia River, 36 in the Vyzhivka River, and 28 species were identified in the Tsyr River. The macrophyte index for rivers (Pol.: makrofitowy indeks rzeczny - MIR) was determined from the results, and the ecological state of the rivers was assessed according to the methodology of the macrophyte assessment of rivers (Pol.: makrofitowa metoda oceny rzek - MMOR). The investigation showed that water quality in the Turia River on sites No. 1, 3 and 4 belongs to class III, satisfactory category. The surface water quality on site No. 2 of the Turia River belongs to class II, a good category. The water quality in the Vyzhivka River on all test sites belongs to class II, a good category, which testifies to favourable ecological conditions for the development of higher aquatic plants along the whole course. The water quality in the Tsyr River on test site No. 8 (Kamin-Kashyrskyi, upper course) corresponds to class II, good category. On test site No. 9 (middle course), the quality of surface waters of the Tsyr River worsens to the class III, satisfactory category.

6

Modelling Assisted Phytoremediation of Landfill Leachate using Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Enhanced by Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta

Ugya Adamu Yunusa, Meguellati Kamel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

226--236

EN

The current study is aiming to expose the efficiency of surface flow constructed wetland (CW) assisted by Pistia stratiote and Salvinia molesta in the remediation of landfill leachates. A laboratory-scale surface flow constructed wetland was constructed to imitate the characteristic of a natural pond. Composite sample of leachates was collected and transported to the laboratory for further analysis and studies. The removal efficiency of phenol, pesticides, sulphate, chloride, colour, turbidity, total suspend solid (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrate and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Hg)). The removal of heavy metal ions in the CW was determined by using a phyto-system dynamic (phyto-SDA) model while the composite design (CCD) type of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in this study for the optimization of pesticides and phenol removal from the landfill leachates by the constructed wetland (CW). The study also predicts that the deviation from the linearity between the heavy metals in the leachates and heavy metals in the sediment and in the plant tissues is influenced by the physicochemical status of the leachate and the mixed cultivation of Pistia stratiote and Salvinia molesta. The study reaffirms the role of sediments in the determination of the fate of heavy metals due to its crucial role in the bioavailability of heavy metals for uptake by P. stratiotes and S. molesta in a CW. The study also shows a positive effect of concentration and exposure time on the reduction efficiency of both pesticides and phenol. The result shows that exposure time and concentration of phenol and pesticides are useful in the optimization of the removal efficiency of pesticides and phenol.

7

Long-term changes in phytoplankton and macrophyte communities in an eutrophic shallow reservoir and prospects for its restoration

Rusanov Alexander, Trifonova Irina, Ignatyeva Natalia, Pavlova Oksana

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2020

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Vol. 49, No. 2

168--183

EN

Long-term changes in hydrochemistry and community structure of phytoplankton and macrophytes were analyzed in the Sestroretskiy Razliv reservoir (northwestern Russia). The average content of total phosphorus (TP) in May–October increased from 73 μg P l-1 in 1980 to 163 μg P l-1 in 2000. A significant increase in average chlorophyll a content from 16.6 μg l-1 in 1980 to 84.7 μg l-1 in 2000 and a shift in phytoplankton composition to the dominance of cyanobacteria over diatoms indicated a change in the trophic status of the reservoir from meso-eutrophic to hypertrophic. In 2016 and 2018, average TP was 96 and 101 μg P l-1, respectively. The average content of chlorophyll a was 43.6 μg l-1 in 2016 and 66.6 μg l-1 in warmer 2018, indicating persistent eutrophic conditions. Diatoms dominated both in 2016 and 2018, especially in 2016 characterized by unfavorable weather conditions. Cyanobacteria were more abundant in 2018 with higher summer temperatures. The decline of the total area covered by aquatic vegetation from 157 ha in 1980 to 76 ha in 2016 likely resulted from an increase in phytoplankton biomass and water turbidity. Based on the results of our observations, in addition to further reduction in nutrient loading, biomanipulation by introducing predatory fish as a restoration measure was proposed to improve the ecological status of the reservoir.

