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1

Complete fully automatic segmentation and 3-dimensional measurement of mediastinal lymph nodes for a new response evaluation criteria for solid tumors

Kuo Chung-Feng Jeffrey, Hsun Lin Kuan, Weng Wei-Han, Barman Jagadish, Huang Chun-Chia, Chiu Chih-Wei, Lee Ji-Lun, Hsu Hsian-He

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 41, no. 2

617--635

EN

We aimed to automatically detect and segment mediastinal lymph nodes, and to establish an objective method and reliable new response evaluation criteria to monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatment. The image processing techniques were applied and developed 3D measurement of the mediastinal lymph nodes based on automatic settings when segmenting the lymph node image. A repeatable and consistent lymph node evaluation system was created based on such features as the position of occurrence, grayness, and number of serial sections of lymph nodes. A total of 200 lymph node samples from Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan, were examined for statistical analysis. The proposed approach used weighted k-nearest neighbors for classification, achieving superior results with an accuracy and specificity of 97.5% and 99.4%, respectively. The volume of the lymph nodes was used as the reference index for tumor invasiveness evaluation. The error in the lymph node volume was 1.71% according to the verification results. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each analysis were constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated with histopathology diagnosis as outcome for determining the optimal volume threshold of benign and malignant lymph nodes. It was observed that the lymph node volume was highly correlated with tumor invasion (p-value was less than 0.05). The experiment showed that the volume for the area under the ROC curve was 0.90 of tumor invasion evaluation. The lymph node volume was most effective in predicting tumor invasiveness, with the value 798.53 mm3 used as the standard for judging benignity and malignancy.

2

Design and development of an e-nose system for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases

Binson V. A., Subramoniam M.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 1

35--44

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to discuss the design and development of an innovative e-nose system which can detect respiratory ailments by detecting the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the expelled breath. In addition to nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, the expelled breath contains several VOCs, some of which are indicative of lung-related conditions and can differentiate healthy controls from people affected with pulmonary diseases. Methods: This work detailed the sensor selection process, the assembly of the sensors into a sensor array, the design and implementation of the circuit, sampling methods, and an algorithm for data analysis. The clinical feasibility of the system was checked in 27 lung cancer patients, 22 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, and 39 healthy controls including smokers and non-smokers. Results: The classification model developed using the support vector machine (SVM) was able to provide accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 88.79, 89.58 and 88.23%, respectively for lung cancer, and 78.70, 72.50 and 82.35%, respectively for COPD. Conclusions: The sensor array system developed with TGS gas sensors was non-invasive, low cost, and gave a rapid response. It has been demonstrated that the VOC profiles of patients with pulmonary diseases and healthy controls are different, hence, the e-nose system can be used as a potential diagnostic device for patients with lung diseases.

3

The assessment of consecutive 4D-CT scans during simulation for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy patients

Savanovic Milovan, Strbac Bojan, Jaros Drazan, Foulquier Jean-Noel

Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 26, Iss. 4

193--199

EN

Purpose: To evaluate the breathing amplitude, tumor motion, patient positioning, and treatment volumes among consecutive four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) scans, during the simulation for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Material and methods: The variation and shape of the breathing amplitude, patient positioning, and treatment volumes were evaluated for 55 lung cancer patients after consecutive 4D-CT acquisitions, scanned at one-week intervals. The impact of variation in the breathing amplitude on lung tumor motion was determined for 20 patients. The gross tumor volume (GTV) was contoured from a free-breathing CT scan and at ten phases of the respiratory cycle, for both 4D-CTs (440 phases in total). Results: Breathing amplitude decreased by 3.6 (3.4-4.9) mm, tumor motion by 3.2 (0.4-5.0) mm while breathing period increased by 4 (2-6) s, inter-scan for 20 patients. Intra-scan variation was 4 times greater for the breathing amplitude, 5 times for the breathing period, and 8 times for the breathing cycle, comparing irregular versus regular breathing patterns for 55 patients. Using coaching, the breathing amplitude increases 3 to 8 mm, and the breathing period 2 to 6 s. Differences in the contoured treatment volumes were less than 10% between consecutive scans. Patient positioning remained stable, with a small inter-scan difference of 1.1 (0.6-1.4) mm. Conclusion: Decreasing the inter-scan breathing amplitude decreases the tumor motion reciprocally. When the breathing amplitude decreases, the breathing period increases at inter- and intra-scan, especially during irregular breathing. Coaching improves respiration, keeping the initial shape of the breathing amplitude. Contoured treatment volumes and patient positioning were reproducible through successive scans.

