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1

Extraction of neodymium(III) from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction with Cyanex® 572

Allahkarami Ebrahim, Rezai Bahram, Bozorgmehr Mohsen, Adib Saeed

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2021

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Vol. 57, iss. 3

127--135

EN

The present research aims at studying the extractability of Nd(III) by Cyanex® 572 as a new extractant form from nitrate solutions. The effects of contact time, the concentration of nitrate ion, hydrogen ion, and extractant, and type of diluent were discussed, suggesting that the extraction of neodymium with Cyanex 572 was found to be a cation-exchange mechanism releasing three H+ ion during the extraction. Cation- exchange mechanism of Nd(III) with Cyanex 572 was studied using slope analysis. Hydrogen ion concentration strongly influences the extraction behavior of Nd(III) in the solvent extraction. Results showed that three moles of Cyanex 572 are incorporated in the extraction process of one-mole neodymium(III) from the aqueous solutions. The concentration of nitrate ion in the aqueous solution has positive effect on the extraction efficiency of neodymium due to the salting out effect. The type of diluent influences the extraction efficiency of Nd(III). Results indicated that non-polar diluents were suitable solvents for the extraction of neodymium(III).

2

Application of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction combined with liquid-liquid extraction method to the extraction of three pesticide residues from fruit and vegetable samples

Chen Sue, An Qi, Sun Hong, Mao Mengqian

Acta Chromatographica

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2021

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Vol. 33, no. 1

30--36

EN

A simple, inexpensive and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of three pesticide residues (carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, and imidacloprid) in fruit and vegetable samples using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based on a combined pretreatment of ultrasoundassisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UA-DES-E) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). In this study, various types of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized and the extraction efficiency was compared as extraction solvents. Results showed that glycerol-proline 5 9:4 (GP-5) obtained the highest extraction efficiency among different types of DESs. Experiment conditions, including DES volume, extraction time and pH, were systematically optimized using single-factor experiment. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were in the ranges of 0.05– 0.2 mg$mL1 and 0.1–0.5 mg$mL1, respectively. The relative recoveries of the three pesticides in the fruit and vegetable samples ranged from 85.7 to 113.0% at two spiked levels. Meanwhile, the method achieved excellent linearity with determination coefficients (r) greater than 0.999. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of the pesticides in real fruit and vegetable samples (apple, tomato, and grape).

3

Metodyka rozdzielania i oznaczania lotnych inhibitorów fermentacji w brzeczkach fermentacyjnych ciemnej fermentacji, techniką GC-MS

Makoś P., Słupek E., Kamiński M.

Camera Separatoria

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2018

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Vol. 10, No. 2

64--80

PL

W pracy przedstawiono opracowaną w wyniku badań metodykę identyfikacji i oznaczania inhibitorów fermentacji w brzeczkach fermentacji ciemnej z biomasy ligno-celulozowej, z wykorzystaniem ekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz w sprzężeniu z chromatografią gazową ze spektrometrem mas (LLE-GC-MS). W ramach badań dokonano doboru korzystnych warunków ekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz, w tym: pH, objętości rozpuszczalnika ekstrakcyjnego, czasu ekstrakcji oraz warunków wirowania. Opracowana metodyka charakteryzuje się niskimi wartościami granicy wykrywalności (0,0086 – 3,75 mg/L) i oznaczalności, dobrą powtarzalnością i szerokim zakresem liniowości. W próbkach brzeczek fermentacyjnych, zidentyfikowano trzy inhibitory fermentacji (furfural, gwajakol i syringol) w stężeniach w zakresie od 0,04 do 2,45 mg/L. Dodatkowo, osiem innych inhibitorów, w tym głównie lotne kwasy tłuszczowe w stężeniach od 2,86 do 956 mg/L zidentyfikowano w brzeczkach, w trybie SCAN. Wyniki badań, wskazują na konieczność monitorowania przebiegu procesu fermentacji ciemnej w zakresie powstawania inhibitorów fermentacji, których obecność wpływa toksycznie na mikroorganizmy wytwarzające biowodór.

EN

The paper presents the method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of fermentation inhibitors in fermentation broths for bio-hydrogen, using liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (LLE-GC-MS). Initially, the extraction parameters were optimized. These included: pH, volume of extraction solvent, pH, extraction time as well as speed of centrifugation. The developed method has low detection limits (0,0086 – 3,75 mg/L), and determination, good repeatability and a wide range of linearity. In fermentation broth samples, three fermentation inhibitors (furfural, guaiacol and syringol) were identified in concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 2.45 mg/L. In addition, eight more inhibitors, mainly volatile fatty acids in concentrations from 2.86 to 956 mg/L, were identified in fermentation broth, using the SCAN mode. The paper demonstrates the need for monitoring inhibitors in fermentation broth during dark fermentation process, due to the fermentation inhibitors are toxic to biohydrogen-producing microorganisms.