8

Heavy metals and 137Cs levels in macrophytes and temporal distribution in sediments : application for estuarine environment status assessment (Vistula Lagoon – southern Baltic)

Zalewska Tamara, Brzeska-Roszczyk Paulina, Danowska Beata, Pełechaty Mariusz

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2020

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Vol. 49, No. 1

68--80

EN

The paper presents the first data on the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn) and 137Cs and their contamination ratios (CR) in the most abundant species of macrophytes in the Vistula Lagoon. No significant differences in the concentrations of heavy metals and 137Cs between macrophyte taxa or the influence of rivers flowing into the Vistula Lagoon on heavy metal concentrations in the area were found. The concentrations of heavy metals in macrophyte taxa varied in the following ranges: Cd – 0.1–0.7 mg kg−1 d.w.; Pb – 0.5–5.0 mg kg−1 d.w.; Zn – 29–390 mg kg−1 d.w.; Cu – 2.5–8.3 mg kg−1 d.w.; Ni – 0.4–6.8 mg kg−1 d.w.; Cr – 0.5–2.8 mg kg−1 d.w.; Mn – 380–8500 mg kg−1 d.w. Since the 1990s, a decline or stable state of heavy metal concentrations in bottom sediments has been observed, reflecting changes in the environment of the Vistula Lagoon. The linear sedimentation rate in the Vistula Lagoon was 3.3 mm y−1. The results presented in the paper can serve as a baseline for assessing changes in the environmental status of the Vistula Lagoon, which may occur as a result of future investments, including building a new navigable canal through the Vistula Spit.

9

Phytocenological approach in biomonitoring of the state of aquatic ecosystems in Ukrainian Polesie

Fedonyuk Tetiana P., Fedoniuk Roman H., Zymaroieva Anastasiia A., Pazych Viktor M., Aristarkhova Ella O.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 44

65--74

EN

The results of a research into the scale and consequences of the degradation of aquatic ecosystems in Ukrainian Polesie have been detected in article, and the areas of increased anthropogenic pressure have been identified which greatly affect the condition and number of aquatic macrophytes. The biodiversity of sites with different anthropogenic load was evaluated using the biodiversity criteria. In the research, the structural and functional features of macrophytic species diversity within Teteriv River ecological corridor as a typical river landscape of Ukrainian Polesie were determined and described, the floristic composition was determined. Within the ecological zones, the number of species and their projective coverage in areas with different anthropogenic pressures within Teteriv River ecological corridor were determined. The basic criteria for the implementation of deferred biomonitoring based on the analysis of the dynamics of the species composition of the phytocoenoses of Teteriv River ecological corridor on the indicators of ecological stability and plasticity using the species-specific criteria, are: Margalef species richness index, Sørensen–Dice index, Shannon diversity index, Simpson’s index, and Pielou’s evenness index. Based on the results, correlation dependencies have been constructed, which will allow to obtain data on the stability of the development of aquatic ecosystems according to the data of species surveys. Interconnections between biodiversity indicators and indicators of surface water quality within the Ukrainian Polesie were found; they are the fundamental component of a long-term monitoring of the stability in the development of aquatic phytocenoses.

10

Ocena warunków ekologicznych Jeziora Góreckiego za pomocą makrofitów

Pietruczuk Karol, Dajewski Krzysztof, Czarnecki Maciej

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 3

17--23

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań makrofitowych Jeziora Góreckiego uzyskanych w oparciu o Makrofitowy indeks stanu ekologicznego (ESMI). Badania wykonano dwukrotnie – w lipcu 2013 oraz 2019 roku w momencie maksymalnego zróżnicowania fitocenotycznego. Zgodnie z metodyką wyznaczono 16 reprezentatywnych transektów o szerokości, co najmniej 30 metrów. W 2019 roku odnotowano znaczną poprawę warunków ekologicznych jeziora, co potwierdza wyższa wartość indeksu ESMI oraz zmiana stanu ekologicznego z umiarkowanego na dobry. O pozytywnych zmianach świadczą intensywny rozwój roślinności zanurzonej oraz wzrost wartości indeksów różnorodności i zasiedlenia fitolitoralu przez elodeidy. Uzyskane wyniki, a w szczególności wzrost średniej i maksymalnej głębokości występowania roślin, potwierdzają stopniową regenerację zespołu makrofitów w jeziorze na skutek wzrostu przejrzystości wody.