4

Combined analysis of onco-epidemiological studies of the relationship between lung cancer and indoor radon exposure

Yarmoshenko Ilia V., Malinovsky Georgy P.

Nukleonika

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2020

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Vol. 65, No. 2

83--88

EN

Objectives: Recent results of epidemiological and medical statistics studies of lung cancer and indoor radon in different regions of the world make a relevant new combined analysis of residential exposure health effects. In particular, new data were obtained by means of a meta-analysis of case-control studies as well as taking into account a confounding effect of human papillomavirus infection in studies of geographically aggregated data. Materials and methods: Two sources of epidemiological data are considered: (1) studies of ecological design and (2) case-control studies. Ecological studies included the analysis performed for the USA counties and Russian oblasts with adjusting for the main confounders. Data on the case-control studies were gained from the meta-analysis of 31 individual studies with a weighting of obtained odds ratios according to the quality of radon exposure reconstruction and size of the reference group. Estimations of lung cancer excess relative risk (ERR) associated with indoor radon exposure are combined. Results: Two types of epidemiological study design provided generally consistent EER estimations. The combined value of ERR due to radon exposure is 0.14 (90% CI: 0.10–0.18) per 100 Bq/m3 . Conclusion: Available geographically aggregated data in regions of Russia and the United States and the meta-analysis of case-control studies conducted in a large number of countries confirm the association of lung cancer with indoor radon exposure.

5

Detection of lung cancer on chest CT images using minimum redundancy maximum relevance feature selection method with convolutional neural networks

Togaçar Mesut, Ergen Burhan, Cömert Zafer

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 40, no. 1

23--39

EN

Lung cancer is a disease caused by the involuntary increase of cells in the lung tissue. Early detection of cancerous cells is of vital importance in the lungs providing oxygen to the human body and excretion of carbon dioxide in the body as a result of vital activities. In this study, the detection of lung cancers is realized using LeNet, AlexNet and VGG-16 deep learning models. The experiments were carried out on an open dataset composed of Computed Tomography (CT) images. In the experiment, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were used for feature extraction and classification purposes. In order to increase the success rate of the classification, the image augmentation techniques, such as cutting, zooming, horizontal turning and filling, were applied to the dataset during the training of the models. Because of the outstanding success of AlexNet model, the features obtained from the last fully-connected layer of the model were separately applied as the input to linear regression (LR), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), decision tree (DT), support vector ma-chine (SVM), k -nearest neighbor (kNN) and softmax classifiers. A combination of AlexNet model and k NN classifier achieved the most efficient classification accuracy as 98.74 %. Then, the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) feature selection method was applied to the deep feature set to choose the most efficient features. Consequently, the success rate was yielded as 99.51 % by reclassifying the dataset with the selected features and k NN model. The proposed model is consistent diagnosis model for lung cancer detection using chest CT images.

6

Badanie in vitro działania chemicznych składników owoców kotewki orzecha wodnego i ich aktywności względem komórek niedrobnokomórkowego raka płuc A549

