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1

Ecological risks assessment of fishery commodities from heavy metal in The East Java Province, Indonesia

Andriyono Sapto, Hidayati Nuning V., Fitrani Mirna, Manaf Latifah A., Habib Ahasan, Dewi Umi U., Mukadar Saadah

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

183--193

EN

Heavy metals are a crucial group of chemicals extensively used in materials to meet human needs, eventually leading to contamination of aquatic ecosystems and accumulation in organism’s tissues. Heavy metals enter the aquatic ecosystem from various sources. Those metals that pollute aquatic waters are deposited in sediments, remain dissolved in water or accumulate in the food web of aquatic organisms. Benthic biota is believed to accumulate the highest levels of these metals, while other aquatic animals, such as fish, shrimp, and macroalgae, serve as significant sources of heavy metals intake through food and the environmental exposure. Ina study conducted in and around the east Java, Indonesia, the concentration of heavy metals in commercially important fish species, shellfish, and macroalgae were evaluated using an inductive couple plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). This study is very important because fishery resources are not only vital for exports but also serve as a primary source of essential food for local communities. The results showed that heavy metal concentration (Pb, Cd, and Hg) in samples were 12.3 mg∙dm-3 , 0.171 mg∙dm-3, and undetectable, respectively. This study showed that different metals were present in the samples at different levels, all of which fell within the maximum residual levels set by the EU and USFDA. The results of an analysis of food safety based on the Hazard Index showed values below 1 point, indicating that fishery products (fish, shrimp, and macroalgae) from the East Java Province are generally safe for human consumption.

2

Modelling and simulation studies on the characteristic behaviour of macroalgae derived bio-oil

Thirumalaikumar Ramaiah, Jaikumar Vasudevan

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 1

19--30

EN

With the expanding need for renewable and sustainable energy resources, the demand for biomass derived bio-oil particularly microalgae or macroalgae based bio-oil is growing. In this regard, understanding the characteristics of bio-oil as a function of several influencing operational parameters is essential. In this study modelling and simulation technique based on Aspen HYSYS was applied to investigate the characteristics of macroalgae Ulva prolifera derived bio-oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) process as a function of the influencing parameters like temperature, kinematic viscosity, and weight percent of the bio-oil assay, cut yield behaviour, and standard liquid density. Modelling and simulation help to optimise the process parameters and design the process layout for large-scale production. According to the simulation results the cut yield of off gases, light naphtha, heavy naphtha, light distillate, heavy distillate, gas oil and residues are shown at specific final boiling point (FBP) temperatures of 70 °C, 70 °C - 110 °C, 110 °C - 221.1 °C, 221.1 °C - 304.4 °C, 304.4 °C - 371.1 °C, 371.1 °C - 537.8 °C and 537.7 °C respectively. Whereas, above a temperature of 300 °C, the weight percentage of aromatic components increased steadily. The increase in percentage composition of the aromatic components is due to the reduction of the paraffinic components. The density of the liquid bio-oil was steadily increasing until a temperature of 200 °C.

3

Observation of Coral Reef and Macroalgae Competition in the Sempu Strait, Malang

Isdianto Andik, Kurniawan Andi, Wicaksono Agus Dwi, Marhaendra Quanta Nur Ihza, Putri Berlania Mahardika, Fathah Aulia Lanudia, Asadi Muhammad Arif, Luthfi Oktiyas Muzaky, Pratiwi Dwi Candra, Harahab Nuddin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

174--184

EN

Competition for space between coral reefs and macroalgae has a significant impact on coral cover and, consequently, on the sustainability of coastal ecosystems. This study aimed to ascertain the Sempu Strait’s substrate coverage, dominant coral reef lifeform, coral-macroalgae competition, and water quality. The Underwater Photo Transect method and the CPCe software are used to monitor coral reefs. The condition of the approximately 11.5% of living corals was deemed to be substandard. The western portion of the Sempu Strait is dominated by encrusting, branching, and massive corals, whereas the eastern portion is dominated by Acropora corals. Temperature varied between 26 and 35 °C, salinity varied between 17 and 35 ppt, pH varied between 7 and 8, water clarity varied between 2.25 and 2.73 m, and dissolved oxygen varied between 6.28 and 6.71 mg/L. Competition between corals and macroalgae is observed at multiple stations, including Banyu Tawar, Waru-Waru, and WatuMeja. This phenomenon can be attributed to the presence of suitable substrates such as sand, rubble, and pebbles, as well as favorable seasonal conditions and water quality that promote the growth of macroalgae. Essentially, macroalgae grow more rapidly than corals, resulting in competition for growing space.