EN

The article presents the results of macrophyte research of the Góreckie Lake basing of the Macrophyte Ecological Status Index (ESMI). The field survey were done twice – in July 2013 and 2019 at the time of optimum vegetation. According to the methodology, filed survey were conducted by the 16 representative transects, with a width of at least 30 meters. The ecological conditions of the lake significantly improved in 2019, which is confirmed the higher value of the ESMI index, and the lake changed its ecological status from moderate to good. The positive changes evidenced by the intensive development of submerged vegetation and increased values of diversity and colonization the phytolitoral by elodeids. The results on the depth of occurrence of plant growth, confirms a gradual recovery teams macrophytes in the lake due to the increase in water transparency.

11

Changes in Ecological State and Quality of Rów Wyskoć Waters

Kozaczyk Paweł, Staniszewski Ryszard

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2019

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Tom 21, cz. 1

506--522

EN

Studies were were undertaken to evaluate the direction of changes in the ecological state and trophy of Rów Wyskoć on the basis of biological indices and selected indices describing the water quality parameters. The field study needed for determination of the macrophyte indices were carried out in June and July 2017. The indices used in paper were the Macrophyte River Index (MIR) used in Poland for evaluation of ecological status and Mean Trophic Rank (MTR) used in Great Britain and other countries (Poland, Ireland) for evaluation of trophy of flowing waters. In the field studies carried out along the section of 100 m at each study site, the coverage with particular taxa of vascular plants, ferns and macroscopic algae. Only the plants that have contact with water for over 90% of their vegetation period were taken into account. Each species was assigned with a specific degree of coverage. In the sites covered with compact patches of water vegetation of areas greater than 10 m2, the phytosociological releves were taken and the macrophyte associations were identified. The sites of studies were three control sites in villages Racot (1), Wyskoć (2) and Rogaczewo (3). The trophy of flowing water was evaluated on the basis of concentrations of total phosphorus, dissolved phosphates and nitrate nitrogen, using the Chemical Index of Trophy (CIT). The catchment area of the Rów Wyskoć watercourse was determined on the basis of the Raster Map of Hydrographic Divisions in Poland (the abbreviation in Polish MPHP) in the scale 1:50000 (2010) supplied by the National Water Management Authority (KZGW). The physiographic characterization of the catchment was made on the basis of topographic maps in the scale of 1:10000 and the Digital Model of the Land (NMT) offered by Main Centre of Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation (CODGiK) The structure of the catchment area use was described on the basis of the Corine Land Cover Project realized by the General Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (GIOŚ). The physicochemical state of water was characterized on the basis of a set of data comprising 8 parameters describing water quality: dissolved oxygen (O2), BOD5, conductivity at 20°C (μS · cm-1), pH, ammonium nitrogen (N-NH4), nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3), nitrite nitrogen (N-NO2) and phosphates (PO4). The classes of surface water quality were assumed according to the Act of Law in the Journal of Laws of August 5th 2016 on the classification of the state of uniform areas of surface waters and environmental norms of quality for priority substances. On the basis of values of macrophyte indices it can be concluded that the ecological state of water at the sites in Wyskoć and Rogaczewo was good, while the water at the site Racot was of moderate ecological state. Analysis of macrophyte indices determined at selected sites of study indicated similarity of the ecological state and level of trophy in the water of Rów Wyskoć. Analysis of physicochemical data characterizing the Rów Wyskoć water in the vegetation season of 2017 showed that the water quality was below the good state.