Mao Zhifang, Wang Qing, Cheng Faxiu, Zhang Zhiyong, Cary, Kang Gongli, Li Ying

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 2

204--207

PL

Z łupin owoców kotewki orzecha wodnego wyekstrahowano niektóre składniki chemiczne i oznaczono w nich zawartość polifenoli metodą kolorymetryczną. Do ekstrakcji wykorzystano etanol oraz wodę. Ekstrakt zastosowano do zwalczania komórek raka płuc A549 i sprecyzowano jego działanie hamujące wzrost tych komórek. Zawartość polifenoli w odmianie Trapa natans L. var. incisa Makino była większa niż w odmianie Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa. Lepszym ekstrahentem polifenoli okazał się etanol. Wskaźnik zahamowania wzrostu komórek rakowych A549 ekstraktu alkoholowego z Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa był większy w porównaniu z ekstraktem wodnym, zaś wskaźnik zahamowania wzrostu komórek rakowych ekstraktu wodnego z Trapa natans L. var. incisa Makino był wyższy niż ekstraktu wodnego z Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa.

EN

Some chem. components were extd. from chestnut shells with EtOH or H₂O and studied for content of polyphenols by colorimetric method. The ext. was applied to control lung cancer A549 cells and its growth inhibitory effect was detd. The content of polyphenols in Trapa natans L. var. incisa Makino was higher than that in Trapa bicornis var. bispinosal. EtOH was more efficient in extg. polyphenols than H₂O. The inhibition rate of the EtOH ext. of Trapa bicornis var. bispinosal on lung cancer A549 cells was higher than that of the aq. ext., and the inhibition rate of the aq. ext. of Trapa natans L. var. incisa Makino on the growth of lung cancer A549 cells was higher than that of the aq. ext. in the Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa.

7

Prediction of lung cancer patients' response to combined chemo-radiotherapy using a personalized hybrid model

Wołkowicz Sebastian, Fujarewicz Krzysztof, Kurpas Monika, Łakomiec Krzysztof, Śmieja Jarosław, Suwiński Rafał, Świerniak Andrzej

Mathematica Applicanda

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2019

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Vol. 47, no. 2

219--228

EN

The paper presents a novel approach to prediction of the combined therapy outcome for non-small lung cancer patients. A hybrid model is proposed, consisting of two parts. The first one is a mathematical model of tumor response to therapy, whose parameters are expressed as a linear functions of data from mass spectrometry of patient blood plasma samples. These linear functions constitute the second component of the hybrid model. A comparison of clinical and simulation-based survival curves is used to evaluate the quality of the model.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono oryginalne podejście do przewidywania łącznego wyniku terapii u pacjentów z niedrobnokomórkowym rakiem płuc. Zaproponowano model hybrydowy, składający się z dwóch części. Pierwsza z nich to matematyczny model odpowiedzi guza na terapię, którego parametry wyrażone są jako liniowe funkcje wyników spektrometrii masowej osocza krwi pobranego od pacjentów. Równania te stanowią drugi składnik modelu hybrydowego. Do oceny jakości modelu zostało wykorzystane porównanie krzywych przeżycia wyznaczonych dla danych klinicznych i uzyskanych za pomocą symulacji modelu.

8

Zespół przewlekłego zmęczenia u chorych na raka płuca w trakcie chemioterapii : badanie wstępne

