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1

The Impact of Air Pollution on the Number of Diagnosed Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases

Wierzbińska Monika, Kita Aleksandra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

167--175

EN

Over the last few years, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in air quality issues in Poland. Information on this subject is increasingly appearing in the media and in public debate. However, it seems that awareness of the existence and importance of this problem is still too low in our society. In particular, few people have sufficient knowledge of the impact of air pollutants on health. Consequently, the problem of air pollution is very often underestimated. The increase in risk of occurrence of specific adverse health effects associated with exposure to air pollutants is usually relatively low (except in cases of high pollutant concentrations or people in high-risk groups). However, the prevalence of exposure as well as the association with common diseases result in the fact that the impact of air pollutants on health status of the population is significant. This paper attempts to analyse the relationship between ambient air quality and the number of people who visited a local health care facility and were diagnosed with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The analysis was performed based on the town of Żory located in the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland. Air pollutant concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 for the summer and heating seasons were obtained from the database of the monitoring station owned by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. Information on the number of people who visited a physician on particular days and who were diagnosed with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases was obtained from the local health care facility “Medyk” in Żory. The analysis was conducted for the summer period from 01.06.2021 to 31.08.2021 and the heating season from 01.11.2021 to 15.01.2022. The analysis showed that the increased concentrations of particulate pollution did not result in an increase in the number of people who visited a physician with respiratory diseases. In the case of the heating period, incidents of above-normal concentrations of PM10 particulate matter may have had a noticeable impact on the increase in the number of patients who visited a physician with cardiovascular diseases. This increase in the number of patients occurred several days after the smog incidents which occurred in mid-December. However, no short-term link was observed between the increase in the number of patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the occurrence of elevated concentrations of sulphur dioxide in the air. Furthermore, higher concentrations of particulate and gaseous pollutants during the heating season resulted in more respiratory and cardiovascular diseases than during the summer season.

2

Economic aspects of reducing low-stack emission in Poland

Turek Marian, Michalak Aneta, Jonek-Kowalska Izabela

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2019

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Vol. 1, nr 1

343--351

EN

The objective of the paper is to present the problem of low-stack emission in the economic and financial context. The paper presents the results of preliminary research based on literature review and environmental reports. After completing the selection of publications and data extraction, which could help to describe the issue raised, their analysis, comparison and generalization was conducted. The aspects presented may constitute a starting point in building a model of pricing the economic results of low-stack emission. In the first place the phenomenon of smog was subject to analysis, as one of the most significant consequences of low-stack emission, influencing health of human beings, environment and tangible assets. Then an attempt was made to express the previously identified results of low-stack emission in the economic and financial categories, taking into consideration the costs incurred for the purposes of completing the undertakings aimed at decreasing low-stack emission, costs avoided due to the decrease of the number of illnesses caused by low-stack emission, costs avoided due to the restriction of the negative influence of low-stack emission on the environment and on tangible assets as well as economic benefits achieved thanks to the reduction of low-stack emission.

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The impact of measures aimed at reducing low-stack emission in Poland and on energy efficiency and the household emission of pollutants