4

Assessment of the Content of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni in Water and Algae from the Region of Makarska Riviera in Croatia

Niemiec Marcin, Komorowska Monika, Ujevic Ivana, Kuboń Maciej, Sikora Jakub, Szeląg-Sikora Anna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2019

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Tom 21, cz. 2

974--986

EN

The aim of this paper was to assess the content of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni in water and in algae collected in the region of the Makarska Riviera. The samples of water and algae were collected in August 2016 from nine sampling points: Makarska, Podgora, Baska Voda, Split ul. Jana Pawła II, Storbeč, Podstrana, Omiš, Mimice, Dvernik. The concentrations of the elements in the water and in the digested algae samples were determined using the ICP-OES method. The study results indicate anthropogenic enrichment of all studied elements in water, with the exception of manganese. Higher contents of studied elements in water collected in Split were found. The concentrations of elements in algae do not indicate pollution of the natural environment and are characteristic of non-contaminated areas. The content of the studied elements in the water decreased in the order Fe>Cu>Mn>Ni>Cr in Cystoseira barbata algae decreased in the order Fe>Cu>Mn>Ni>Cr and in Ulva rigida in the order Fe>Mn>Cr>Cu>Ni.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena zawartości Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn i Ni w wodzie i glonach pobranych w rejonie Riwiery Makarskiej. Próbki wody oraz glonów pobrano w sierpniu 2016 roku z dziewięciu punktów badawczych: Makarska, Podgora, Baska Voda, Split ul. Jana Pawła II, Storbeč, Podstrana, Omiš, Mimice, Dvernik. Zawartość pierwiastków w wodzie oraz roztworzonych próbkach glonów oznaczono metodą spektrometrii emisyjnej, w aparacie Optima 7600 DV firmy Perkin Elmer. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują na antropogeniczne wzbogacenie wody we wszystkie badane pierwiastki z wyjątkiem manganu. Stwierdzono większe zawartości badanych pierwiastków w wodzie pobranej w Splicie w porównaniu do próbek z innych miejsc. Zawartości pierwiastków w glonach nie wskazują na zagrożenie na środowiska naturalnego i są charakterystyczne dla obszarów niezanieczyszczonych. Zawartość badanych pierwiastków w wodzie malała w kolejności Fe>Cu>Mn>Ni>Cr. W biomasie glonów z rodzaju Cystoseira barbata w kolejności Fe>Mn>Cu>Ni>Cr, zaś w glonach Ulva rigida Fe>Mn>Cr>Cu>Ni.

5

Ocena składu chemicznego glonów brunatnych z antropogenicznie przekształconych rejonów Morza Czarnego w kontekście możliwości wytwarzania z nich nawozów

Niemiec Marcin, Sikora Jakub, Szeląg-Sikora Anna, Kuboń Maciej, Stuglik Joanna, Komorowska Monika

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 8

1264--1267

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę i ocenę możliwości wytwarzania nawozów organicznych z makroglonów pozyskiwanych z rejonów Morza Czarnego o podwyższonej antropopresji. Do badań wykorzystano glony Cystozeira barbata pobrane z 3 punktów badawczych zlokalizowanych w rejonie Warny oraz 3 punktów zlokalizowanych w rejonie Burgas. W biomasie oznaczono zawartość makroelementów, mikroelementów oraz metali ciężkich. Na podstawie składu chemicznego oszacowano przydatność badanych materiałów do produkcji nawozów organicznych. W glonach stwierdzono bardzo duże zawartości azotu, potasu i wapnia. Przy ich aplikacji w ilości ok. 3 Mg/ha wprowadzono by do gleby ok. 90 kg azotu, 150 kg wapnia i 50 kg potasu.