Lampart Gabriela, Górecki Michał, Karczmarek-Borowska Bożena

Problemy Nauk Stosowanych

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2018

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T. 9

159--170

PL

Wprowadzenie: Zespół przewlekłego zmęczenia to stan ciągłego uczucia osłabienia, który może być związany z obecnością procesu nowotworowego jak również wystąpić w trakcie leczenia. Jedną z metod oceny natężenia zmęczenia jest zastosowanie kwestionariusza Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI). Celem pracy jest ocena zespołu przewlekłego zmęczenia u chorych poddanych chemioterapii. Materiał i metody: W badaniu uczestniczyło 24 pacjentów z rozpoznanym rakiem płuca leczonych chemioterapią w Klinice Onkologii Klinicznej Podkarpackiego Centrum Onkologii w Rzeszowie. Chorzy otrzymywali chemioterapię 3 dniową w odstępach co 21 dni. Przed każdym kursem chemioterapii wypełniali ankietę zawierającą dane demograficzne i pytania dotyczące zmęczenia, kwestionariusz BFI, oceniano stan sprawności chorego wg Karnofsky’ego oraz stopień zaawansowania nowotworu. Wyniki: Wśród badanych było 7 kobiet (29,2%) oraz 17 mężczyzn (70,8%). Średnia wieku badanych wynosiła 65 lat. Wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej. Poziom zmęczenia przed I kursem chemioterapii uznano za umiarkowany u 15 chorych (62,5%), zaś u 9 badanych (37,5%) za łagodny. W związku z zastosowanym leczeniem po jego zakończeniu odnotowano u większej liczby chorych umiarkowany poziom zmęczenia w porównaniu do łagodnego, odpowiednio: 22 osoby - 91,7% vs 2 osoby - 8,3%. Według kwestionariusza BFI stwierdzono zwiększenie średniego ogólnego poziomu zmęczenia przed każdym z kolejnych 4 kursów, odpowiednio: 4,0, 4,5, 5,4, 5,0. Subiektywnie pacjenci ocenili III kurs jako nasilenie uczucia zmęczenia w trakcie chemioterapii - 11 (45,8%). Wnioski: W trakcie chemioterapii stwierdzono zwiększenie uczucia zmęczenia. Zaawansowanie choroby oraz ocena w skali Karnofsky’ego nie wpłynęła na uczucie zmęczenia. Wiek u badanych nie miał wpływu na uczucie zmęczenia w trakcie kolejnych cykli chemioterapii. Odnotowano różnicę w odczuciu zmęczenia w zależności od płci w różnych cyklach chemioterapii. Stwierdzono, że utrata wagi ciała nie wpłynęła na poziom zmęczenia. Wskazane dalsze prowadzenie badań na większej liczbie chorych.

EN

Introduction: Cancer related fatigue is a chronic feeling of tiredness, which can be associated with malignancy as well as its treatment result. One of the methods of rating the intensity of tiredness is the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) questionnaire. The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of cancer related fatigue in patients receiving chemotherapy. Material and methods: 24 patients with diagnosed lung cancer who have been receiving chemotherapy at the Oncology Clinic in Rzeszow Oncology Centre have participated in the research. These patients have been receiving 3-day chemotherapy every 21 days. Before each chemotherapy course they filled in a questionnaire with demographical data, answered questions about tiredness and BFI questionnaire. Patients’ efficiency has been scored using Karnofsky’s scale and stage of cancer. Results: There were 7 women (29,2%) and 17 men (70,8%) among the evaluated patients. The average age of subjects was 65 years old. The results have been statistically analyzed. The rate of fatigue before the 1st course has been classed as moderate with 15 patients (62,5%), and as mild with 9 of them (37,5%). In relation to the treatment received, moderate fatigue level has been identified with a higher number of patients compared to a mild one, post-treatment: 22 people - 91,7% vs 2 people - 8,3%, consequently. According to the BFI questionnaire an increased fatigue level has been observed in each of the chemotherapy courses: 4,0, 4,5, 5,4, 5,0 accordingly. Patients have subjectively rated the 3rd course as intensification of the fatigue level during chemotherapy treatment - 11 (45,8%). Conclusions: A higher level of fatigue has been observed during chemotherapy treatment. The stage of disease or evaluation based on Karnofsky’s scale has not influenced the fatigue. The age of the patients has not had any impact on fatigue rate in any of the treatment courses. A difference in experiencing fatigue by gender has been identified in various chemotherapy cycles. The loss of weight has not had any effect on fatigue level. Further research on an increased number of patients is advised.

9

Modelling the effects of lung cancer motion due to respiration

Adamczyk M., Adamczyk S., Piotrowski T.

