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1

Effect of Microalloying with Ti on the Corrosion Behaviour of Low Carbon Steel in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl Solution Saturated with CO2

Sheikh Ali R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 1

5--10

EN

A problem is defined to investigate the effect of titanium traces on the corrosion behaviour of low carbon steel. In theory titanium effects surface properties like abrasion resistance in medium carbon steels and corrosion resistance in low as well as medium carbon steels. The present research as indicated by the topic is aimed to experimentally mark the effect of titanium traces on corrosion resistance in the available low carbon steel specimens. The effect of microalloying with titanium (i.e.0.02wt.%) on the corrosion behavior of low carbon steel in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was studied by electrochemical, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The electrochemical results showed that the corrosion of the Ti-bearing steel improved by around 30% compared with the Ti-free steel. The titanium microalloying led to the formation of a more compact corrosion product layer on the metal surface. The SEM analysis showed that the Ti-bearing sample had a smoother surface compared with the Ti-free steel.

2

Podstawy fizyczne i materiałowe badań magnetycznych stali konstrukcyjnych niskowęglowych i stopowych magnetycznych oraz paramagnetycznych. Uwagi ogólne – skala laboratoryjna

Żurek Zbigniew Hilary

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2022

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R. 24, nr 12

38--53

PL

Stal konstrukcyjna ze względu na dobre właściwości mechaniczne jest podstawowym materiałem stosowanym w technice. Stopy żelaza, będące w większości przypadków magnetyczne, diagnozować można także magnetycznie, nie wykluczając innych metod.

3

Effect of ultrasonic peening on mechanical properties of low carbon steel AISI 1020 TIG welding joints process

Mohammed Ali Ghusoon Ridha, Ridha Ali Zuhair, Sadeq Dina Abbas, Ebraheem Ahmed Absullah, Atta Amal Sadeq

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 27, no. 4

194--204

EN

In this paper, the effect of ultrasonic peening surface treatment on the mechanical properties of TIG butt weld joints of low-carbon steel (AISI 1020) was studied. A single V-angle (45°) was made on sheets of metal used then welded at constant parameters, namely: current, voltage. Wire filler ER70S-3 with argon was used to obtain many butt welding joints. Some of them were subjected to ultrasonic peening at one, two and three passes. The micro-hardness, microstructure, tensile and bending were tested. The results show increases in the tensile strength after the welding process. The test results showed improvements in the tensile strength of the weldments in comparison to the base metal. On the other hand, the tensile strength decreased with the ultrasonic process. Nevertheless, the tensile strength increased at a high number of ultrasonic passes. On the contrary, the ultrasonic process enhanced the bending strength compared to the base metal, whereas the weldments ability to bend deteriorated.

4

Effect of the number of passes on grain refinement, texture and properties of DC01 steel strip processed by the novel hybrid SPD method

Kowalczyk K., Jabłońska M. B., Tkocz M., Chulist R., Bednarczyk I., Rzychoń T.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 3

art. no. e115

EN

Dual rolls equal channel extrusion (DRECE) is an unconventional severe plastic deformation (SPD) process that can effectively produce the ultrafine-grained microstructure in metals and alloys. Previously, the DRECE process carried out on non-ferrous alloys and low-carbon steels were mostly focused on the influence of process parameters on the mechanical properties. The aim of this study was the evolution of the microstructure and texture in the DC01 low-carbon steel strip after the subsequent passes of the DRECE process. The scanning transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope equipped with an electron backscattering diffraction detector were used for microstructure investigations. Observations after selected DRECE passes revealed defected microstructure, characteristic for the materials after SPD processes, in the form of numerous dislocation tangles, systems with dense dislocation walls and dislocation cell blocks. The texture analysis showed that with the increase of strain, the rolling texture has weakened in the tested material. These changes were accompanied by the microhardness rise.