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie kierunku zmian stanu ekologicznego oraz trofii Rowu Wyskoć. Wykorzystano również wskaźniki biologiczne oraz wyniki analiz wybranych wskaźników jakości wody. Prace terenowe niezbędne do określenia wartości wskaźników makrofitowych przeprowadzono w czerwcu i lipcu 2017 roku. Wykorzystano wskaźnik MIR (Makrofitowy Indeks Rzeczny) używany w Polsce do oceny stanu ekologicznego oraz MTR (Mean Trophic Rank) wykorzystywany w Wielkiej Brytanii i w innych krajach (Polska, Irlandia) w ocenie trofii wód płynących. Podczas prac terenowych prowadzonych na odcinku 100 metrów na każdym stanowisku, odnotowano pokrycie poszczególnych taksonów roślin naczyniowych, paprotników i glonów makroskopowych. Uwzględniono tylko rośliny mające kontakt z wodą przez ponad 90% okresu wegetacji. Każdemu gatunkowi przypisano stopień pokrycia powierzchni cieku. W miejscach, gdzie występowały zwarte płaty roślinności wodnej o powierzchni ponad 10 m2 wykonano zdjęcia fitosocjologiczne i wyznaczono zespoły roślinne tworzone przez makrofity. Wybrano trzy punkty kontrolne, które znajdowały się w miejscowościach Racot (1), Wyskoć (2) i Rogaczewo (3). Trofię wód płynących określono na podstawie stężeń fosforu ogólnego, fosforanów rozpuszczonych oraz azotu azotanowego z wykorzystaniem Chemicznego Indeksu Trofii CIT. Zlewnię Rowu Wyskoć wyznaczono na podstawie Rastrowej Mapy Podziału Hydrograficznego Polski (MPHP) w skali 1:50000 (2010) udostępnionej przez Krajowy Zarząd Gospodarki Wodnej (KZGW). Charakterystykę fizjograficzną zlewni określono na podstawie map topograficznych w skali 1:10000 oraz Numerycznego Modelu Terenu (NMT) udostępnionego przez Centralny Ośrodek Dokumentacji Geodezyjnej i Kartograficznej (CODGiK). Strukturę użytkowania zlewni określono na podstawie projektu Corine Land Cover Głównego Inspektoratu Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ). Stan fizykochemiczny wód scharakteryzowano na podstawie zbioru danych, który obejmował 8 parametrów jakości wody: tlen rozpuszczony (O2), BZT5, przewodność w 20°C (μS · cm -1), odczyn (pH), azot amonowy (N-NH4), azot azotanowy (N-NO3), azot azotynowy (N-NO2) oraz fosforany (PO4). Klasy jakości wód powierzchniowych przyjęto zgodnie z Dziennikiem Ustaw z dnia 5 sierpnia 2016 roku w sprawie sposobu klasyfikacji stanu jednolitych części wód powierzchniowych oraz środowiskowych norm jakości dla substancji priorytetowych. Na podstawie wskaźników makrofitowych można stwierdzić, że odcinki zlokalizowane w miejscowościach Wyskoć i Rogaczewo mieściły się w dobrym stanie ekologicznym, jedynie odcinek w Racocie wykazywał umiarkowany stan ekologiczny. Wyniki uzyskane przy wykorzystaniu metod makrofitowych wskazują na postępujące wyrównywanie się stanu ekologicznego oraz poziomu trofii pomiędzy badanymi stanowiskami. Analiza stanu fizykochemicznego wód Rowu Wyskoć w okresie wegetacyjnym 2017 roku wykazała, że wszystkie analizowane wskaźniki klasyfikowały wodę tego cieku poniżej stanu dobrego.

12

How many indicator species are required to assess the ecological status of a river

Budka Anna

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 1

1--12

EN

The presented research focused on macrophytes, which constitute a primary element in the assessment of the ecological status of surface waters following the guidelines of the Water Framework Directive. In Poland, such assessments are conducted using the Macrophyte Index for Rivers (MIR). The objective of this study was to characterize macrophyte species in rivers in terms of their information value in the assessment of the ecological status of rivers. The macrophyte survey was carried out at 100 river sites in the lowland area of Poland. Botanical data were used to verify the completeness of samples (the number of taxa). In the presented research, the information provided by each species was controlled. Entropy was used as the main part of information analysis. This analysis showed that the adoption of a standard approach in the studies of river macrophytes is likely to provide sample underestimation (with missing species). This may potentially lead to incorrect determination of MIR and thus result in a wrong environmental decision. On this basis, a sample completeness criterion was developed. Using this criterion, the average value of information for macrophyte species in medium-sized lowland rivers is suffcient to be considered representative.