Nukleonika

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2018

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Vol. 63, No. 4

95--103

EN

Background and objectives: To justify the concept of validating conformal versus intensity-modulated approach in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and methods: For 10 patients representative of the spectrum of tumour sizes and locations, two plans were prepared: one with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) technique and the other with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) technique. Preliminary measurements were performed in static conditions. For each of the field angles considered, the motion kernel was generated to simulate tumour motion trajectories, with the largest amplitude in the cranio-caudal direction of 4, 6, and 8 mm. The measurement results determined the agreement between the planned and measured doses. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the motion patterns, with the smallest amplitudes for clinical target volume in 3DCRT. For IMRT, the significant differences between 0 mm vs. 6 mm and 0 mm vs. 8 mm amplitudes were found. The motion impact on delivered vs. planned doses had less effect on the oesophagus in 3DCRT compared to that in IMRT. The observed differences were comparable for the heart. Interpretation and conclusions: For maximal amplitudes below 4 mm, the disagreement between planned and delivered doses can be neglected. However, the amplitudes above 5 mm and 7 mm lead to significant changes in IMRT and 3DCRT dose distribution, respectively.

10

Lung cancer mortality and radon exposure in Russia

Yarmoshenko I. V., Malinovsky G. P.

Nukleonika

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2016

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Vol. 61, No. 3

263--268

EN

The association between the lung cancer and indoor radon exposure in Russian population was investigated. The average indoor radon concentration for each region was estimated using the annual reports issued by the Saint-Petersburg Ramzaev Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene for the period 2008–2013. The average standardized lung cancer mortalities among males and females were estimated using the reports of the Moscow Hertzen Cancer Research Institute for the period 2008–2012. The relative risk (RR) was estimated as a ratio between the average mortality within seven exposure intervals and background mortality. The slope factors of linear dependence between the indoor radon exposure and lung cancer RR are 0.026 (–0.11÷0.17) and 0.83 (0.52–1.12) per radon concentration 100 Bq/m3 for males and females, respectively (with 90% confidence interval). The obtained results can be explained by the confounding effect of tobacco smoking. Significant excess risk of lung cancer in female population can be associated with radon exposure and low prevalence of smoking.

11

Rola radioterapii stereotaktycznej 4D z wykorzystaniem systemu CyberKnife® w leczeniu raka płuca

Nuyttens J., Bondiau P. Y.

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

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2012

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Vol. 1, nr 2

63--65

PL

Rak płuca pozostaje główną przyczyną zgonów w 2012 r. w Unii Europejskiej. Chociaż leczenie operacyjne pozostaje dla raka płuca nadal leczeniem z wyboru, wciąż duża grupa pacjentów nie może być do niego zakwalifikowana. Radioterapia raka płuca wymaga natomiast podejścia innowacyjnego. Zdolność systemu stereotaktycznej radioterapii CyberKnife® do śledzenia i automatycznej korekcji ruchów oddechowych umożliwia eskalację dawek promieniowania, dając szansę na zwiększenie skuteczności leczenia. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono ogólny zarys tej technologii oraz korzyści kliniczne, jakich dostarcza jako efektywna i bezpieczna metoda w leczeniu raka płuca, zarówno guzów pierwotnych i we wczesnej fazie zaawansowania, jak i przerzutów oraz wznów, w położeniach obwodowych i centralnych.

EN

Lung cancer remains in 2012 the leading cause of cancer-related deaths within the European Union. Although surgery still constitutes the standard treatment for lung cancer, it is not feasible for a large number of patients. Treatment of lung tumours thus requires an innovative treatment solution. The ability of the CyberKnife® stereotactic radiotherapy system to track and automatically correct for respiratory motion allows an increase of the radiation dose, and thus gives the opportunity to improve the efficacy of the treatment. in this article, an overview of this technology and its clinical benefits is provided and shows that it can offer an effective and safe option in the treatment of lung tumours, whether they are primary and early-stage, recurrent or secondary, as well as peripheral or central.

12

Badania nad oczyszczaniem chlorowodorku (2R,3S)-3-fenyloizoseryny

Kąkol B., Jezierska-Zięba M., Szpakiewicz M., Cybulski J.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2009

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T. 88, nr 11

1240-1242

13

Metoda fotodynamiczna w diagnostyce i terapii nowotworów drzewa oskrzelowego - aspekt kliniczny

Marciniak M., Pawełczyk K., Wawrzyńska M., Biały D., Arkowski J., Kołodziej J.