Kryzia Dominik, Pepłowska Monika

Polityka Energetyczna

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2019

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T. 22, z. 2

121--131

EN

According to the European Environment Agency (EEA 2018), air quality in Poland is one of the worst in Europe. There are several sources of air pollution, but the condition of the air in Poland is primarily the result of the so-called low-stack emissions from the household sector. The main reason for the emission of pollutants is the combustion of low-quality fuels (mainly low-quality coal) and waste, and the use of obsolete heating boilers with low efficiency and without appropriate filters. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of measures aimed at reducing low-stack emissions from the household sector (boiler replacement, change of fuel type, and thermal insulation of buildings), resulting from environmental regulations, on the improvement of energy efficiency and the emission of pollutants from the household sector in Poland. Stochastic energy and mass balance models for a hypothetical household, which were used to assess the impact of remedial actions on the energy efficiency and emission of pollutants, have been developed. The annual energy consumption and emissions of pollutants were estimated for hypothetical households before and after the implementation of a given remedial action. The calculations, using the Monte Carlo simulation, were carried out for several thousand hypothetical households, for which the values of the technical parameters (type of residential building, residential building area, unitary energy demand for heating, type of heat source) were randomly drawn from probability distributions developed on the basis of the analysis of the domestic structure of households. The model takes the coefficients of correlation between the explanatory variables in the model into account. The obtained results were multiplied so that the number of hypothetical households was equal to 14.1 million, i.e. the real number of households in Poland. The obtained results allowed for identifying the potential for reducing the emission of pollutants such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and nitrogen oxides, and improving the energy efficiency as a result of the proposed and implemented measures, aimed at reducing low-stack emission, resulting from the policy. The potential for emissions of gaseous pollutants is 94% for CO, 49% for NOx, 90% for dust, and 87% for SO2. The potential for improving the energy efficiency in households is around 42%.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena wpływu działań zmierzających do obniżenia niskiej emisji w gospodarstwach domowych (wymiana kotłów, zmiana rodzaju paliwa, docieplenie budynków) wynikających z regulacji prawnych w zakresie ochrony środowiska na poprawę efektywności energetycznej i emisję polutantów w sektorze gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Zbudowano stochastyczne modele bilansu energii i masy dla hipotetycznego gospodarstwa domowego, które zostały wykorzystane do oceny efektywności energetycznej i emisji polutantów realizacji działań wynikających z prawodawstwa. Dla hipotetycznych gospodarstw domowych oszacowane zostało roczne zużycie energii i emisji polutantów przed wdrożeniem danej regulacji i po jej wdrożeniu. Wykorzystując symulację Monte Carlo obliczenia zostały przeprowadzone dla kilku tysięcy hipotetycznych gospodarstw domowych, dla których wartości parametrów technicznych (liczba osób w gospodarstwie, sposób przygotowania ciepłej wody użytkowej i ogrzewania budynku, rodzaj paliwa, wiek i klasa energetyczna budynku, powierzchnia i lokalizacja budynku) były losowane z rozkładów prawdopodobieństwa przygotowanych na podstawie analizy struktury krajowej gospodarstw domowych. Otrzymane wyniki zwielokrotniono tak, aby liczba hipotetycznych gospodarstw była równa 14,1 mln, tj. rzeczywistej liczbie gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Otrzymane wyniki pozwoliły określić potencjał w zakresie ograniczenia emisji polutantów takich jak CO2, CO, pyły oraz NOx i poprawy efektywności energetycznej w wyniku proponowanych i realizowanych działań zmierzających do ograniczenia niskiej emisji wynikających z regulacji prawnych. Potencjał emisję zanieczyszczeń gazowych sięga ponad 94%, natomiast potencjał w zakresie poprawy efektywności energetycznej w gospodarstwach domowych wynosi około 42%.

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Wpływ realizacji założeń ujętych w programach ochrony powietrza na zużycie gazu ziemnego przez gospodarstwa domowe

Cieślik T., Janusz P., Kogut K., Szurlej A., Zyśk J.

Rynek Energii

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2018

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Nr 6

42--46

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest określenie zmian zużycia gazu ziemnego przez sektor gospodarstw domowych spowodowanych realizacją założeń Programów Ochrony Powietrza. Określono liczbę oraz powierzchnię lokali, w których dotychczas do ogrzewania używano niskosprawnych palenisk często wykorzystujących złej jakości paliwa, a które w celu poprawy jakości powietrza i zmniejszenia wielkości emisji przewidziane są do zamiany na ogrzewanie gazowe. Wyniki zestawiono z dotychczasowym popytem i trendami popytu na gaz ziemny przez gospodarstwa domowe. Wyniki zostały zestawione dla województw. Przeanalizowano także dostęp do gazu ziemnego w podziale na województwa, a także porównano jak kształtowały się ceny gazu ziemnego dla gospodarstw domowych w Polsce na tle wybranych państw świata.

EN

The main purpose of the article is to identify changes in natural gas consumption in the household sector due to the implementation of the objectives of Air Protection Programs. The article specifies the number and surface area of households where so far low efficient furnaces with poor quality fuel have been used, and which are to be converted to gas heating to improve air quality and reduce emissions. The results are compared with the current demand and trends in natural gas demand observed in households. The results are presented by voivodships. Furthermore, the availability of natural gas by voivodships is analyzed, as well the natural gas prices for households in Poland, compared to selected worldwide countries.

