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Factors controlling a depositional architecture in synorogenic Outer Carpathian basins – an example of Oligocene-age successions from the Fore-Magura Unit, Poland

Siwek Piotr, Waśkowska Anna, Wendorff Marek

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

62--63

EN

A Fore-Magura Unit is strongly tectonically-engaged tectonic unit of the Polish Outer Carpathians, sandwiched between Magura and Silesian nappes. Due to poor and sparse exposure of the Fore-Magura Unit, which is covered by the Magura Nappe, there has been no comprehensive interpretation of depositional systems of the Fore-Magura Basin (Eocene–Oligocene), a part of the Paratethys realm. Therefore, in order to broaden our knowledge about depositional conditions in this part of the Outer Carpathian basins, two turbidite sequences (Szczawa and Klęczany) were subjected to detailed lithofacies and sedimentological analysis. The 100 m thick Szczawa section is predominantly composed of thin and medium thick turbidite sandstones associated with co-genetic turbidite mudstones, which thickness greatly exceeds that of underlying sandstone. The latter ones show another peculiar features, like opposite palaeocurrent directions between base and top of a bed, mud-rich banded and heterolithic structures, and combined-flow bedforms, including small-scale hummocky-type structures. All those sedimentary features reflect deposition from mud-rich low-density turbidity currents enclosed within small confined basin, which prevent each flow from further down-current propagation, and eventually resulted in trapping (ponding) of the whole flow within confinement, a process associated with flow reflections and internal Kelvin-Helmholtz waves propagation (Siwek et al., 2023). This mini-basin can be situated on the southern flank of the Fore-Magura Basin, i.e., on the slope of the Fore-Magura Ridge (Siwek et al., 2023). The 170 m thick succession at Klęczany is composed of thick-bedded amalgamated sandstones, grading into sandstone-mudstone turbidite sequences. The former reflect deposition from high-density turbidity currents and hybrid flows, and are stacked into a few to over ten metres thick tabular lobes, and can be interpreted as lobe axis or distributary channel deposits. These lobes are often topped by socalled ‘bypass’ facies indicating the moment a lobe attained a critical thickness which prevented the accommodation of new deposit, thus heralding a feeder channel avulsion. The recurring process of lobe building and feeder channel avulsion resulted in compensational stacking of subsequent lobes (Piazza & Tinterri, 2020). The upper part of the Klęczany section reflects deposition from low-density turbidity currents and aggradation of turbidite beds into upward-thickening sequences resulting from lateral compensation and/ or forward progradation of subsequent lobes. Considered as a whole, the Klęczany succession is fining upward, and shows decrease of sand net-to-gross, accompanied by increase of more distal facies. Therefore, that depositional system can be situated within single submarine base-of-slope fan featured by retrogradational stacking pattern. Ponded turbidite beds, together with their whole inventory of sedimentary structures, are an evidence of the crucial influence of structural confinement on unrestricted flow propagation on the seafloor. The presence of structural confinement on the basin slope may have been associated with regional compression and tectonic activity of the Outer Carpathian basins. In the case of the Klęczany section, shortterm autocyclicity is manifested in compensational lobe stacking pattern and cyclic feeder channel avulsions. A longterm variability, probably covering the whole Fore-Magura realm, can be identified with one sequence stratigraphy cycle – from forced regression resulting from sea-level falling stage to sea-level lowstand, reflected in the transition from amalgamated massive sandstones to sandstone-mudstone turbidite sequences (Catuneanu, 2006). Alternatively, the uplift-denudation cycle due to tectonic activation of source area (Mutti et al., 2003) can be considered as an explanation of retrogradational stacking pattern of the Klęczany Fan, with eustatic sea-level fall involved (Pszonka et al., 2023). To conclude, the regional and local changes of depositional conditions in deep-water basins can be related to tectonics, as well as to eustatic short- or long-term sea-level changes, or combination of both, and can give the readable rock record in sedimentary successions accumulated especially in synorogenic marginal basins (Pszonka et al., 2023). These include foreland-type Outer Carpathians basins during Oligocene times, which were located in the Central Paratethys isolated from the Tethys Ocean during Eocene-Oligocene geotectonic reconstruction of the Circum-Carpathian realm.