Acta Bio-Optica et Informatica Medica. Inżynieria Biomedyczna

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2005

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Vol. 11, nr 1-2

67-68

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań klinicznych zastosowania terapii fotodynamicznej w diagnostyce i leczeniu nowotworów śródoskrzelowych.

EN

A potential role of photodynamic diagnosis and therapy in intrabronchial malignances.

14

Pyły zawierające azbest chryzotylowy oraz pyły zawierające azbest chryzotylowy i inne minerały włókniste z wyjątkiem krokidolitu. Dokumentacja proponowanych wartości dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Więcek E., Woźniak H.

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy

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2004

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Nr 4 (42)

87--128

PL

Azbest chryzotylowy jest uwodnionym krzemianem magnezu, który znalazł zastosowanie głównie do produkcji wyrobów azbestowo-cementowych, włókienniczych, izolacyjnych, uszczelniających i ciernych. Największe stężenia pyłu całkowitego azbestu chryzotylowego w Polsce stwierdzono w zakładach wyrobów azbestowo-cementowych i stosujących wyroby azbestowe, a największe stężenia respirabilnych włókien mineralnych – w zakładach włókienniczo-azbestowych i wyrobów ciernych. Stężenia te często przekraczały wartości NDS. Narażenie zawodowe na azbest może być przyczyną następujących chorób: pylicy płuc (azbestozy), raka płuca i znacznie rzadziej międzybłoniaka. Możliwe są także nowotwory o innej lokalizacji. Dla pylicy płuc i raka płuca udowodniono zależność między skutkiem zdrowotnym a dawką kumulowaną pyłu; w przypadku obydwu schorzeń udowodniono wzrost ryzyka u nałogowych palaczy tytoniu. Uwzględniając wyniki badań epidemiologicznych, z których wynika, że średnia wartość LOAEL wynosi 86 wł - lata - cm3, a także po przyjęciu odpowiednich współczynników niepewności, zaproponowano wartość NDS dla pyłów azbestu chryzotylowego oraz pyłów zawierających azbest chryzotylowy i inne minerały włókniste z wyjątkiem krokidolitu, która wynosi 0,2 wł/cm3, zamiast dotychczasowej wartości 0,5 wł/cm3. Nie ma podstaw do zmiany wartości NDS dla pyłu całkowitego, która wynosi 1 mg/m3. Oszacowane ryzyko nowotworowe (rak płuca) dla narażenia zawodowego na stężenia 0,2 wł/cm3 dla osób palących wynosi: od 1,2 - 10-3 przy 10-letnim okresie narażenia do 4,8 - 10-3 dla 40-letniego okresu narażenia, a dla osób niepalących od 1,2 10-4 do 4,8 - 10-4, odpowiednio przy 10- i 40-letnim okresie narażenia. Ryzyko nowotworowe (rak płuca i międzybłoniak) wynosi od 5 - 10-4 przy rocznym narażeniu i do 4 - 10-3 przy 20-letnim okresie narażenia.

EN

Chrisotile asbestos Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)8 is a hydrated silicate of magnesium and it belongs to the group of serpentine minerals. Chrisotile fibres have many uses, mostly in the production of asbestos-cement, textile, insulating and friction products. Occupational exposure to asbestos dusts can cause the following diseases: asbestosis, lung cancer, and considerably more seldom mesothelioma. For asbestosis and lung cancer the relationship between the biological effect and the cumulated dose of asbestos fibres has been proved. The risk of developing mesothelioma is relative to the time that elapses from the first exposure to asbestos fibres. Taking into account data from epidemiological and experimental studies the following values are proposed: occupational exposure limit (OEL) for dusts containing chrisotile and other fibrous minerals except for crocidolite – 0.2 fb/cm3 instead of the compulsory value – 0.5 fb/cm3. There are no bases to change OEL for total dust, which is 1.0 mg/m3.