5

Fractal Dimension as Robust Estimate of Low Carbon Steels Hardness

Zając Krzysztof, Płatek Karolina, Wachel Paweł, Łatka Leszek

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 5

335--344

EN

Application of computational methods in engineering and science constantly increases, which is also visible in sector of material science, often with promising results. In following paper, authors would like to propose fractal dimension, a mathematical method of quantifying self-similarity and complexity of spatial patterns, as robust method of hardness estimation of low carbon steels. A dataset of microstructure images and corresponding Vickers hardness measurements of S235JR steel under different delivery conditions was created. Then, three different computational methods for evaluation of materials hardness based on microstructure image were tested. In this paper those methods are called: (i) Otsu-based index, (ii) fractal dimension index and (iii) vision transformer index. The results were compared with method used in literature for similar problems. Comparison showed that fractal dimension performs better than other evaluated methods, in terms of median absolute error, which value was equal to 4.12 HV1, which is significantly lower than results achieved by Otsu-based index and vision transformer index, which were 4.49 HV1 and 5.07 HV1 respectively. Those results can be attributed to the relative robustness of fractal dimension index, when compared to other methods. Robust estimation is preferable, due to the high amount of noise in the dataset, which is a consequence of the nature of used material.

6

Experimental study of the mechanical and corrosion properties of ethyl silicate resin applied on low carbon steel

Ali M., Mohmmed J.H., Zainulabdeen A.A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 108, nr 2

68--74

EN

Purpose: This work aimed at evaluating the properties of the ethyl silicate-based coating that can be applied on low carbon steel. Design/methodology/approach: Two mixture ratio types (2:1, and 3:2) of resin and hardener respectively were used to prepared two specimen models (A and B). Findings: It found that some mechanical properties (tensile, hardness, and impact strength) of ethyl silicate resin were evaluated according to standard criteria. Research limitations/implications: The effect of heat treatments at various temperatures (100, 150, and 200°C) and holding at different times (10, 20 & 30) min on hardness was investigated. Practical implications: Moreover, an open circuit potential corrosion test with a solution of 3.5% Sodium Chloride at room temperature and 60°C was used to determine the corrosion resistance of low carbon steel specimens coated with the two mixture types. Originality/value: The effects of mixture ratios (for resin and hardener) and heat treatment conditions on properties of ethyl silicate-based coating were studied. From obtained results, acceptable values of tensile, hardness, and toughness were recorded. Increasing heat treatment temperature and holding time leads to enhance hardness for both model types. An open circuit potential (OCP) tests show that there is an enhancement of protective properties of ethyl silicate coatings with mixture type B in comparison with type A was achieved. Generally, the results indicate that specimen model B has higher properties as compared with specimen model A.

7

Effect of Shot Peening With Glass Microspheres on the Fatigue Behavior of a Low Carbon Steel

de Lacerda J. C., Pereira I. R., Costa J. M. G., Pinto J. S., Souza H. F. M., Fonseca M. A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 4

1513--1518

EN

The present work has the objective of studying the effect of shot peening with glass microspheres on SAE 1020 steel in its resistance to fatigue. Fatigue tests were carried out by rotary bending with load control and loading on balance in specimens with and without shot peening. A rotation speed of approximately 750 rpm (12.5 Hz) was employed in the fatigue tests. Vickers microhardness tests were performed in order to verify the surface hardening produced by shot peening with glass microspheres. Analysis of the steel surface and fatigue fractures was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fatigue tests were performed in order to obtain S-N curves (Wöhler curves). It was observed that shot peening with glass microspheres improved the fatigue strength of the steel at high cycle.

8

Acoustic emission analysis of the plastic deformation stages of degraded low-carbon steel after long-term operation in the oil refining and petrochemical processing

Lyasota I., Sarniak Ł., Kustra P.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 1

143--151

EN

This paper presents results obtained from a laboratory investigation conducted on material from a pressure vessel after longterm operation in the oil refinery industry. The tested material contained structural defects which arose from improper heat treatment during steel plate manufacturing. Complex tensile tests with acoustic emission signal recording were conducted on both notched and unnotched specimens. The detailed analysis of different acoustic emission criteria allowed as to detect each stage of plastic deformation and microstructural damage processes after a long-term operation, and unused carbon steels during quasi-static axial tension testing. The acoustic emission activity, generated in the typical stages of material deformation, was correlated by microscopy observations during the tensile test. The results are to be used as the basis for new algorithms for the assessment of the structural condition of in-service pressure equipment.