EN

Samples of algae taken from the sea water near urban areas as well as rural areas were mineralized at 450°C and treated with HNOз soln. to det. their elemental compn. The place of sampling did not affect on their chem. compn. High content of N, K and Ca and low content of heavy metals in the tested samples indicated their usefulness in agriculture as fertilizers.

6

Epiphytic diatom assemblages on invasive Caulerpa taxifolia and autochthonous Halimeda tuna and Padina sp. seaweeds in the Adriatic Sea : summer/autumn aspect

Car Ana, Witkowski Andrzej, Dobosz Sławomir, Jasprica Nenad, Ljubimir Stijepo, Zgłobicka Izabela

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 3

209--226

EN

This study focuses on the taxonomy of epiphytic diatoms in the area of invasive macroalgae from the genus Caulerpa. Caulerpa species are characterized by the presence of secondary metabolites, such as caulerpenyne (CYN), the main function of which is a chemical defense mechanism against herbivores and epiphytes. Epiphytic diatoms were studied on fronds of Caulerpa taxifolia (“killer seaweed”) and, for comparison, on autochthonous macroalgae Padina sp. and Halimeda tuna at the eastern Adriatic Sea coast (Island of Hvar) in the summer and autumn of 2010. The qualitative analysis was performed with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. The Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index determined for Caulerpa taxifolia showed a wide range of values (3.11–4.88), with a maximum in August and a minimum in October. While the number of taxa on Caulerpa taxifolia fronds increased from June (41) to August (88), it declined in autumn due to the high relative abundance of Cocconeis caulerpacola, which is a diatom typical for Caulerpa. On the other hand, the largest number of taxa on Padina sp. was observed in September (82). The detailed composition of epiphytic diatoms and seasonal dynamics in the area affected by the invasive macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia have been determined for the first time.

7

Ecology and distribution patterns of Chara connivens (Charophyta, Characeae) on the Canary Islands : the first record from Fuerteventura

Rybak Andrzej S., Woyda-Ploszczyca Andrzej M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2019

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Vol. 48, No. 4

368--380

EN

The paper presents the first record of a Chara connivens (Characeae) stand from Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). The species was previously recorded only on Tenerife and Lanzarote, mostly in marine and artificial habitats. Physicochemical parameters of water and morphological features of the thalli and plant community were analyzed. General habitat requirements of C. connivens populations located in Europe, North Africa, and South-West Asia were reviewed. The newly described stand was located in a natural rock crevice that was part of a riverbed in El Barranco de las Peñitas (Penitas Canyon). This habitat was unshaded and filled with brackish water. C. connivens co-occurred with Cladophora glomerata and Ruppia maritima. Our report on the presence of C. connivens in the Spanish territory of the Atlantic Ocean is the first in almost 40 years. The distribution of C. connivens and its plant associations on the Canary Archipelago are poorly explored, which is why this topic requires further research.

8

Natural valuation of the Polish marine areas (Baltic) based on phytobenthos

Brzeska-Roszczyk P., Kruk-Dowgiałło L.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2018

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Vol. 33, No. 1

204--211

EN

The aim was to develop a method for assessing the natural values of the Polish marine areas (PMA), excluding coastal lagoons, based on phytobenthos. The valuation method includes 4 criteria which refer to the qualitative and quantitative structure of phytobenthos. The method was tested at the stony bottom overgrown with macroalgae – in the coastal zone, near the localities of Ustka, Poddąbie and Rowy. The assessment showed that the most valuable was the boulder area in the vicinity of Rowy, due to the presence of macroalgae communities with 5 rare and 3 protected species. The least valuable was the stony bottom near Ustka, with small amounts of macroalgae and 1 protected species. The natural values were classified into four classes and presented on map, what is very important from the practical point of view, especially when consider areas designated for future investments. The map with natural values distribution was created on the layers of surface sediments, which were developed on the basis of sonar and bathymetric data. The use of these data allowed the precise delineation of subareas with different natural values. The natural valuation method presented in this article is a relatively simple tool that can be applied to determine the areas valuable in terms of phytobenthos in PMA.

