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Selected aspects of the choice of live steam pressure in PWR nuclear power plant

Laskowski Rafał, Smyk Adam, Jurkowski Romuald, Ancé Julien, Wołowicz Marcin, Uzunow Nikołaj

Archives of Thermodynamics

2022

Vol. 43, no 3

85--109

In commercially available generation III and III+ PWR (pressurized water reactor) reactors, pressure of steam produced in steam generators varies in a relatively wide range from 5.7 to 7.8 MPa. Therefore, it is important to ask which value of steam pressure should be used for a specific unit, taking into account different location conditions, the size of the power system and conditions of operation with other sources of electricity generation. The paper analyzes the effect of steam pressure at the outlet of a steam generator on the performance of a PWR nuclear power plant by presenting changes in gross and net power and efficiency of the unit for steam pressures in the range of 6.8 to 7.8 MPa. In order to determine losses in the thermal system of the PWR power plant, in particular those caused by flow resistance and live steam throttling between the steam generator and the turbine inlet, results concerning entropy generation in the thermal system of the power plant have been presented. A model of a nuclear power plant was developed using the Ebsilon software and validated based on data concerning the Olkiluoto Unit 3 EPR (evolutionary power reactor) power plant. The calculations in the model were done for design conditions and for a constant thermal power of the steam generator. Under nominal conditions of the Olkiluoto Unit 3 EPR power unit, steam pressure is about 7.8 MPa and the steam dryness fraction is 0.997. The analysis indicates that in the assumed range of live steam pressure the gross power output and efficiency increase by 32 MW and 0.735 percentage point, respectively, and the net power output and efficiency increase by 27.8 MW and 0.638 percentage point, respectively. In the case of all types of commercially available PWR reactors, water pressure in the primary circuit is in the range of 15.5−16.0 MPa. For such pressure, reducing the live steam pressure leads to a reduction in the efficiency of the unit. Although a higher steam pressure increases the efficiency of the system, it is necessary to take into account the limitations resulting from technical and economic criteria as well as operating conditions of the primary circuit, including the necessary DNBR (departure from nucleate boiling ratio) margin. For the above reasons, increasing the live steam pressure above 7.8 MPa (the value used in EPR units that have already been completed) is unjustified, as it is associated with higher costs of the steam generator and the high-pressure part of the turbine.

Ocena możliwości zwiększenia parametrów pary świeżej dla turbin na parametry nadkrytyczne

Kosman W.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Elektryka / Politechnika Opolska

2008

Vol. 323, z. 60

151-152

Przedstawiona analiza dotyczy możliwości podniesienia parametrów pary świeżej. Obszary wlotowe turbin są narażone na wysoką temperaturę omywanej pary. Stosowane obecnie rozwiązania konstrukcyjne mają na celu ochronę wlotowych fragmentów turbin. Podstawowe rozwiązanie polega na wprowadzeniu elementów osłonowych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy możliwosci zwiększenia parametrów pary poprzez zastosowanie ekranowania wirników.

The analysis presented here concerns the possibilities to increase the parameters of the live steam. The inlet areas of the high and intermediate pressure parts are exposed to the steam at high temperature level. The design solutions applied to the turbines so far aim to protect the inlet areas. Basic solution incorporate protective screens. This paper presents the results obtained in the analysis of the possibilities to increase the steam parameters due to the application of the protective screens.