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Czy nowe rozwiązania w zakresie maksymalnych pozaodsetkowych kosztów kredytu wzmocnią bezpieczeństwo finansowe Polaków?

Redo Magdalena

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2023

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R. 52, z. 167

245--258

PL

Narastający problem pozaodsetkowych kosztów kredytu (PKK) wzmógł w Polsce najpierw wybuch kryzysu finansowego w 2008 r., a następnie wybuch pandemii covid-19 w 2020 r., w wyniku czego stopy procentowe NBP zostały obniżone do bezprecedensowego poziomu 0,1%. W efekcie także oprocentowanie kredytów musiało ulec znacznej redukcji, dlatego instytucje kredytujące przerzuciły część kosztów lub zarobku ukrytych dotąd w oprocentowaniu do PKK. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że nowowprowadzone zmiany zaostrzające ustawowe limity w zakresie wysokości nakładanych na kredytobiorców w Polsce PKK i pożyczki, które weszły w życie w grudniu 2022 r., najsilniej obniżyły limit PKK w przypadku kredytów konsumenckich poniżej 30 dni. Spośród kredytów na okres powyżej 30 dni limit PKK najbardziej uległ obniżeniu dla kredytów zaciąganych na 16-31 miesięcy. W przypadku kredytów konsumenckich udzielonych na okres 15-60 miesięcy obecne rozwiązanie jest mniej korzystne dla kredytobiorców, niż to wprowadzone przejściowo na czas pandemii covid-19. Analizowana nowelizacja wprowadziła po raz pierwszy ograniczenia w poziomie pozaodsetkowych kosztów w przypadku umowy pożyczki regulowanej kodeksem cywilnym. Co ważne, w większości przypadków limit kosztów pozaodstekowych dla umowy pożyczki jest korzystniejszy (niższy) niż dla kredytu konsumenckiego. Jedynie w sytuacji długu zaciąganego na okres 12-18 miesięcy niższy jest zaostrzony w grudniu 2022 r. limit PKK dla kredytu konsumenckiego, niż nowowprowadzony limit dla umowy pożyczki (kc). Powyższe pozornie korzystne dla kredytobiorców obniżenie limitu PKK sprawia jednak, że udzielanie kredytów i pożyczek stało się w Polsce mniej opłacalne, przez co nastąpi ograniczenie ich dostępności i wypchnięcie części klientów do pożyczania pieniędzy w szarej strefie, zagrażając bezpieczeństwu finansowemu osób o niższej zdolności kredytowej.

2

Effect of shipping company demographic characteristics on cabotage vessel finance and repayment in Nigeria

Orogun Ambrose Chodja, Akpoghomeh Osis S., Emenike Gladys C.

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2023

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Vol. 8, No. 2

164--183

EN

The research examined the effect of shipping company demographic characteristics on cabotage vessel finance and repayment in Nigeria. The Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) have been concerned about the inability of the Ship Acquisition and Ship Building Fund (SASBF) beneficiaries to pay back disbursed loans fully, resulting in the suspension of further disbursement of the fund required for the development of Nigerian local content capacity. The Cabotage Act 2003 was intended for local content development of shipping and maritime logistics capacity. The fund realized through a 2% surcharge on cabotage trade has accrued since inception, but no shipowner has benefited from the CVFF loan. The study relied on both primary and secondary data. Data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The study utilized a Statistical Product Service Solution (SPSS v. 23) and a one-sample chi-square test as statistical tools for data analysis. The results reveal that demographic characteristics of shipping companies, such as age, number of vessels, number of employees and total annual revenue, significantly influence CVFF loan repayment. Purpose: To identify and analyze the shipping company demographic characteristics which influence cabotage vessel finance and repayment in Nigeria. The findings suggested practical steps for effective CVFF loan disbursement and reliable loan recovery. Methodology: The study utilized Statistical Product Service Solution (SPSS v. 23) and a one-sample chi-square test as statistical tools for data analysis. Results: The demographic characteristics of a shipping company, such as company age in years, number of employees, share capital, number of vessels and shipyards as well as the age of vessels and shipyards has a significant influence on her Character, Capacity, Credibility, Capital, Conditions, Collateral and Creditworthiness of the organization. Theoretical contribution: The research contributed to exploring, understanding, and applying the probability of credit default theory in shipping finance loan repayment. The demographic internal microeconomic organization Character, Capacity, Credibility, Capital, Conditions, Collateral and Creditworthiness significantly affects the ability of CVFF fund beneficiaries to repay the loans. Practical implications: Prospective borrower indigenous maritime operators should be duly and professionally evaluated to ensure sustainable cash flow and revenue projection during and after granting CVFF loans to guarantee complete repayment.