9

The influence of chemical composition on the dimensions change of hardened steels in nanofluids

Łyduch K., Gęstwa W.

Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 38

29--34

EN

The paper presents the influences of nanofluids, which are used in hardening process, to dimension changes, hardness and microstructure of hardened construction of steel samples. An analysis was also carried out with the use of English methods of cooling abilities of nanofluids environments based on water, solid nanoparticles of Al2O3 and ammoniac water. The results of this experiment show, that only one of specific dimensions of cooled samples, in the distilled water, changed for about 9%, but when using nanofluids this change was smaller. The hardness of alloy materials got a few percent more when nanofluids were used in comparasion to using the distilled water. The gained results allow to conclude the positive influence of nanofluids on parameters of the hardened materials.

10

Influence of Process Parameters on Ceroxide Formation in Low-Carbon Steels

Vaucheret A., Nicolini C., Carton J.-F., Jacquet P.

Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 1, no. 4

90--96

EN

Ceroxides are surface defects caused by a mold-metal reaction during the casting process of steels. This type of defect may affect a large area, but it is located only on the skin of the parts. It does not affect the core of the parts nor its mechanical properties. Nevertheless, ceroxides induce a lack of material on the surface, forming a kind of crater and needing complementary surfacing. The defect is also composed by several non-metallic inclusions containing Al, Mg, Si and O. An EDX analysis by mapping show these elements involved in the mold-metal reaction. The presence of these oxides could confirm the hypothesis of the deoxidizer reoxidation found in the bibliography. To better understand the specific conditions of ceroxide formation, the first step was to find of way to generate systematically this defect at each casting. Two patterns with different filling rate were designed, simulated on Quikcast and tested. The pattern with turbulent filling rate allowed the formation of ceroxide at each casting and so was used during this study. This result shows that the filling rate of the mold could be considered as a first order parameter in ceroxide formation. Then, a specific experimental set up was designed to characterize this defect. The analysis of the defect was done for sizing it: surface and depth. Finally, some key parameters on defect formation were determined like the nature of deoxidizer or the amount of oxygen in the mould. Some laboratory tests were lead to show the influence of these parameters by characterization of the casted parts in comparison with a reference sample. This study allowed us to find process parameters responsive of ceroxide formation and to propose some way of improvement to reduce the size and the occurrence of ceroxides.

11

Deoxidation Impact on Non-Metallic Inclusions and Characterization Methods

Nicolini C.

Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 1, no. 4

97--102

EN

Deoxidation is an unavoidable step in the elaboration of steel. The study of its influence could improve the quality of low-carbon steel (0.20–0.25 wt.% of carbon). There are many deoxidation methods, and the most-common one consists of adding aluminum. Although it is a classic method, determining the optimal process parameters (quantity, yield, etc.) could be very sensitive. Deoxidation plays a determining role on inclusion cleanliness, especially on sulfide morphology. In order to control the efficiency of deoxidation, different techniques can be used. In this paper, an automated counting procedure on a scanning electron microscope with a field emission gun (FEG-SEM) is presented. This method was applied on samples cast in our laboratory under different deoxidation conditions. According to this, the resulting inclusion population is correlated with the aluminum content to find the optimal process parameters.