13

Ocena stanu ekologicznego powierzchniowych wód rzeki Turia na podstawie Makrofitowego Indeksu Rzecznego (MIR)

Boiaryn Mariia, Tsos Oksana

Chemistry, Environment, Biotechnology

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2019

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Vol. 22

7--12

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań składu gatunkowego wodnych makrofitów rzeki Turia, biegnącej na terytorium Polesia Wołyńskiego. Inwentaryzację roślin przeprowadzono w czterech punktach obserwacyjnych, począwszy od źródła do ujścia rzeki, w okresie od maja do września 2017 roku. Oznaczono 59 gatunków roślin, w tym 41 gatunków wskaźnikowych i obliczono Makrofitowy Indeks Rzeczny (MIR) dla rzeki Turia zgodnie z "Makrofitową Metodą Oceny Rzek”. Ustalono, że stan ekologiczny wód w górnym biegu rzeki (wieś Zaturce) jest umiarkowany, w średnim biegu rzeki (miasto Kowel - stanowisko koło mostu) wzrasta do stanu dobrego, natomiast na następnych stanowiskach pogarsza się i w pobliżu wsi Bachiw oraz we wsi Buzaky (dolny bieg rzeki) ponownie osiąga stan umiarkowany.

EN

The results of the study of the species composition of the aquatic macrophytes of the Turija River, passing through the territory of the Volyn Polissya, are presented. The research was carried out on four observation points, from May to September 2017, along the river - from the river source to the river mouth. In total, 59 plant species were identified, including 41 species regarded as indicators of environmental conditions. The paramater known as «Makrofitowy Indeks Rzeczny (MIR)» was also calculated. It was found that the ecological condition of the water in upper part of the river (Zaturtsi village) is satisfactory, in the middle part of the river (Kovel, near the bridge) becomes better. In the next research points, such as the Bakhiv village, in the lower part of the river, and near the Buzaky village will reach the level of condition as satisfactory.

14

Preliminary Study for Water Quality Improving in Storage Reservoir by Introducing of Artificial Phytolittoral

Sender J., Garbowski M., Urban D., Demetraki-Paleolog A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2018

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Tom 20, cz. 1

392--416

EN

Storage reservoirs are artificially created and in order to function properly, require constant human interference. Zemborzycki reservoir has undergone a successive eutrophication. In 2010, an experimental artificial land surfaces were developed throughout the reservoir. Various native species were transplanted on these lagoons to enrich biodiversity within the reservoir and to reduce phosphorus supply through the plant barrier. The aim of this study was to determine the role of these artificially constructed lagoons and their associated vegetation on phosphorus reduction throughout the reservoir. The reservoir is affected by water rich in phosphorus. In the estuary zone which hosts a developed phytolittoral zone with macrophytes phosphorus load is significantly reduced. In the lagoon area there was also a marked reduction in phosphorus concentration in study years, along with the progressive colonization of plants. The significant reduction of phosphorus compounds in the artificial phytolittoral zone confirms the necessity of such zones. At present, the negative ecological potential of the reservoir and its declining natural and recreational values, it seems justified to separate the so-called natural zone in a reservoir that would serve as a natural biofilter. However, the most important action is to regulate incoming wastewater in the catchment area of the Bystrzyca River. Studied artificial substrates for plants (sand and gravel), although slowly, but gradually settled by water plants, can be a tool supporting the purification of dam reservoir waters. They are also durable and can be shaped in any way, which can be an additional asset – aesthetic.