5

Proposition of Changes in the Law Governing the Combustion of Solid Fuels in Individual Energy Source used by Households in Poland in Terms of Maximizing Environmental, Social and Economic Effects

Bogacz P.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2018

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R. 19, nr 1

195--202

EN

The effect of smog is one of the most important environmental problems in Poland today. According to a research [1], the main source of this situation is low-stack emissions. It is primarily responsible for the appearance of suspended dust and benzo(a)pyrene in the air. In the last few years, a broad social campaign was launched in Poland, followed by a legislative action to significantly reduce the problem of low-stack emissions and, in consequence, smog. These measures are based mainly on the CAFE Directive [2], the Environmental Protection Act [3] and the National Air Protection Program [4]. As a result, there are now so-called mass-produced in Poland: anti-smog resolutions and Low-Stack Emission Reduction Programs (PONE). In this article, author presented the results of simulating the impact of these decisions on environmental (level of reduction of suspended particulate matter and benzo(a)pyrene), but also social aspects (decrease in employment in mining and related industries) and their economic consequences (related general economic). Selected documents concerning the limitations and changes in the range of used furnaces and types of fuels by the households, analytical data from Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) (including Local Data Bank (BDL) of the Polish Central Statistical Office) [5] and own calculations are the base for this analysis. On the basis of the obtained results, in the final part of the work, author proposed the method of elimination of low-stack emission, which will take into account the environmental, social and, consequently, economic aspects.

PL

Efekt smogu jest obecnie jednym z najważniejszych problemów środowiskowych w Polsce. Z badania [1] wynika, że głównym źródłem tej sytuacji jest tzw. niska emisja. To ona głównie odpowiada za pojawianie się w powietrzu pyłu zawieszonego i benzo(a)pirenu. Kilka lat temu rozpoczęła się szeroka kampania społeczna, a następnie podjęto działania legislacyjne mające na celu znaczne ograniczenie problemu niskiej emisji, a w konsekwencji smogu. Opierają się one głównie na Dyrektywie CAFE [2], ustawie o ochronie środowiska [3] i krajowym programie ochrony powietrza [4]. W efekcie powstają masowo w Polsce tak zwane uchwały antysmogowe i programy ograniczania niskiej emisji (PONE). W niniejszym artykule autor przedstawił wyniki symulacji wpływu tych decyzji i działań na środowisko (poziom redukcji pyłu zawieszonego i benzo(a)pirenu), ale także aspekty społeczne (spadek zatrudnienia w górnictwie i branżach pokrewnych) oraz ich konsekwencje (związane z ogólną sytuacją gospodarczą). Podstawę dla tej analizy stanowiły wybrane dokumenty dotyczące ograniczeń oraz zmian w zakresie pieców i rodzajów paliw wykorzystywanych przez gospodarstwa domowe, dane analityczne z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (GUS) (w tym Bank Danych Lokalnych (BDL) Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego) [5], a także własne obliczenia. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników, w końcowej części pracy autor zaproponował metodę eliminacji niskiej emisji, która uwzględni aspekty środowiskowe, społeczne, a w konsekwencji ekonomiczne.

6

The influence of thermo-modernization on the low-stack emission reduction - a case study of a single-family house

Petryk A., Guzek S.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr IV/1

1045--1056

EN

In the article, technical and ecological analyses of thermo-modernization of a single-family house located in Kraków and the adaptation of the building to the current regulations were made. The parameters of the energy performance of the building before and after thermo-modernization were presented. For calculating the U-factor of building partitions and the heat demand for the building, the Sankom Audytor HL (OZC) software was employed. The Sankom Audytor ECO 1.0 software was utilized to calculate ecological assessment. In the case of existing buildings subject to thermo-modernization, it is practically challenging to provide a building with a level considered to be energy efficient without introducing additional system solutions in the building’s internal installations as well as using highly efficient renewable energy sources. Due to the constantly growing requirements of the Technical Conditions in the area of limiting the consumption of heat carriers and reducing the U coefficient, thermo-modernization is one of the most important stages of decreasing the building’s demand for primary energy.

7

The implementation of the low-stack emission reducion program in the municipality of Nowy Sącz

Petryk A., Guzek S.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr IV/1

1033--1043

EN

The article analyzed the results of air quality measurements in the city of Nowy Sącz and assessed the activities of the local government to reduce low-stack emission. Nowy Sącz is among the top European cities with the most polluted air. According to the annual mean PM10 particles levels within the Małopolska Province, Nowy Sącz belongs to the group of cities and poviats where the highest levels of this pollutant are recorded. In the case of PM2.5 particles, Nowy Sącz is the second city after Krakow in the Małopolska Province, where there is a significant exceedance, including the margin of tolerance, of the limit value of the pollutants. The background and inflow of pollutants from outside the city reaches the level of about 17 µg•m-3, i.e. 85% of the limit value and 50% of the total level of the pollutant in the city. The local government undertakes investments aimed at improving air quality, inter alia: thermo-modernization of buildings, Renewable Energy Sources installation (solar installations) in buildings, elimination of coal boilers and replacing them with gas boilers or new generation boilers.