PL

Celem artykułu było opracowanie metody oceny walorów przyrodniczych polskich obszarów morskich (POM), z wyłączeniem zalewów przymorskich, na podstawie fitobentosu. Metodę waloryzacji oparto na 4 kryteriach, uwzględniających strukturę jakościowo-ilościową fitobentosu. Metodę przetestowano waloryzując makroglony dna kamienistego, występujące w strefie przybrzeżnej otwartego morza, w pobliżu miejscowości: Ustka, Poddąbie i Rowy. Z przeprowadzonej oceny wynika, że najcenniejszym obszarem było głazowisko w okolicy miejscowości Rowy, z uwagi na występowanie zbiorowisk makroglonów oraz obecność 5 gatunków rzadkich i 3 gatunków chronionych. Najmniej cennym – dno kamieniste przy Ustce, gdzie wśród znikomych ilości makroglonów występował 1 gatunek chroniony. Ważnym dla praktycznego zastosowania tej metody oceny walorów przyrodniczych, np. w rejonach przeznaczonych pod różnego rodzaju inwestycje, jest możliwość przedstawienia jej w czterostopniowej skali w postaci mapy cenności przyrodniczej, dla której jako podkład wykorzystano mapę osadów, opracowaną na podstawie danych sonarowych i batymetrycznych. Wykorzystanie tych danych pozwoliło na dokładne wydzielenie podobszarów o różnej cenności przyrodniczej. Opracowana i zaprezentowana w niniejszym artykule metoda waloryzacji przyrodniczej jest stosunkowo prostym narzędziem mogącym mieć zastosowanie do określenia rejonów cennych przyrodniczo w POM.

9

A review of the selected methods of macroalgae cultivation in marine waters

Brzeska-Roszczyk P., Barańska A., Kruk-Dowgiałło L.

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku

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2017

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Vol. 32, No. 1

129--136

EN

The article presents methods of macroalgae cultivation performed worldwide in marine waters (long-lines, bottom planting, integrated cultivation). It describes a variety of technical approaches and discusses the possibility of conducting macroalgae cultivation in the Polish marine areas. All the presented methods can be tested in the Polish zone of the Baltic Sea, except integrated mariculture (IMTA). Species of the Ulva genus can be considered for culturing, however there is a lack of wide-ranging studies providing information on their biomass production on a larger scale and detailed chemical content. The effectiveness of cultivation will be restricted due to seasonal occurrence of species, as the conditions prevailing in the Polish marine waters are not favourable to macroalgae cultivation. Thus, it is suggested to consider implementation of a project aiming at the cultivation of perennial species Furcellaria lumbricalis (introduction of the species from the Gulf of Riga to the Puck Bay).

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wybrane metody uprawy makroglonów w wodach morskich na świecie (uprawy linowe w toni wodnej, uprawy na dnie, uprawy zintegrowane). Opisano różnorodne podejścia techniczne i przeanalizowano możliwość uprawy makroglonów w polskich obszarach morskich. Wszystkie zaprezentowane metody upraw makroglonów mogą być przetestowane w polskiej strefie Bałtyku, poza marikultarami zintegrowanymi (IMTA). W uprawie mogą być brane pod uwagę gatunki z rodzaju Ulva, jednakże brakuje szeroko zakrojonych badań nad przyrostem ich biomasy oraz składem chemicznym. Należy również podkreślić, że efektywność tych upraw będzie ograniczona ze względu na sezonowy ich charakter, gdyż warunki panujące w polskich obszarach morskich nie są sprzyjające uprawom makroglonów. Dlatego też, sugeruje się realizację projektu dotyczącego uprawy gatunku wieloletniego Furcellaria lumbricalis (introdukcja gatunku z Zatoki Ryskiej do Zatoki Puckiej).