PL

Zbiorniki retencyjne, utworzone przez człowieka, dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania wymagają ciągłej jego ingerencji. Zbiornik Zemborzycki ulega sukcesywnej eutrofizacji. W roku 2010 zapoczątkowane zostało tworzenie na obszarze zbiornika sztucznych powierzchni roślinnych dla wzbogacania bioróżnorodności. Ich powstanie miało także na celu wyhamowanie wody wpływającej do zbiornika i przez ich przepływ przez powierzchnię roślinną ograniczenie dostaw fosforu. Celem badań było określenie roli sztucznie ukształtowanego fitolitoralu w redukcji fosforu. W tym celu określono ładunek fosforu dopływający do zbiornika ze źródeł powierzchniowych, z wodami rzecznymi oraz ze źródeł zewnętrznych. Do zbiornika wpływa woda bogata w fosfor. W strefie ujściowej rzeki Bystrzycy, w której znajduje się rozwinięta strefa naturalnego fitolittoralu, ładunek fosforu jest znacznie zmniejszony. W strefie lagun odnotowano również znaczne zmniejszenie stężenia fosforu w kolejnych latach badań, wraz z postępującą kolonizacją ich przez rośliny. Znacząca redukcja związków fosforu w sztucznej strefie fitolitoralu potwierdza konieczność ich istnienia. Przy obecnym, złym potencjale ekologicznym zbiornika Zemborzyckiego i obniżających się walorach przyrodniczych oraz możliwościach jego rekreacyjnego wykorzystania, uzasadnione wydaje się wydzielenie tzw. strefy przyrodniczej w zbiorniku, która pełniłaby rolę naturalnego biofiltra. Jednak najważniejszą jest uregulowana gospodarka ściekowa w zlewni rzeki Bystrzycy i zbiornika. Badane sztuczne podłoża dla roślin, chociaż wolno, ale sukcesywnie zasiedlane są przez rośliny, mogą stanowić narzędzie wspomagające oczyszczanie wód zbiorników zaporowych. Są jednocześnie trwałe i mogą być dowolnie kształtowane, co może stanowić dodatkowy atut – estetyczny.

15

Floristic Structure of Two Batrachium Rich Plant Communities in Relation to Habitat Conditions in Rivers of Lithuania

Butkuvienė J., Sinkevičienė Z., Naugžemys D., Žvingila D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 1

1--13

EN

Ranunculus sect. Batrachium is one of the most complicated taxonomic groups of aquatic plants. Difficulties of aquatic Ranunculus species delimitation according to morphological features are closely related to recognition of their communities, especially in running waters. The diversity of species in the phytocoenosis characterized by the predominance of Ranunculus species and the main physical-chemical factors of water were studied at 15 sites of 10 different-sized rivers of Lithuania. The rivers have met the criteria of the threatened habitats type 3260 (the EU classification). The communities dominated by R. fluitans and R. pseudofluitans were recorded in different river systems and were not found growing together. The environmental conditions also well separated the two communities. The association Ranunculetum fluitantis was distributed in the rivers on silicate substrates, in the waters with significantly higher flow velocity, but in about twice lower conductivity and alkalinity compared to community with Ranunculus pseudofluitans. The latter was found in the river situated in the gypsum karst area covered by watertight clay, with waters of higher alkalinity, conductivity, concentration of calcium ions and rich in nitrogen compounds. Abundance of nutrients (concentration of total phosphorus and total nitrogen) negatively affected abundance of both Ranunculus species.

16

Zinc and lead in aquatic plants and bottom sediments of anthropogenic rivers

Małachowska-Jutsz A., Gumińska J.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2018