15

Comparison of Lung Cancer Incidence with Air Pollution Level. Case Study - Kędzierzyn-Koźle

Tukiendorf A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2004

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Vol. 11, nr S2

251-260

EN

Results of a retrospective analysis of lung cancer incidence in Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland were presented. The comparison of cancer risk with air pollution across the area was performed. To estimate lung cancer incidence in particular of Kędzierzyn-Koźle districts and consecutive years, the hierarchical spatiotemporal modeling based on BUGS was used in the analysis. The estimation of air pollution for centroids of the town districts was conducted via standard kriging method. The trends of epidemiological and environmental data were assessed using one-way classification model (ANOVA). The outcomes provide evidence of a fairly stabIe lung cancer incidence in the 1994-1998 period within the area under study. Simultaneously, the environmental patterns of decreasing levels in 1993-1997 of analyzed air pollution compounds seemed not to be correlated with the constant lung cancer incidence. The results were presented in maps and scatterplots.

PL

Artykuł podejmuje ocenę stanu zdrowotnego w Kędzierzynie-Koźlu - najbardziej zindustrializowanym mieście w województwie opolskim. Autor porównuje zachorowalność na nowotwory złośliwe płuc wśród miejscowej ludności z poziomami zanieczyszczenia powietrza: ditlenkiem siarki, tlenkami azotu, tlenkiem węgla, ozonu, pyłem zawieszonym, benzenem i wyższymi węglowodorami. W badaniach, w oparciu o bayesowskie modelowanie statystyczne, Autor nie stwierdza bezpośrednich zależności pomiędzy zachorowaniami mężczyzn i kobiet na raka płuc a stężeniem polutantów w powietrzu atmosferycznym.

16

Stochastic Models of Progression of Cancer and Their Use in Controlling Cancer-Related Mortality

Kimmel M., Gorlova O. Y.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2003

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Vol. 13, no 3

279-287

EN

A construction of a realistic statistical model of lung cancer risk and progression is proposed. The essential elements of the model are genetic and behavioral determinants of susceptibility, progression of the disease from precursor lesions through early (localized) tumors to disseminated disease, detection by various modalities, and medical intervention. Using model estimates as a foundation, mortality reduction caused by early-detection and intervention programs can be predicted under different scenarios. Genetic indicators of susceptibility to lung cancer should be used to define the highest-risk subgroups of the high-risk behavior population (smokers). The calibration and validation of the model requires applying our techniques to a variety of data sets available, including public registry data of the SEER type, data from the NCI lung cancer chest X-ray screening studies, and the recent ELCAP CT-scan screening study.

17

Predicting the Development of Pre-invasive Neoplastic Bronchial Epithelial Lesions from Biopsies

Barranco-Mendoza A., Clem C., Gupta A., Fizzano P., Guillaud M.

Archives of Control Sciences

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1999

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Vol. 9, no. 1/2

25-40

EN

Lung cancer accounts for 28% of all cancer deaths in North America. However current treatment options lead to a cure in only 10% of these cases. It is well known that the survival rates can be improved by the early detection of pre-invasive lesions which are believed to be the possible precursors of malignant tumors. Although new technology is allowing numerous early lesions to be detected, it is becoming clear that only a small percentage of these will progress to cancer. A fundamental problem in the analysis of biopsies, i.e., longitudinal two-dimensional (2-D) sections of the central area of the lesions, is the quantification of tissue heterogeneity. One can distinguish abnormal cells from normal cells and analyse their spatial arrangement, but it is currently impossible in the case of pre-invasive lesions in the early stages, that is, when just a few abnormal cells are present in the biopsy, to tell if one observed pattern is more aggressive than another one. In this paper a stochastic model for the growth of pre-invasive neoplastic bronchial epithelial cells is presented. The results are analysed to differentiate progressive lesions from regressive ones given a particular biopsy. The problem is initially simplified to taking a one-dimensional (1-D) cross-section from a 2-D process and estimating the maximum likelihood rate of growth based on this limited information. We propose a number of extensions to eventually extend this approach to the higher dimension model by analysing 2-D sections and estimating their growth rates in a three-dimensional (3-D) process.