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Revised stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Rostan Hills in northwestern Ukraine

Rychel Joanna, Orłowska Anna, Zbucki Łukasz, Nowacki Łukasz, Zalesskij Ivan

Studia Quaternaria

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2021

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Vol. 38, Nr 1

33-41

EN

This paper presents a new approach to stratigraphy and palaeogeography of NW Ukraine. So far, the glacial landforms near the Rostan area have been interpreted as end moraines derived from the Saalian ice-sheet. Sedimentological and petrographic analyses conducted at the Rostan site shed new light on the dynamics and age of the ice-sheet that formed the examined glaciogenic forms. Sedimentological analysis of glacial deposits documented the sedimentary environment of a glaciofluvial fan deposited by the ice-sheet front characterised by varying dynamics, i.e. advancing, stationary and retreating. Petrographic analysis proved an older age of deposits, i.e. Elsterian, and not Saalian as interpreted so far. These results shed new light on palaeogeography and stratigraphy of this area. The occurrence of the Elsterian deposits on the surface gives evidence of the absence of younger – Saalian – glaciation in this area, which relates to the recently announced new approaches to palaeogeography and stratigraphy of neighbouring areas in eastern Poland.

3

Stratighaphic position of tills in the Orłowo Cliff section (northern Poland): a new approach

Woźniak P. P., Sokołowski R. J., Czubla P., Fedorowicz S.

Studia Quaternaria

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2018

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Vol. 35, Nr 1

25--40

EN

The site at Orłowo Cliff was used to analyse the stratigraphic position and palaeogeographic interpretations of the properties and depositional conditions of two basal tills from the Late Pleistocene. A multi-proxy approach involved lithofacies, petrographic analysis of the fine gravel fraction, analyses of indicator erratics and till fabric. TL dating of intra-moraine deposits was used to determine depositional time frames of tills. The sediment profile at Orłowo Cliff shows a distinct reduction in number of Pleistocene units. Obtained dating results suggest the presence of Middle and Late Pleistocene fluvial units. The main issue discussed is the stratigraphic position of the older till (Unit O-4). It can be assumed that this till was deposited probably during the Middle Weichselian (MIS4). At Orłowo Horn the till of Unit O-4 reveals incorporation of the erratic material derived from an older till in the surrounded area (according to petrographic composition – probably from MIS 8). The younger till (Unit O-6) was deposited in the Late Weichselian (MIS 2). Moreover, the till of Unit O-6 is characterised by a significant shift towards the south-west in terms of the erratic origin in Unit O-4.

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Lithofacies analysis of CMP at northern prospect of the Petrikov potash deposit (Belarus)

Barbikau D., Klabuk A., Kurlovich D., Kutyrlo V., Sauchyk S.

Przegląd Solny

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2017

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T. 13

150--155

EN

The results of lithofacies analysis of clay-marl package (CMP) at Northern Prospect of Petrikov potash deposit are discussed. The analysis has been undertaken to increment waterproof thickness. Lithofacies subdivision has been carried out with ArcGIS 10 software. The following three lithofacies have been defined: sulfate-carbonate-clay, sulfate-clay-carbonate, and clastic-carbonate-clay. An inclusion of gypsum-bearing sub-package of the CMP into the waterproof thickness, based on the lateral lithofacies variation of rocks, will allow pillar mining at the areas, where the mining is prohibited at present by local regulatory documents.

PL

W pracy omówiono wyniki analizy litofacjalnej warstwy ilastomarglistej (WIM) północnej części Pietrykowskiego złoża soli potasowej na Białorusi przeprowadzonej w celu rozpoznania warstw nieprzepuszczalnych. Rejonizację litofacjalną wykonano za pomocą programu ArcGIS 10. Wyróżniono trzy litofacje: siarczanowo-węglanowo-ilastą, siarczanowo-ilasto- -węglanową oraz klastyczno-węglanowo-ilastą. Włączenie do warstwy nieprzepuszczalnej subwarstwy gipsowej WIM, które oparto na lateralnej zmienności litolofacjalnej skał, w przyszłości pozwoli na eksploatację złoża systemem filarowym. Obecnie eksploatacja złoża jest zabroniona.

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The Outwash Plain of the Rospuda River Valley – a Record of Depositional Environments

Pochocka-Szwarc K., Krzyszkowski D.