12

Double Fillet Welding of Carbon Steel T-Joint by Double Channel Shielding Gas Metal Arc Welding Method Using Metal Cored Wire

Mert T., Gultekin N., Karaaslan A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

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Vol. 62, iss. 2A

947--954

EN

Low carbon steel material and T-joints are frequently used in ship building and steel constructions. Advantages such as high deposition rates, high quality and smooth weld metals and easy automation make cored wires preferable in these industries. In this study, low carbon steel materials with web and flange thicknesses of 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm were welded with conventional GMAW and double channel shielding gas metal arc welding (DMAG) method to form double fillet T-joints using metal cored wire. The difference between these two methods were characterized by measurements of mean welding parameters, Vickers hardness profiles, weld bead and HAZ geometry of the joints and thermal camera temperature measurements. When weld bead and HAZ geometries are focused, it was seen filler metal molten area increased and base metal molten area decreased in DMAG of low carbon steel. When compared with traditional GMAW, finer and acicular structures in weld metal and more homogenous and smaller grains in HAZ are obtained with double channel shielding gas metal arc welding.

13

Badanie skłonności i określenie przyczyn tworzenia się pęknięć w lutospoinach złączy zakładkowych aluminium-stal niestopowa wykonanych metodą CMT oraz laserem diodowym dużej mocy

Czupryński A., Wyględacz B.

Przegląd Spawalnictwa

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2016

|

R. 88, nr 9

103--114

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących skłonności do tworzenia się pęknięć w lutospoinach złączy zakładkowych cienkich blach aluminiowych i karoseryjnych blach stalowych obustronnie galwanizowanych cynkiem, które wykonywano laserem diodowym dużej mocy (HPDL) ROFIN DL 020 oraz łukowo metodą CMT z użyciem materiału dodatkowego odpowiednio w postaci proszku i drutu litego. Przedstawiono wyniki badań metalograficznych makroskopowych i mikroskopowych, rentgenografii strukturalnej, mikroanalizy rentgenowskiej EDS oraz pomiarów twardości. Wskazano na przyczyny powstawania w lutospoinach na osnowie aluminium, złączy różnoimiennych typu aluminium - ocynkowana stal niestopowa, kruchych faz międzymetalicznych typu Fe-Al.

EN

In this article results of studies on cracks formation susceptibility in braze-welded joints of thin aluminum sheets and double-sided zinc galvanized steel sheets for car body parts made by laser brazing with high power diode laser ROFIN DL 020 and CMT MIG-brazing, with filler material in form of powder and wire accordingly, were presented. Results of macro- and microscopic metallographic examinations, structural roentgenography, EDS microanalysis and hardness tests were presented. Causes of brittle intermetallic Fe-Al phases formation in Al-matrix filler metal in dissimilar aluminum - zinc plated carbon steel joints were pointed.

14

Relationship Between Bake Hardening, Snoek-Köster and Dislocation-Enhanced Snoek Peaks in Coarse Grained Low Carbon Steel

Lin W., Zhao S., Zhang H., Jin X.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 3

1723--1732

EN

In the present work, specimens prepared from coarse grained low carbon steel with different prestrains were baked and then, their bake hardening (BH) property and internal friction were determined. TEM was used to characterize the dislocation structure in BH treated samples. The measurements of internal friction in prestrained samples and baked samples were carried out using a multifunctional internal friction apparatus. The results indicate that, in coarse grained low carbon steel, the bake hardening properties (BH values) were negative, which were increased by increasing the prestrain from 2 to 5%, and then were decreased by increasing the prestrain from 5 to 10%. In the specimen with prestrain 5%, the BH value reached the maximum value and the height of Snoek-Köster peak was observed to be the maximum alike. With increasing the prestrain, both of the BH value and Snoek-Köster peak heights are similarly varied. It is concluded that Snoek-Köster and dislocation-enhanced Snoek peaks, caused by the interactions between interstitial solute carbon atoms and dislocations, can be used in further development of the bake hardening steels.