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Vol. 11, no. 2

125--134

EN

The aim of the study was to assess contamination of bottom sediments with heavy metals (lead and zinc) and its influence on the dominant macrophytes in selected four Polish anthropogenic rivers. Due to metal concentration, the sediments were classified in terms of their purity by three criteria: geochemical criterion, LAWA classification and ecotoxicological criterion. The studies revealed that tested macrophytes (Common Reed and Yellow Iris) were characterized by low and very low accumulation coefficient translocation factors of heavy metals. Common Reed was the plant which, to the greatest extent, accumulated heavy metals and therefore it was proposed as an indicator of lead and zinc contamination of river sediments. Heavy metals were mainly accumulated in roots and were not transported to their shoots as evidenced by very low translocation factors. Yellow Iris accumulated heavy metals to a lesser extent than Common Reed, however, it showed higher translocation factors of these metals. Zinc was preferentially collected by both plants in comparison with lead, as confirmed by higher translocation factors for zinc.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena stopnia zanieczyszczenia osadów dennych metalami ciężkimi (ołowiem i cynkiem) oraz ich wpływu na dominujące makrofity w wybranych czterech przekształconych antropogenicznie rzekach w Polsce. Ze względu na stężenie metali osady rzeczne zostały sklasyfikowane pod kątem ich czystości według trzech kryteriów: kryterium geochemicznego, klasyfikacji LAWA i kryterium ekotoksykologicznego. Badania wykazały, że badane makrofity (trzcina pospolita i kosaciec żółty) charakteryzowały się niskimi i bardzo niskimi współczynnikami akumulacji i translokacji metali ciężkich. Trzcina pospolita to roślina, która w największym stopniu akumulowała metale ciężkie i dlatego została zaproponowana, jako wskaźnik stopnia skażenia osadów rzecznych ołowiem i cynkiem. Metale ciężkie gromadziły się głównie w korzeniach i nie były transportowane do pędów, o czym świadczą bardzo niskie wartości współczynników translokacji. Kosaciec żółty akumulował metale ciężkie w mniejszym stopniu niż trzcina pospolita, jednakże w tym przypadku zaobserwowano wyższe współczynniki translokacji metali. Cynk był preferencyjnie pobierany przez obie rośliny w porównaniu do ołowiu, co potwierdzono wyższymi wartościami współczynników translokacji.

17

Charophytes in the estuarine Curonian Lagoon: Have the changes in diversity, abundance and distribution occurred since the late 1940s?

Sinkevičienė Z., Bučas M., Ilginė R., Vaičiūtė D., Kataržytė M., Petkuvienė J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2017

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Vol. 46, No. 2

186--198

EN

The results of the recent (2014-2015) inventory and three historical datasets (1949-1959, 1960-1980 and 1997-2007) were analyzed in order to track the long-term changes of charophytes in the largest estuarine lagoon of the Baltic Sea. The present species composition of charophytes in the estuarine part of the Curonian Lagoon consisted of 7 species, including tolerant to salinity (Chara aspera, C. contraria, C. globularis and Nitellopsis obtusa) and typical brackish-water species (Chara baltica, C. canescens and Tolypella nidifica). The highest congruence of species was between the 1997-2007 and 2014-2015 datasets, which covered respectively eutrophication and post-eutrophication periods. The 1949-1959 dataset (closest to the reference conditions) differed by the absence of typical brackish-water species. The 1960-1980 dataset (the major period of eutrophication) was relatively poor in study sites and species. During the last 6 decades, only tolerant to salinity freshwater species were constant and abundant; only Nitella mucronata can be considered as extinct. Recently, C. contraria became dominant and widespread. The changes in the charophyte species composition, abundance and distribution can be explained by different intensity of surveys and/or density of study sites, but also by the increased exposure to brackish waters since 1980s and/or recently reduced effect of eutrophication.

18

Eutrofizacja wód zbiorników zaporowych oraz rola makrofitów w tym procesie

Sender J., Jaruga C.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 3

227--244

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienie związane z procesem eutrofizacji wód, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zbiorników zaporowych. Eutrofizacja to procesem globalnym, zagrażający ekosystemom wodnym na każdym kontynencie. Często doprowadza ona do ich degradacji. Szczególnie narażonymi na to zjawisko są zbiorniki sztuczne jakimi są zbiorniki zaporowe. W pracy przedstawiono mechanizmy procesu eutrofizacji. Wskazano także na znaczenie roślin wodnych w procesie oczyszczania wód, możliwości ich wielostronnego zastosowania. W ostatnim okresie w Polsce i na świecie obserwuje się tendencję do nakierowania badań na naturalne, czy półnaturalne metody oczyszczania wód, w tym także oczyszczalnie hydrofitowe. Obecność makrofitów w zbiornikach wodnych to z jednej strony gwarant dobrego stanu ekologicznego, z drugiej niezaprzeczalny walor estetyczny.