3

The impact of regional development funds on the operations of enterprises in West Pomerania (West Pomeranian voivodeship)

Pluskota Przemysław

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2020

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nr 62 (134)

168--174

EN

The development of any region is a complex phenomenon that depends on various factors, including a financial infrastructure that supports enterprises and other business entities. Issues related to the impact of financial institutions on economic development are often addressed in the academic literature. Some researchers claim that the development of financial institutions and instruments leads to the development of the entire country, indicating a close correlation between them. Others confirm this interdependence; however, they argue that it is non-linear and it depends on other factors, such as the country’s level of economic development, as well as how advanced its financial infrastructure is. Few studies have addressed the impact of regional financial institutions on regional development, and although macroscale studies have been implemented on the micro-level, they don’t necessarily reflect any interdependencies. Regional financial infrastructure plays an important role in regional development, and the Regional Development Funds (RDFs) that have recently appeared in some voivodeships confirm this interdependency. These institutions are likely to become integrators and stimulators of regional financial markets, and RDFs can become entities that manage capital that can be appreciated in many banks and exert a tangible effect on regional financial policies. At the same time, they will level any market flaws in terms of access to capital by micro-, small, and medium enterprises, as well as running growth-promoting policies tailored to the specific regional needs.

4

Credit Risk Management Using Automatic Machine Learning

Gaweł Bartłomiej, Paliński Andrzej

Decision Making in Manufacturing and Services

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 2

193--208

EN

The article presents the basic techniques of data mining implemented in typical commercial software. They were used to assess the risk of credit card debt repayment. The article assesses the quality of classification models derived from data mining techniques and compares their results with the traditional approach using a logit model to assess credit risk. It turns out that data mining models provide similar accuracy of classification compared to the logit model, but they require much less work and facilitate the automation of the process of building scoring models.

5

Game-Theoretic Approach to Bank Loan Repayment

Paliński A.

Decision Making in Manufacturing and Services

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 1

79--88

EN

This paper presents a model of bank-loan repayment as a signaling game with a set of discrete types of borrowers. The type of borrower is the return on an investment project. A possibility of renegotiation of the loan agreement leads to an equilibrium in which the borrower adjusts the repaid amount to the liquidation value of its assets (from the bank’s point of view). In the equilibrium, there are numerous pooling equilibrium points, with values rising according to the expected liquidation value of the loan. The article additionally proposes a mechanism forcing the borrower to pay all of his return instead of the common liquidation value of subset of types of the borrower. The paper contains also a simple numerical example explaining this mechanism.

6

Control in loan transactions: adjusting the payments to the real inflation rates

Cruz Rambaud S., González Sánchez J.

Control and Cybernetics

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2013

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Vol. 42, no. 4

829--853

EN

This paper explores the effect of inflation on general financial transactions and particularly on loans. For this purpose, inflation is specified in the mathematical expression of a capitalization or discounting function. Thus, we write these functions as the product of an inflation-free capitalization or discounting function and the law of variation of the money purchasing power. As an immediate consequence, we show that the instantaneous rate of a capitalization or discounting function is the sum of the instantaneous rates of each component. Later, this decomposition is applied to simple and compound financial transactions, leading to the equivalence among deflated amounts by means of an inflation-free capitalization or discounting function. This analysis is applied to a loan transaction where we introduce six methods to adjust the payments to the real inflation, because, in a beginning, these payments were calculated with the predicted inflation rates.

7

W szponach długów i dobrych manier

Borowska B.

Świat Obrabiarek

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2008

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R. 3, nr 5-6

9-10

PL

Promocje! Loterie! Bonusy! Atrakcyjne, dostępne, nisko oprocentowane i szybkie pożyczki dla każdego ... Kusząca oferta banków przyciąga coraz więcej klientów. Wielu z nich zapomina jednak przy podpisywaniu umowy zdjąć "różowe okulary" nadmiernego optymizmu.

8

Finansowanie inwestycji z zakresu ochrony środowiska

Andrzejczyk M.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2006

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nr 10

27--29

PL

W ramach wszystkich możliwych źródeł finansowania inwestycji z zakresu ochrony środowiska wyróżnia się między innymi środki krajowe, które są przeznaczone dla przedsiębiorców i mają na celu osiągnięcie efektu ekologicznego.

EN

In the frame of all possible sources for financing investments in the area of environmental protection, there are also national sources that are considered for entrepreneurs and have in the objective to achieve an ecological effect.

9

Pożyczki i dotacje na odzysk i recykling opakowań

Pisarska M.

Recykling

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2002

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nr 9

6-7

PL

Z początkiem tego roku weszła w życie Ustawa z 11 maja 2001 r. o obowiązkach przedsiębiorców w zakresie gospodarowania niektórymi odpadami oraz o opłacie produktowej i opłacie depozytowej. Wpływy z opłat wynikających z tej ustawy przeznaczone zostały na preferencyjnie oprocentowane pożyczki lub dotacje wspierające odzysk i recykling, a także na edukację ekologiczną.