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O potrzebie badań ciesielskich konstrukcji młynów wietrznych na przykładzie prac konserwatorskich przy koźlaku z Bierzgłowa na ziemi chełmińskiej

Prarat M.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

2011

Nr 30

94-104

Tekst dotyczy badań architektonicznych drewnianego wiatraka z Bierzgłowa na ziemi chełmińskiej. Obecny stan badań nad konstrukcjami ciesielskimi pozwala na nowe spojrzenie również na tego typu zabytek. Na podstawie inwentaryzacji pomiarowo-rysunkowej przeprowadzono analizę węzłów badawczych, rodzaju zastosowanego budulca oraz systemu ciesielskich znaków montażowych. Na ich podstawie możliwe było rozwarstwienie chronologiczne poszczególnych elementów. I tak do oryginalnych zaliczono główne elementy konstrukcyjne, takie jak sztember z podwalinami i mącznica, czy praktycznie wszystkie ściany szkieletowe. Przekształceniom uległ natomiast system transmisji i przemiału, a także konstrukcja dachu. Wiedza ta pozwala na wyartykułowanie podstawowych wniosków konserwatorskich. Powinny one być podstawą wszelkich prac przy zabytku, które w omawianym przypadku są bardzo zaawansowane. Bardzo zły stan spowodował wymianę większości substancji zabytkowej podczas prowadzonych prac. W przypadku architektury drewnianej, przy której dokonuje się tego rodzaju zabiegów, zdobyta podczas badań architektonicznych wiedza jawi się zatem jako jedyne źródło rejestrujące nie tylko warsztat cieśli, ale i wszelkie późniejszych zmiany w zabytkowej strukturze.

The article concerns architectonic research conducted in the wooden windmill in Bierzgłowo, in the Chełmno region. The present state of research on carpentry constructions allows for a new outlook also on this type of historic building. On the basis of a measuring and drawing inventory, an analysis of research spots was carried out concerning kinds of building material used and a system of carpentry assembly marks. On its basis it was possible to chronologically stratify particular elements. And so the main construction elements, such as 'sztember' with its footings, and 'mącznica', or practically all framework walls, were recognized as original. However, the system of transmission and grinding as well as the roof construction have been transformed. Such knowledge allows for articulating the essential conservation conclusions that should be the basis of all work carried out in the historical building, which in the case in question is fairly advanced. The poor state of preservation resulted in replacing the most of historical substance during the conducted work. In the case of wooden architecture to which such treatment is applied, the knowledge obtained during architectonic research appears to be the sole source registering not only the carpenter's workmanship but also all changes introduced later into the historic structure.

Młyny wietrzne w panoramie wsi

Gubański J.

Architektura Krajobrazu

2002

nr 3-4

128-132

With the moment of appearing the agricultural and food-processing industrial buildings in the village panorama among the country houses and buildings, new elements have come out to shape its character and cultural landscape. Among small sized country buildings and structures where the dominants were the sacral buildings, manors and groups of land farming buildings, the sub-dominants appeared in the form of grain mills, distilleries, sugar factories and other industrial buildings. Their prevailing position in the village panorama is due to their size and capacity, the material applied in their construction, and sometimes the elevation form. Apart from the technical elements (block, structure, material, and architectural form) a location of the given group of production unit was important. Weather the building is located within the country houses, in a farming buildings group, on the edge of the village, or in an independent location - it does significantly influence the way they are perceived. The clarity of the dominant or merely a characteristic silhouette of the industrial building is very distinct in the case of placing it in an open landscape. This factor is especially significant in the case of windmills. Commonly found in the end of the 19th century, windmills in the outskirts of towns and cities did not have any chance to survive in the succeeding decades. The competition from industrial mills and development of residential settlements cruelly and forcibly eliminated them from the suburban landscape. In the country areas these processes took place at a slightly slower pace, however, within the last 50-60 years also the windmills began to disappear quickly from the village landscape. Seeing the advancing degradation in diversification of the village landscape, it seems justifiable to draw attention to the need of protection of groups of production buildings, or more broadly - the protection of cultural landscape created by them. In this paper, the issue of occurrence of buildings of industrial function has been presented in the example of windmills located in the area of Przemęt, county of Wolsztyn. The mills' spatial unity with their surrounding has been presented along with their role in creation of historic image of the villages. The selected examples describe different forms of usage and conditions of preservation of these buildings.