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Opłacalność instalacji PV z bateryjnymi magazynami energii a proponowane zmiany w rozliczaniu prosumentów

Jarosiński Michał, Godlewski Wojciech, Sierakowski Mateusz

Rynek Instalacyjny

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2021

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Nr 9

38--44

PL

Proponowane zmiany w systemie rozliczenia prosumentów energii elektrycznej sprawią, że opłacalność inwestycji w przydomowe instalacje fotowoltaiczne zmaleje. Potencjalnym rozwiązaniem tego problemu może być zintegrowanie instalacji fotowoltaicznych z bateryjnymi magazynami energii, które w ostatnim czasie zyskują na popularności, głównie ze względu na ich rolę w rozwoju elektromobilności i wspieraniu rozwoju OZE. Dotychczas ich wysokie ceny sprawiały, że rozwiązanie to było brane pod uwagę tylko w kontekście zasilania awaryjnego, możliwości pracy off-grid lub przez pasjonatów nowych technologii. W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ wielkości instalacji fotowoltaicznej i magazynu energii na bilans finansowy przykładowego domu rodzinnego we wschodniej Polsce, którego roczne zużycie energii elektrycznej wynosi 3500 kWh. Posłużono się rzeczywistymi godzinowymi profilami zużycia energii oraz symulacjami produkcji energii z fotowoltaiki z wykorzystaniem danych meteorologicznych. W proponowanym systemie rozliczeń prosty czas zwrotu z instalacji wynosi ok. 11 lat i nie zmienia się znacząco wraz ze zmianą mocy instalacji. Przy obecnych cenach rynkowych magazynów energii doposażenie systemu w magazyn powoduje wydłużenie czasu zwrotu instalacji. Oznacza to, że bez znacznych dofinansowań inwestycja w tego typu układy nie będzie opłacalna.

EN

The proposed changes in the electricity prosumers’ tariff system will reduce the profitability of investments in the residential photovoltaic installations. A potential solution to this problem may be the integration of photovoltaic installations with battery energy storage systems, which has recently been gaining popularity, mainly due to their role in the development of electromobility and supporting the development of renewable energy sources. So far, their high prices put this solution only in the context of emergency power supply, the possibility of off-grid operation, or for enthusiasts of new technologies. This article analyzes the impact of the size of the photovoltaic installation and battery energy storage on the financial balance for the case of a family house in eastern Poland, whose annual electricity consumption is 3500 kWh. Actual hourly energy consumption profiles and simulations of energy production from photovoltaics (based on the meteorological data for that region) were used. In the proposed billing system, the simple payback time from the installation is about 11 years and does not change significantly with the change of the installation capacity. At the current market prices of energy storages, retrofitting the system with a battery extends the payback time of the installation. This means that without significant funding, the investment in such systems will not be profitable.

2

Transport and electrochemical properties of orthorhombic LiMnO2 cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Molenda J., Ziemnicki M., Bućko M., Marzec J.

Materials Science Poland

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2006

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Vol. 24, No. 1

75--83

EN

The aim of this paper was to determine the temperature range of thermal stability of orthorhombic LiMnO2, together with its electrical and electrochemical characterization. High-temperature studies of the electrical properties of orthorhombic LiMnO2 point to structural instability of the phase at temperatures over 400 ?C. Annealing above 400 ?C leads to its decomposition into a two-phase mixture (Li2MnO3 + LiMn2O4). Stoichiometric LiMnO2 has a very low conductivity at room temperature, which limits the effectiveness of intercalation at the initial stage. The temperature dependences of the electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power of deintercalated LiyMnO2 samples indicate a dominant electronic conductivity over the ionic one. A remarkable increase in electronic conductivity accompanied by a drop of activation energies is observed upon deintercalation. It was shown that the deintercalation of lithium from LiyMnO2 makes the structure less stable, leading to a two-phase mixture (LizMnO2 + LixMn2O4). s. 75-83, bibliogr. 4 poz.

3

The effect of aluminium on the electrical and electrochemical properties of phospho-olivine - a cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Zając W., Marzec J., Molenda J.

Materials Science Poland

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2006

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Vol. 24, No. 1

123--131

EN

The structure, electrical and electrochemical properties of phospho-olivine (LiFePO4) doped with aluminium were investigated. Some of the obtained samples had much higher electrical conductivities than the undoped material (10-4 S/cm compared to 10-10 S/cm). It has been stated that the enhanced conductivity is caused by a thin layer of reduced material that has metallic properties (probably iron phosphide), formed on the grain surfaces of phospho-olivine.

4

Structural, thermal and electrical properties of lithium-manganese spinel with a sulphur-substituted oxygen sublattice

Molenda J., Dziembaj R., Kotwica A., Łasocha W.

Materials Science Poland

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2006

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Vol. 24, No. 1

85--18

EN

Sulphur substituted LiMn2O4-ySy spinels were obtained using the sol-gel method followed by calcination at 300 °C. The crystallinity of the samples was improved by further calcination at 800 °C. The monophase system was formed up to y = 0.20. At higher sulphur concentrations an additional phase (Mn2O3) appeared. The sulphided spinels were thermally stable in air up to about 900 °C. They decomposed above this temperature, with the oxidation of sulphur to SO2. The decomposition products, LiMnO2 and Mn3O4, reacted during slow cooling and formed stoichiometric LiMn2O4. Sulphur substitution retarded the phase transition at room temperature, although a new one appeared at higher temperatures (540-580 °C). Such an effect does not exist in sulphur-free spinels.

5

Structural and transport properties of LiFe0.45Mn0.55PO4 as a cathode material in Li-ion batteries

Ojczyk W., Marzec J., Dygas J., Krok F., Liu R.S., Molenda J.

Materials Science Poland

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2006

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Vol. 24, No. 1

103--113

EN

The paper presents investigations on structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of phosphoolivine, LiFe0.45Mn0.55PO4, synthesized at high temperatures. Moessbauer spectroscopy measurements confirmed the occurrence of iron(II), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements evidenced manganese(II) and iron(II). Impedance spectroscopy enabled the separation of electrical conductivity into electronic and ionic components. The substitution of manganese for iron led to a noticeable increase in the electronic component of conductivity and only to a slight increase in the ionic component, compared to pure LiFePO4. Also, the chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium measured by GITT turned out larger in LixFe0.45Mn0.55PO4. It has been stated that the increased electronic conductivity in manganese-doped phospho-olivine activates the diffusional mechanism of lithium deintercalation.

6

Lithium-ion batteries - state of art. Novel phospho-olivine cathode materials

Molenda J.

Materials Science Poland

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2006

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Vol. 24, No. 1

61--67

EN

This work is a brief review of physicochemical properties of modern cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. These intercalated transition metal compounds of layered, spinel or olivine-type structure exhibit a correlation between their microscopic electronic properties and the efficiency and mechanism of lithium intercalation. The recently reported metallic-type conductivity of doped phospho-olivine LiFePO4, being a novel promising cathode material, is discussed in more detail, and some fundamental arguments are presented against the bulk nature of the observed high electronic conductivi