10

Kriokonity i kriojamy w przylepie lodowej Antarktyki

Rakusa-Suszczewski S.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2015

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Nr 25

119--125

PL

Kriokonity są cylindrycznymi otworami powstałymi w wyniku topnienia na lodowcu w otoczeniu ziarn mineralnych. Takie formy obserwowano na powierzchni przylepy lodowej powstałej na morzu w sąsiedztwie oazy Thala Hills na Ziemi Enderby w Antarktydzie Wschodniej. Otwory kriokonitów są większe przy brzegu niż dalej od brzegu w wyniku selekcji cząstek mineralnych wynoszonych przez wiatr z oazy. W przylepie lodowej powstają też kriojamy jako efekt topnienia lodu wokół fragmentów makroglonów, które przylgnęły do dna powstającego lodu, często wraz z lodem dennym. Kriojamy i kriokonity są więc różnego pochodzenia. Prezentowane są warunki środowiskowe i tworzenie się zespołu podlodowego.

EN

Cryoconite are cylindrical melt holes on glacial surface. Such creature were observed on surface of landfast sea ice near Thala Hills oasis in Antarctic. Holes are larger near shore than off shore depend of size of minerals selected by winds. In the land fast ice cryocavernes vere observed as effect of melting water around of macroalge attached bottom of ice. Cryocavernes are different orginate than cryoconites. Subfast ice community and environmental changes are presented.

11

Composition and seasonal changes in filamentous algae in floating mats

Pikosz M., Messyasz B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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Vol. 44, No. 2

273--281

EN

The occurrence of algal-cyanobacterial metaphyton mats in field (Konojad village) and artificial ponds (Poznań city) was investigated in the Wielkopolska region. The surface area of algal mats ranged between ca. 45% (natural pond) and 10% (artificial pond) of the total water surface, and the mats occurred from the water surface to the bottom; the algal diversity was similar in both types of ponds, i.e. about 10 taxa. The most frequently recorded and dominant taxa in small water bodies were: Spirogyra spp., Cladophora fracta in the artificial pond and Oedogonium spp., Cladophora rivularis in the natural pond. The dynamics of macroalgae demonstrated a pattern comprising different phases of taxa dominance. For example, April regarded as the first phase was characterized by a small amount of metaphyton, represented by Tribonema and Ulothrix taxa. In May, these species disappeared and were replaced by: Oedogonium spp. and Cladophora spp. which formed large aggregations in the field pond, and Spirogyra spp. which abundantly proliferated in the artificial pond. From June, however, Oedogonium and/or Cladophora significantly dominated in the mat structure and at the same time covered a large area of the water surface. The algal community was dominated by common algal taxa, among which single filaments of other taxa could also occur.

12

Ocena potencjału naturalnej odnowy roślinności zanurzonej w zdegradowanym Jeziorze Góreckim (Wielkopolski Park Narodowy)

Rybak M., Joniak T.

Ekologia i Technika

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2015

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R. 23, nr 4

177--182

PL

Głównym problemem ekologicznym jezior zdegradowanych jest brak zespołów roślinności zanurzonej i makroglonów. Cechą jezior zeutrofizowanych jest duża produkcja pierwotna, skutkiem czego zmniejsza się zasięg światła a obfita sedymentacja martwych organizmów wywołuje silną mętność wody i tworzy duże ilości świeżych osadów dennych. Zbyt duże zagłębienie diaspor w osadzie zmniejsza siłę kiełkowania mimo odpowiedniej temperatury wody i oświetlenia odgórnego. Celem pracy była ocena potencjału kiełkowania diaspor z próbek osadów dennych Jeziora Góreckiego zdegradowanego w wyniku eutrofizacji. Eksperyment laboratoryjny wykazał bardzo słabą siłę kiełkowania makrofitów i makroglonów pomimo ogólnie licznej obecności nasion i oospor w osadach. Badania wykazały, że brak naturalnej odnowy makrofitów w jeziorze jest konsekwencją małej ilości diaspor nieuszkodzonych w powierzchniowej warstwie osadów. Eliminacja makrofitów i makroglonów powoduje stałe ubożenie banku organów przetrwalnych (żerowanie ryb) i zagłębianie w warstwach starych osadów, bez możliwości powrotu na powierzchnię.