15

Ilościowa ocena mikrostruktury prętów żebrowanych ze stali niskowęglowej po procesie QTB

Lis J., Wieczorek P., Łyszczarz P.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2010

|

Vol. 77, nr 9

494-497

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wykorzystanie metody komputerowej analizy obrazu do oceny ilościowej struktur prętów zbrojeniowych produkowanych metodą QTB (quenching and tempering bars) wykorzystującą chłodzenie natryskiem wodnym z temperatury końca walcowania. Po procesie QTB na przekroju pręta otrzymuje się zróżnicowane składniki struktury takie jak: martenzyt samoodpuszczony, ferryt+bainit, ferryt+perlit, które wpływają na uzyskiwane własności mechaniczne prętów. Przedstawiono metodę oceny udziałów objętościowych składników struktury dla prętów żebrowanych . 16, 20, 28 mm.

EN

Technology of processing of ribbed bars with water accelerated cooling from finish rolling temperature – QTB was presented in the article. After QTB in the cross section of the bar different microstructural constituences were formed: self tempered martensite, ferrite and bainite, ferrite and pearlite which determine mechanical properties. For low carbon steel after QTB from bars ö16, 20, 28 mm method of estimation of volume fraction of the microstructure constituencies was presented in the paper.

16

Texture heterogeneity of asymmetrically cold rolled low carbon steel

Wroński S., Wierzbanowski K., Bacroix B., Chauveau T., Wróbel M., Rauch A., Montheillet F., Wroński M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2009

|

Vol. 54, iss. 1

89-102

EN

The crystallographic texture formation in low carbon steel during asymmetric rolling was studied experimentally and analysed numerically. Modelling of plastic deformation was done in two scales: in the macro-scale using the finite element method ( FEM) and in crystallographic scale using the polycrystalline deformation model (LW model). The stress distribution in the rolling gap was calculated using FEM and next these stresses were applied in LW model of polycrystalline plastic deformation. It was found that the textures of central and surface layers of the sample are related by a rotation around the transverse direction; moreover, this rotation angle varies with the distance of the considered material layer from the sample surface. In general, the predicted textures agree very well with those determined by X-ray diffraction. Besides of texture change (departure from orthorhombic sample symmetry), the asymmetrical rolling modifies also the material microstructure.

PL

Zbadano doświadczalnie i numerycznie tworzenie się tekstur walcowania asymetrycznego w stali niskowęglowej. Modelowanie odkształcenia plastycznego przeprowadzono w dwóch skalach: w skali makro przy użyciu metody elementów skończonych (MES) i w skali krystalograficznej używajac modelu odkształcenia polikryształu (model LW). Rozkład naprężeń w kotlinie walcowniczej wyznaczony metodą elementów skończonych był następnie użyty w modelu odkształcenia LW. Stwierdzono, że tekstury warstwy powierzchniowej i środkowej związane są obrotem wokół kierunku poprzecznego, przy czym kąt obrotu zależy od odległości rozważanej warstwy materiału od powierzchni próbki. Ogólnie, tekstury przewidywane przez użyte modele pozostają w dobrej zgodności z teksturami zmierzonymi. Oprócz zmiany tekstury (odejście od rombowej symetrii próbki), walcowanie asymetryczne modyfikuje także mikrostrukturę materiału.

17

Influence of severe plastic deformation by the ECAP method on structure and properties of the P2-04BCh steel

Greger M., Vodarek V., Kander L., Cizek L.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2009

|

Vol. 37, nr 1

13-20

EN

Purpose: Maim aim of this paper is to describe the plastic deformation executed by ECAE of low carbon steel. The ECAE method lead to significant improvement of strength of investigated material. Design/methodology/approach: Experiments were planned and realised an the temperature ranging from room temperature up 280oC. After application of deformation the structure was investigated in dependence on accumulation of deformation and deformation temperature as well as abovementioned final properties. Findings: Accumulated deformation varied from the value 2 to 8. Investigation of structure by electron microscopy was made with use microscope JEOL JEM 2100. Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile test. Statistic evaluation of angular disorientation and of size of grains/sub-grains was also made with use of electron diffraction (EBSD) in combination with scanning electron microscope FEG SEM Philips. Practical implications: The technology ECAE was applied on low carbon steel. It was verification of ECAE application possibility on steel P2-04BCH importantly for following applying on similar kinds of steel, because ECAE deformation influence. Originality/value: The results from his work shall be useful in determining conditions for fabrication of nanocrystalline or sub-microcrystalline steel by the ECAE technology.