Studia Quaternaria

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2015

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Vol. 32, Nr 2

63--78

EN

The Rospuda subglacial channel hosts not only deep ribbon lakes and the Rospuda River itself, but also an outwash plain. The paper deals with a lithofacies analysis of deposits from exposures within the Rospuda outwash plain. With the support of geomorphological and geological analyses, it has been found that the outwash plain formed along the Rospuda subglacial channel that was being exposed from under the ice cover. The lithological record of the Rospuda outwash plain shows a distinct division into a proximal and a distal zone. The deposits under study reveal a record of a break in basial sedimentation, when ice-wedge casts developed under conditions of periglacial climate. The development of the Rospuda outwash plain is linked with the ice-marginal zone of the Pomeranian phase, similarly to the Olecko-Rajgród outwash plain that is located to the west.

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Sedimentation style of a Pleistocene kame terrace from the Western Sudety Mountains, S Poland

Pisarska-Jamroży Małgorzata, Machowiak Katarzyna, Krzyszkowski Dariusz

Geologos

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2010

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Vol. 16, No. 2

101--110

EN

The depositional conditions of kame terraces in a mountain valley were analysed sedimentologically and petrologically through a series of kame terraces in the Rudawy Janowickie mountains. The kame terraces comprise five lithofacies associations. Lithofacies association GRt, Sp originates from deposition in the high-energy, deep gravel-bed channel of a braided river. Lithofacies association GC represents a washed out glacial till. Probably a thin layer of till was washed out by sandy braided rivers (Sp). The fourth association (Fh, Fm) indicates a shallow and quite small glaciomarginal lake. The last association (GRt, GRp) indicates the return of deposition in a sandy-bed braided channel. The petrography of the Janowice Wiekie pit and measurements of cross-stratified beds indicate a palaeocurrent direction from N to S. The Janowice Wielkie sedimentary succession accumulated most probably during the Saalian (Odranian, Saale I, Drenthe) as the first phase of ice-sheet melting, because the kame terrace under study is the highest one, 25-27 m above the Bóbr river level. The deposits under study are dominated by local components. The proglacial streams flowed along the margin of the ice sheet and deposited the kame terrace. The majority of the sedimentary succession was deposited in a confined braided-river system in quite deep channels.

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Deformacje glacitektoniczne osadów zlodowacenia Wisły i ich znaczenie dla rekonstrukcji paleogeograficznej południowego obrzeżenia Kotliny Płockiej

Roman M.

Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2009

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T. 194

49--62

PL

Struktury glacitektoniczne znane dotychczas z rejonu Kotliny Płockiej rejestrowano w osadach środkowo- i dolnoplejstoceńskich oraz neogeńskich, a ich powstanie wiązano z erozją lądolodów starszych od zlodowacenia Wisły. W odsłonięciach w Kretkach i Zawadzie Nowej, znajdujących się w południowej krawędzi Kotliny Płockiej, stwierdzono deformacje glacitektoniczne związane z nasunięciem lądolodu stadiału głównego zlodowacenia Wisły. Struktury glacitektoniczne nie mają odzwierciedlenia we współczesnej rzeźbie, natomiast ich występowanie jest ściśle powiązane z przebiegiem kopalnego skłonu wysoczyzny z okresu zlodowaceń środkowopolskich. Zasięg wgłębny zaburzeń jest ograniczony i wynosi od 2 do 6 m. W Kretkach i Zawadzie Nowej przeprowadzono analizę strukturalną zaburzeń oraz badania litofacjalne osadów. Rozpoznane deformacje to zarówno proglacjalne struktury glacitektoniczne powstałe przed czołem lądolodu w wyniku kompresji, a wyrażone jako fałdy i nasunięcia, jak i subglacjalne deformacje glacitektoniczne, utworzone pod poruszającym się lądolodem, wykształcone jako struktury wleczeniowe i laminacja tektoniczna w subglacjalnej warstwie deformacyjnej. Dokonano rekonstrukcji kierunku lokalnego transportu glacitektonicznego, działającego w azymucie 334–352° i skierowanego z NNW ku SSE, a także określono ogólne cechy lobu płockiego, wskazując na małą miąższość, szybki ruch oraz ciepły reżim bazalny lądolodu.