EN

Major ecological problem of degraded lakes is a ląck of submerged macrophyte and charophyte stands. Feature of eutrophic lakes is a large primary production and, in consequence, a reduction of the light penetration through high abundant sedimentation of dead organisms (high turbidity) and production of large quantities of fresh sediments. Too deep position of propagules in the bottom sediment reduces germination despite correct water temperature and of downward irradiance. The aim of the study was evaluation the germination potential of propagules from samples of bottom sediments of Góreckie Lake, degraded in result of eutrophication. Laboratory experiment showed very poor germination macrophytes and macroalgae despite the generally numerous seeds and oospores bank in the sediments. It was stated that a lack of natural regeneration of macrophytes in this lake may be a consequence of small amount of intact diasporas in the surface layer of sediments. Elimination of macrophytes and macroalgae causes fixed impoverishment of propagules bank (mainly by fish feeding) as well as deeper hubbing into old sediments, without the possibility of return on the surface.

13

Glony na zdrowie

Godlewska K., Michalak I., Chojnacka K.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2014

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[Z] 68, 9-10

834--852

EN

Marine algae are rich in a variety of biologically and pharmacologically active substances. They are considered as a resource that has been used by humans to some extent [6]. Nowadays, algal biomass is a renewable source of many valuable bioactive substances, having a wide array of applications in many industries, such as food, chemical, agricultural, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, medical. The present work focuses on the impact of algae on the human body. The potential use of algae and algal extracts in medicine and cosmetic industry is discussed. Due to the antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory properties, algae can be used in the curing of many types of diseases [7, 8]. These properties result from the biologically active compounds present in the biomass of algae. The components of the algae that may help in the treatment tumor diseases are: polyphenols [37], polysaccharides [38], carrageenan [33–35], fucoidan [24, 30–32], fucoxanthin [25], diterpenes [27–29] or monoterpenes [36]. Substances extracted from algae with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic include: fucosterol [48], porphyrins [52], lactones, phenols, carbohydrates [40], polysaccharides [51, 53, 54], fucoidan [46], galactan [49], fucan [45]. Fucoxanthin [64–68], fucoidan [58], triacyloglycerols [69], polyphenols [71] or phlorotannin [63] can be used as anti-obesity agents. Overreaction of the immune system to harmless environmental substances can be minimized by the use of antiallergic substances, which include mainly phlorotannins [73, 77, 78] and fatty acids [79, 80]. The components of algae, such as polysaccharides [99–101], diterpenes [91], bromophenol [90], carbohydrates [102], fucans [96, 97], galactans [98], carrageenan [94], fucoidan [92] or galactofucan [93] could be successfully utilized against various types of viruses. It has been proved that algae show dermatological and cosmetic properties: anti-inflammatory and bactericidal action (due to the presence of zinc) [8, 9, 19, 113], increase of the flexibility of the skin (peptides and vitamins) [13, 104, 105], improve blood circulation of the skin and thanks to the alginic acid they treat erythema [13, 103]. They influence on of inhibition of sebum secretion and on other problems of oily skin. Algae are used in many cosmetics to tone up the skin, lighten stretch marks [104, 111, 112]. Compresses made of algae slenderize and eliminate cellulite. A field of skin cosmetics called Thalassotherapy is a form of therapy that uses marine climate, sea water, mud, algae, sand and other substances derived from the sea as a therapeutic agents [13, 103].