18

Low carbon steel manufacture in EAF steelmaking shop

Stovpchenko G., Projdak Y., Kamkina L., Grishchenko Y., Savjuk A., Dereveancenco I., Kucherenko O.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2008

|

Vol. 53, iss. 2

531-534

EN

Developed technology of low carbon steel grade manufacture foresees to use of potential of vacuum-oxygen decarboniza- tion reaction without any additional oxygen enter (as gaseous as oxides) at ladle treatment. The guaranteed carbon content was lower than 0.01%. This as well as low amount of admixtures and alloying elements in steel provides high plastic properties of manufactured rod wire.

PL

Opracowane technologie wytwarzania nisko węglowych stali stwarzają możliwość zastosowania próżniowego odwęglania bez dodatkowego wprowadzania tlenu (w postaci gazowej lub tlenkowej). W uzyskanych w ten sposób stalach zawartość węgla jest niższa od wymaganej 0,01%. Zaobserwowano, że im mniejsza zawartość domieszek oraz dodatków stopowych w stali, tym lepsze właściwości plastyczne wytwarzanych prętów.

19

Microstructure investigation of low carbon steel after hot deformation

Wolańska N., Lis A. K., Lis J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

|

2007

|

Vol. 20, nr 1-2

291-294

EN

Purpose: Investigations of microstructure after hot deformation was presented in this work. The non-metallic inclusion influence on the microstructure and type of crack mechanism was shown. The hot ductility investigations were carried out on the low carbon-manganese steel with addition of boron. Design/methodology/approach: The ductility of the steel was measured by reduction of area during the extension test in the temperature range from 700 to 1200 degrees centigrade. The test was carried out with two different strain rates 0.01 s to the -1 and 6.5 s to the -1. The first one is characteristic for the continuous casting process and the second one for rolling of heavy plates and billets. The deformation microstructures of investigated steel after the hot extension tests were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of non-metallic inclusion was established by EDX analyses. Findings: The received - 30% ductility minimum of investigated steel with 0.01 s to the -1 strain rate, was found in the temperature range from 900 to 1000 degrees centigrade and these temperatures are connected with band straightening in the continuous casting process. The minimum of hot ductility for fast strain rate 6.5 s to the -1 reached -65% reduction of area value. The ferrite-bainite and ferrite-pearlite microstructures after air cooling were observed. The inclusions in different size from 0.6 to 4 micrometres and different shape (spherical and elongated) were observed. There were MnS and SiO2 inclusions with some other elements like Al2O3 and MnO. Practical implications: Low carbon steel with addition of boron is produced by continuous casting process where straightening of the strand is taken place close to 900 degrees centigrade. This temperature corresponds with hot ductility minimum for investigated steel. Originality/value: Available literature concerns investigations of low carbon steels but without boron addition, which expect to have strong influence on the position of the hot ductility minimum.

20

Ciągnienia drutu niskowęglowego o błyszczącej i lśniącej powierzchni

Selong M., Golis B., Pilarczyk J. W., Błażejowski Z., Budzik R.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2007

|

Vol. 74, nr 1-2

92-94

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań otrzymywania drutów ze stali niskowęglowych o błyszczących powierzchniach. W badaniach ustalono wpływ na stan powierzchni drutu: rodzaju ciągnienia, środków smarujących, ciągadeł oraz dobrano walcówki zapewniające wymagania wytrzymałościowe drutu.

EN

In the work results of a research of low carbon steel wires with shining surfaces were presented. The influence of a drawing type, lubricants and dies has been determined in the work. A wire rod has been selected to fulfill strength requirements of the wire.