XX

Glaciotectonic structures well known from the Płock Basin area were identified within the Lower and Middle Pleistoceneand Neogene sediments, and their formation was connected with erosion of the ice-sheets older than the Vistulian Glaciation. Actually, at the Kretki and Zawada Nowa exposures, situated in the southern margin of the Płock Basin, glaciotectonic deformations of the Main Stadial of the Vistulian (= Weichselian) Glaciation ice-sheet have been recognized. The structures are not reflected in topography but their spatial distribution is strictly connected with the existence of the buried slope of the Middle Polish Glaciation morainic plateau. In-depth extent of young glaciotectonic deformations is limited and ranges from 2 to 6 m. Sedimentological investigations, and particularly lithofacies analysis, along with structural examinations of deformation structures have been carried out at Kretki and Zawada Nowa. Recognised glaciotectonic deformations are both proglacial compressive structures, expressed as folds and over thrusts, and subglacial glaciotectonic structures, formed beneath the moving ice, and featured as drag structures and tectonic laminations in the subglacial deforming bed. A local direction of glaciotectonic transport has been reconstructed as acting from NNW to SSE (334-352° azimuth), and general parameters of the Płock lobe have been evaluated indicating a small thickness, fast ice flow and warm basal regime of the ice-sheet.

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Glacifluwialne facje strumieni przeciążonych zawiesiną na przykładzie plejstocenskich osadów wschodniej Jutlandii i Pomorza Zachodniego

Pisarska-Jamroży M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 6

503-510

EN

Beverage & Culbertson (1964) defined hyperconcentrated flow as a flow of water-sediment mixture with a behaviour intermediate between that of a debris flow (mudflow) and that of a stream flow. However, the essence of this definition has largely been misunderstood and lost in the subsequent literature. It would appear that almost any deposit can possibly be attributed to a hyperconcentrated flow, because this genetic label has been attached to: non-stratified deposits with normal or inverse-to-normal grading, as well as deposits that were stratified; some of these deposits had polymodal and only other bimodal grain-size distribution, occasionally bearing outsized cobble gravels and boulders. Arguably, the Beverage and Culbertson original definition implies a turbulent, non-Newtonian fluidal flow with pseudoplastic rheological behaviour, intermediate between that of a mudflow (plastic) and a stream flow (Newtonian fluid), which may suggest sediment deposition by rapid dumping from suspension (Lowe, 1988; Vrolijk & Southard, 1997), rather than tractional emplacement. The study areas in Western Pomerania and east Jutland are located in transition fan and glaciofluvial fans (Weichselian glaciation). Three assemblages of deposits derived from hyperconcentrated flow are exposed: massive cobble gravel (monofacial association GCm), massive sand (monofacial association Sm) and massive sand and planar-cross bedded sand (lithofacies association Sm, Sp). The reason for significant grain-size distribution diversity of sediments derived from the same depositional process was difference in competence flow which came out from discharge flow changes. Despite different grain framework grain-size distribution, grains within hyperconcentrated flows were mostly moved by turbulences and dispersive grain pressure.

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Fluvial sedimentation of sandy deposits of the Słupiec Formation (Middle Rotliegendes) near Nowa Ruda (Intra-Sudetic Basin, SW Poland)

Kurowski L.

Geologia Sudetica

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2004

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Vol. 36

21-38

EN

The sandy sediments described in this paper are the lower, approximately 400-meter-thick part of the Słupiec Formation, which is part of lower Permian clastic deposits in the Intra-Sudetic Basin. At their base, the sandy deposits of the Słupiec Formation are bounded by fine-grained lacustrine sediments known as the Upper Anthracosia Shale (Krajanów Formation); upwards, they pass into the Walchia Shale (the upper part of the Słupiec Formation), also regarded to be of lacustrine origin. These sandstones consist chiefly of sublithic to subarkosic arenites and wackes. In places, polymictic conglomerates and fine-grained sediments, and also sublithic to subarkosic mudstones occur. These sediments form a structurally varied facies assembly, presumably fluvial in origin. An analysis of the vertical sequence of lithofacies revealed a distinct tendency towards the formation of simple cyclical sequences with the grain fining upwards and with a distinctly expressed asymmetry in favour of 'high-energy' medium- and coarse-grained facies. The oscillation tendency was marked only in 'low-energy' fine facies, which are sparsely represented in the sequence. The paleochannel analysis yielded results compatible with the outcome of the lithofacies analysis. The paleochannels are very shallow in relation to their width, and have a planar, erosional bottom configuration, and in places a terrace bank morphology. The fluvial system features described here may indicate a terminal fan environment as the possible depositional location place of the Słupiec Formation sandy sediments. The source areas were located at the S and SE margins of the Intra-Sudetic Basin, and the flow was towards the W and NW towards its centre, to shallow inland basins, probably of a playa type. The red colour of the sediments may be indicative of arid or semi-arid climatic conditions in this environment during the Middle Rotliegendes .