14

Bezściekowa technologia produkcji dodatków paszowych z mikroelementami na bazie makroalgi Pithophora varia Wille

Michalak I., Chojnacka K.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2009

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T. 88, nr 5

512-515

15

The distribution of green algae species from the Ulva genera (syn. Enteromorpha, Chlorophyta) in Polish inland waters

Messyasz B., Rybak A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2009

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Vol. 38, No.1

121-138

EN

Marine algae in inland waters in Poland have been rarely recorded. The distribution of 5 species and 1 subspecies of the Ulva genus (syn. Enteromorpha, Chlorophyta) observed in different inland aquatic ecosystems is reported. The algal distribution was established on the basis of the available literature, unpublished material, and oral reports. Information about the algal morphology and habitat conditions, from all of the 58 reported locations of ulvas in Poland, were assimilated and are presented here. The most widespread species of Ulva in inland waters in Poland was U. intestinalis (syn. Enteromorpha intestinalis) reported at 34 sites, while the rarest species was U. paradoxa (syn. Enteromorpha paradoxa), recorded at 2 sites. Species of Ulva have been reported at a range of inland aquatic ecosystems, but most commonly in lakes and small water-courses, such as ditches, channels and creeks. Most of the reported sites of penetration of Ulva (Enteromorpha) inland are concentrated in northwestern and central Poland.

16

Factors affecting the occurrence of algae on the Sopot beach (Baltic Sea)

Filipkowska A., Lubecki L., Szymczak-Żyła M., Łotocka M., Kowalewska G.

Oceanologia

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2009

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No. 51 (2)

233-262

EN

The occurrence of algae on the Sopot beach was investigated from 2004 to 2006 from the beach management point of view. Various methods were applied in an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of algae on the shoreline. They included daily observations of the occurrence of macrophyta on the beach, absorption measurements of acetone extracts of the particulate matter in the seawater, the collection of macrophyta and phytoplankton samples for biomass and taxonomic identification, and determination of the degree of decomposition on the basis of chloropigment analyses. The results were related to the environmental conditions: meteorological data and the physico-chemical parameters of the seawater. The biomass recorded on the beach consisted mainly of macroalgae and a small proportion of sea grass (Zostera marina). The phytoplankton biomass consisted mainly of dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, euglenoids and cryptophytes. The conclusions to be drawn from this work are that the occurrence of huge amounts of macrophyta amassing on the Sopot beach depends on the combined effect of high solar radiation in spring and summer, high-strength (velocity × frequency) south-westerly winds in May-September, followed by northerly winds, bringing the macrophyta from Puck Bay on to the Sopot beach. At the same time, their abundance along the beach varies according to the shape and height of the shore, the wind strength and the local wind-driven seawater currents. According to estimates, from 2.2-4.4 × 102 tons (dry weight) of macrophyta can be moved on to the Sopot beach in one hour. In October, strong south-easterly winds can also transport huge amounts of decomposing biomass onshore. The phytoplankton content in the total biomass is negligible, even though at low concentrations its biological activity may be considerable. The intensive phytoplankton blooms observed on the Sopot beach in summer are not always caused by cyanobacteria.

17

Utilisation of macroalgae from the Sopot beach (Baltic Sea)

Filipkowska A., Lubecki L., Szymczak-Żyła M., Kowalewska G., Żbikowski R., Szefer P.

Oceanologia

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2008

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No. 50 (2)

255-273

EN

The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of utilising the macroalgae accumulating on the Sopot beach, a part of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea). During this work (2004-2006) a range of activities were undertaken: monitoring the occurrence of macroalgae, collection of plant material, taxonomic identification, laboratory analyses of contamination (metals - Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Hg; radionuclides - 137Cs, 40K; organic contaminants - polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), the stage of algal degradation and studying possible uses of the plant material collected on the beach. The most suitable way of utilising the plant material seems to be as a biofertiliser. Laboratory growth tests were carried out to assess this possible use; they were successful.

18

Zastosowanie alg w oczyszczaniu ścieków i w żywieniu zwierząt

Zielińska A., Michalak I., Chojnacka K.