EN

The paper presents the problem related with the process of eutrophication, with special emphasis on dam reservoirs. Eutrophication is a global process, threatening the water ecosystem on every continent. It often leads to their degradation. Particularly vulnerable to eutrophication are artificial reservoirs which are dam reservoirs. This paper describes the mechanisms of eutrophication. We also pointed to the importance of aquatic plants in the process of water purification, as well as the possibility of multilateral use. Recently, in the world and in Poland there is a tendency to pay attention to the natural or semi-natural method of water purification (including constructed wetland). On the one hand, the presence of macrophytes in water bodies is a guarantor of good ecological status, on the other hand, the undeniable aesthetic value.

19

Studies of heavy metal content in bottom sediments and aquatic plants near treated wastewater discharge

Skorbiłowicz M., Skorbiłowicz E., Tarasiuk U., Falkowska M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2017

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Vol. 43, no. 4

311--325

EN

The paper attempts to determine the degree of impact of discharged wastewater from five treatment plants on the Bug River ecosystem and its inflow, the Kamianka. For laboratory tests, samples of bottom sediments and aquatic plants were collected in 2014. The content of heavy metals: Zn, Pb, Ni in bottom sediments and aquatic plants (root, stem, leaf) growing close to the discharge of purified sewage, were analyzed. The amount of metals in the samples was determined applying the AAS method in its flame version. The average content of the metals determined in bottom sediments from the study points located before the treatment plant were Zn – 21.8; Pb – 11.5; Ni – 13.7 mg kg−1. However, the content of these metals was higher in samples from the collection points which were located after the place of purified sewage discharge and amounted to: Zn – 34.3; Pb – 12.2; Ni – 16.9 mg⋅kg−1. The test plants were Acorus calamus L., Nuphar lutea L., Typha angustifolia L. The content of metals in the individual parts of macrophytes (root, stem, leaf) was as follows: Zn > Pb > Ni. In the bottom sediments and aquatic plants of the Bug and Kamianka rivers, a higher content of lead, zinc and nickel was found after the discharge of treated sewage in relation to their content than before discharge, but it was not a threat to the aquatic environment of the watercourses studied. Statistical analysis showed that the amount of sewage discharged to the tested receivers influenced the content of organic matter, zinc and nickel in bottom sediments.

20

Preliminary results of monitoring studies on macrophytes in the area of brine discharge from the creation of gas storage caverns (Puck Bay, Baltic)

Brzeska-Roszczyk P., Kruk-Dowgiałło L.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2017

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Vol. 32, No. 1

50--57

EN

The coastal zone of the Puck Bay (near Mechelinki cottage), in the area protected within the Natura 2000 network (Puck Bay and Hel Peninsula PLH 220032), is subjected to the influence of two media – wastewaters discharged through a collector of the sewage treatment plant in Dębogórze and brine effluent discharged through a pipeline because of construction of the underground gas storage – UGS Kosakowo. The results of the monitoring studies in 2009, 2012, and 2015 showed that, after 40 years, macrophytes were again noted in the area (in 2012 and 2015). They occur in small amounts, but slightly increase their bottom coverage. It indicates the improvement of the environment state being under pressure of two media and points indirectly to the fact that environmentally friendly technical solutions were applied for discharge of the effluents.

PL

Strefa przybrzeżna Zatoki Puckiej (w rejonie Mechelinek), położona w obszarze Zatoka Pucka i Półwysep Helski PLH 220032 chronionym w sieci Natura 2000, znajduje się pod wpływem oddziaływania dwóch mediów – ścieków zrzucanych głębokowodnym kolektorem z oczyszczalni ścieków w Dębogórzu oraz solanki zrzucanej podmorskim rurociągiem jako efekt budowy podziemnego magazynu gazu – PMG Kosakowo. Wyniki uzyskane w trakcie badań monitoringowych w latach 2009, 2012 i 2015 wykazały, że po około 40 latach braku występowania makrofitów w tym rejonie, od 2012 roku zaczęto notować makrofity zakorzenione w dnie. Występują one w niewielkiej ilości, ale nieznacznie powiększa się zasięg ich występowania. Obserwowane zjawisko wskazuje na poprawę stanu środowiska w rejonie będącym pod presją dwóch mediów oraz pośrednio, że zastosowano dobre dla środowiska rozwiązania techniczne do odprowadzania obu zrzutów.