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1

Equilibrium optimization algorithm for automatic generation control of interconnected power systems

Agwa Ahmed Mahmoud

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2020

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R. 96, nr 9

143--148

EN

In the electric grid, when the loads increase, the frequency decreases and vice versa. Therefore a controller is utilized for maintaining the frequency within its boundaries via balancing the generation and the loads which is called automatic generation control (AGC) or load frequency control. While utilizing proportional‒integral–derivative (PID) controller for AGC of interlinked power systems, then tuning its gains can be addressed as a nonlinear optimization issue. The objective function is intended to minimize the integral‒time‒absolute‒errors of frequencies and tie‒line power with subjection to group of PID controller gains constraints. In this article, an innovative equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA) is proposed to tune gains of the required PID controller. Subsequently, a successive controller composed of PI and PD controllers are innovatively employed rather than the PID controller. The proposed approaches (EOA–PID) and (EOA–PI–PD) are applied to the two‒region power systems when the load demand is changed in one and in two regions to legalize their efficacy. To validate the results of EOA–PID and EOA–PI–PD, they are compared with other approaches results. It is found that the EOA performs perfectly and owns a fine potency to tune controller gains with smaller errors than other methods while favoring the results of the EOA‒PI‒PD over EOA‒PID.

PL

W artykule opisano system AGC sterujący częstotliwością przy zmiennym obciążeniu wykorzystujący sterownik PID. Opisano nowy algorytm wykorzystujący sterowniki PI i PD. Porównano różne metody sterowania częstotliwością.

2

Coordination strategy for digital frequency relays and energy storage in a low-inertia microgrid

Said Sayed M., Mohamed Emad A., Hartmann Bálint

Journal of Power Technologies

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2019

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Vol. 99, nr 4

254--263

EN

Recently, dynamic frequency stability problems have started to arise in microgrid systems with the increasing utilization of low inertia and intermittent renewable energy sources. This leads to limiting the maximum penetration of renewable sources in microgrids. In order to solve this problem and increase the penetration of renewable sources, the dynamic frequency controller of the microgrid should be enhanced. Therefore, this paper will provide virtual inertia response of superconducting magnetic energy storage coordinated with the load frequency control depending on a new optimal proportional-integral-derivative controller-based advanced swarm intelligence technique, named Moth Swarm Algorithm (MSA). Moreover, the proposed inertia control strategy is coordinated with digital frequency relay to enhance dynamic frequency stability and maintain microgrid dynamic security at high penetration levels of renewable sources and radical load change. To attest the superiority of the proposed technique, it has been examined using MATLAB/SIMULINK, considering different contingency cases and varying the inertia level of the studied microgrid. The results stated that the proposed coordination can effectively regulate microgrid frequency and maintain dynamic stability and security.

3

Multivariable predictive control considering time delay for load-frequency control in multi-area power systems

Daniar S., Shiroei M., Aazami R.

Archives of Control Sciences

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2016

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Vol. 26, no. 4

527--549

EN

In this paper, a multivariable model based predictive control (MPC) is proposed for the solution of load frequency control (LFC) in a multi-area interconnected power system. The proposed controller is designed to consider time delay, generation rate constraint and multivariable nature of the LFC system, simultaneously. A new formulation of the MPC is presented to compensate time delay. The generation rate constraint is considered by employing a constrained MPC and economic allocation of the generation is further guaranteed by an innovative modification in the predictive control objective function. The effectiveness of proposed scheme is verified through time-based simulations on the standard 39-bus test system and the responses are then compared with the proportional-integral controller. The evaluation of the results reveals that the proposed control scheme offers satisfactory performance with fast responses.

4

Praca elektrowni gazowych w systemie elektroenergetycznym

Robak S., Rasolomampionona D.D., Szymankiewicz Ł.

Rynek Energii

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2013

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Nr 3

68--73

PL

Źródła gazowe, w warunkach polskich, mają obecnie małe znaczenie dla wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. Z drugiej zaś strony, od wielu już lat, w kolejnych dokumentach rządowych, takich jak „Polityka energetyczna Polski”, przewiduje się znaczący wzrost zużycia gazu do produkcji energii elektrycznej i ciepła. W referacie omówiono problematykę rozwoju źródeł gazowych oraz ich wpływu na regulację częstotliwości i mocy. Rozważania teoretyczne zostały wzbogacone badaniami symulacyjnymi, w których przeanalizowano wpływ struktury wytwarzania na właściwości dynamiczne sytemu elektroenergetycznego, w zakresie regulacji częstotliwości.

EN

Gas sources are now of minor importance for the generation of electricity in Poland. For many years, according to the subsequent government documents such as the "Polish Energy Policy", a significant increase in gas consumption to produce electricity and heat is expected. Presented paper discusses the problems of the development of gas resources and their impact on the load frequency control. The problem of wind generation impact on load and frequency control is explicitly detailed. Accompanying simulations are included in order to clarify the theoretical basis presented in the first sections of the paper. Simulations show the impact of gas sources on frequency quality control and dynamical features of power systems under the angle of frequency control.

5

Operation of Rapid Start Units in an AGC Area

Egido I., Fernández–Bernal F., Rouco L., Saboya I.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2012

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R. 88, nr 1a

141-145

EN

Rapid Start units present high generation cost, so they are not usually online, but good dynamic response, so they are very suitable for AGC operation. The startup process of these units is very fast so they can be online and providing regulation within just a few minutes. In this paper a simple algorithm is presented to determine when to start up an offline rapid start unit to provide AGC service. The algorithm is tested using real operation data, with successful results. How to select the most appropriate values for the algorithm parameters is also analyzed in the paper.

PL

Jednostki szybkiego startu są bardzo pożyteczne w systemach AGC (Automatic Generatiun Control). W artykule zaprezentowano algorytm umożliwiający kontrolę optymalnego startu jednostki ze stanu offline. Przeanalizowano działanie algorytmu oraz metodę doboru jego parametrów.

6

Analysis of interaction between LFC and TCPS in power system

Rasolomampionona D.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2009

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R. 85, nr 10

42-49

EN

Maintaining the system frequency at nominal value and the net tie line power interchange from different areas at their scheduled values is a difficult task. One of the main components of Automatic Generation Control is Load Frequency Control (LFC), one of the major requirements in providing reliable and high quality operation in multi-area power systems. The model of AGC presented in this paper is characterized by: different models of turbines, creation of aggregate turbine for each type of turbine, consideration of several types of turbines participating in the secondary control, consideration of aggregate generation coefficient in forming the rotor angle input of the tie-line model. The obtained model was modified so that the interaction of TCPS as an additional control of frequency and tie-line of power system could be considered.

PL

Utrzymanie częstotliwości oraz mocy wymiany między obszarami SEE na danym poziomie jest trudnym zadaniem. Jednym z podstawowych elementów składowych automatyki systemowej zwanej AGC jest regulacja częstotliwości oraz mocy wymiany (LFC), która jest jednym z głównych narzędzi służących do utrzymania niezawodnej i wysokiej jakości pracy w wieloobszarowym SEE. W tym artykule przedstawiono model LFC, charakteryzujący się następującymi cechami: uwzględnienie wielu rodzajów regulatorów turbin, agregacja turbin, uwzględnienie współczynnika agregacji turbin w kształtowaniu sygnału wejścia. Uzyskany model ponownie zmodyfikowano aby uwzględnić model interakcji LFC z urządzeniem FACTS typu TCPS.