Chemik

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2007

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Vol. 60, nr 11

534-543

PL

Celem niniejszej publikacji jest ocena możliwości zastosowania alg w oczyszczaniu ścieków i jako mineralnych dodatków paszowych, z wykorzystaniem naturalnych właściwości biosorpcyjnych mikro- i makroalg. Omówiono podstawy procesu biosorpcji, modele matematyczne opisujące kinetykę i statykę procesu oraz jego mechanizm. Właściwości biosorpcyjne alg porównano z innymi biosorbentami. Przeanalizowano również źródła pozyskiwania naturalnej biomasy alg do procesu biosorpcji. W głównej części publikacji przedyskutowano możliwości zastosowania alg w oczyszczaniu ścieków oraz wdrożone już rozwiązania procesowe, a także wykorzystanie alg w żywieniu człowieka i zwierząt. Omówiono skład mikro- i makroalg, przykłady ich zastosowania jako pokarmu dla człowieka oraz zwierząt.

EN

Algae, which are found in a variety of marine and freshwater environments, can be used in various branches of industry, because they are sources of wide range of natural products, that have biomedical, biotechnological, agricultural and industrial applications. Algae are known to be rich in lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and carotenoid pigments. They have already found practical applications in wastewater treatment, in the production of chemicals and as food and feed supplements for human and livestock. In the present paper, the application of alga. in wastewater treatment and in animal feeding is proposed, in which biosorption and bioaccumulation properties of both micro-and macroalge are used. Literature widely discusses using algae in wastewater treatment process. We propose a new application in the production of mineral feed additives for livestock. Algae enriched with microelements could supplement livestock diet with the recommended daily intake of some macroelements and essential trace elements. The main purpose of this paper was to show possibilities of commercial application, because there is a worldwide market for algae, chemicals and metabolites, including fatty acids, polysaccharides, organic food coloring agents, vitamins, and several other important chemical compounds, which are not available from other sources.

19

The application of macroalgae in animal feeding

Michalak I., Chojnacka K.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2006

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Vol. 8, nr 4

83-87

EN

Macroalgae are multicellular plants which are found in a variety of marine and freshwater environments. They can be used in various branches of industry because they contain iodine, alginic acid, vitamins, micro- and macroelements. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the application of macroalgae in animal feeding, due to their nutritional value. Algae are rich, particularly in proteins and unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, some of them possess medicinal properties, especially in treatment of diseases of the digestive tract. Beside this, macroalgae are capable of accumulating high concentrations of minerals (Zn, Ni, Mo, I, Co, Cr) and also contain vitamins (B, C, D, E, K). Macroalgae can bind minerals in the process of biosorption and bioaccumulation. This property has been previously used in the wastewater treatment process. Macroalgae could be used as a food supplement to supplement the livestock diet with the recommended daily intake of some macroelements and trace elements. In the present paper, the possibility of the application of macroalgae as biological mineral supplements for livestock is discussed. The experiments of biosorption of Cr(III), Cu(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) by a macroalgae Cladophora glomerata were carried out. The mechanism of biosorption was identified as ion-exchange. The maximum metal uptake by the algae was evaluated. The influence of the pH on the efficiency of the process was investigated. The sorption equilibrium was described with the Langmuir equation.

20

The biochemical composition of Enteromorpha spp. from the Gulf of Gdansk coast on the southern Baltic Sea

Haroon A. M., Szaniawska A., Normant M., Janas U.

Oceanologia

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2000

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No. 42 (1)

19-28

EN

Variations in lipid, protein and carbohydrate contents of Enteromorpha spp. were examined over a seven-month period from April to October 1993. The samples were collected from seven sampling stations along the Gulf of Gda/nsk coast. The lipid content was low and varied slightly from 3.47 š 1.76% of DW at Puck to 4.36 š 2.17% of DW at Rewa and Cha/lupy. The protein content varied from 9.42 š 4.62% of DW at Puck to 20.60 š 5.00% of DW at Jurata. At the remaining stations the values vary over a narrow range. The maximum protein contents were recorded at the beginning and end of the growing season. The level of carbohydrate was very high compared to that of lipid and protein and varied from 29.09 š 6.44% of DW at Oslonino to 39.81 š 11.15% of DW at Puck. Seasonal carbohydrate changes were noted at all sampling stations, the minimum occurring in spring and autumn and the maximum in summer.