4

Development of UPLC–MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of curcumin in human plasma

Hayun H., Rahmawati R., Harahap Y., Sari S.

Acta Chromatographica

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2018

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Vol. 30, no. 4

207--211

EN

A specific, very rapid, and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method for quantitative analysis of curcumin in human plasma has been developed and validated. Diazepam was used as internal standard (IS). The analytes were isolated using liquid–liquid extraction method with the mixture of ethyl acetate–methanol (95:5). The organic solvents were evaporated, reconstituted in mobile phase, and injected to UPLC completed with UPLC BEH C18 column 1.7 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm Acquity® Waters as stationary phase, mixture of 0.15% formic acid–acetonitril (50:50, v/v) as mobile phase, and flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and detected in positive ionization mode tandem mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were m/z 369.05 → 176.95 and 284.95 → 193 for curcumin and IS, respectively. The retention times for curcumin and IS were 1.7 and 1.4 min, respectively, and the linearity range was 1–100 ng/mL with a coefficient correlation (r) of 0.999 and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 1 ng/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the intra- and inter-assay precisions of the method were below 8.3% and 12.7%, respectively, while the accuracy ranged from 89.5 to 98.7% and the extraction recovery of curcumin and IS was up to 86.6%. The data presented show that the method provides specific, very rapid, sensitive, precise, and accurate measurements of curcumin concentrations in human plasma.

5

Development and validation of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of zinc pyrithione and pyrithione in shampoos

Kim T. H., Jung G. H., Lee E. H., Park H. R., Lee J. K., Kim H. G.

Acta Chromatographica

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2018

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Vol. 30, no. 3

200--205

EN

A simple, rapid, and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and pyrithione (PT) in shampoos. The method consisted of a liquid–liquid extraction for sample preparation. The mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via the positive electrospray ionization interface. A linear regression (weighted 1/x) was used to fit calibration curves over the concentration range of 50–2000 ng/mL for both ZnPT and PT. Excellent linearity (r 2 ≥ 0.9996) was achieved for all. The method was validated and found to be accurate (95.9–108.2% for ZnPT and 94.9–110.4% for PT), precise, and selective. Analytes in shampoos were found to be stable in the autosampler (6 °C for 6 h), in room temperature (for 6 h), and after three freeze–thaw cycles, and recovery of analytes was reproducible (90.8–94.6% for ZnPT and 90.2–96.3% for PT).

6

Zastosowanie czwartorzędowych soli fosfoniowych jako ekstrahentów Ru(III) i Rh(III) z modelowych roztworów wodnych

Rzelewska M., Janiszewska M., Regel-Rosocka M.

Chemik

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2016

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Vol. 70, nr 9

515--520

PL

Przedstawiono badania ekstrakcji rodu(III) i rutenu(III) z modelowych chlorkowych roztworów wodnych za pomocą czterech czwartorzędowych soli fosfoniowych, mających taki sam kation triheksylo(tetradecylo)fosfoniowy i różne aniony: chlorkowy (Cyphos IL 101), bromkowy (Cyphos IL 102), bis( 2,4,4-trimetylopentylo)fosfinianowy (Cyphos IL 104) oraz bis(trifluorometylosulfonylo)imidkowy (Cyphos IL 109) rozpuszczonych w toluenie. Badano wpływ czasu wytrząsania obu faz, stężenia HCl, a także stężenia cieczy jonowej (IL) na ekstrakcję jonów Ru(III) i Rh(III).

EN

Rhodium(III) and ruthenium(III) were extracted from model chloride solutions with four quaternary phosphonium salts with the same cation trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium and various anions: chloride (Cyphos IL 101), bromide (Cyphos IL 102), bis( 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (Cyphos IL 109) dissolved in toluene. The effect of shaking time of both phases, HCl concentration and IL concentration on Ru(III) and Rh(III) extraction were studied.

7

Application of numerical modelling to scaling-up of electrically induced extraction from an organic mixture using an ionic liquid

Kamiński K., Weatherley L.R., Petera J.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 37, nr 1

133--148

EN

Liquid-liquid extraction provides an environmentally friendly process as an alternative to azeotropic distillation, pervaporation and reverse osmosis because these techniques require the use of large amounts of energy, may involve volatile organic compounds, and operation at high pressureIonic liquids (ILs) continue to gain wide recognition as potential environmentally friendly solvents due to their unique properties. However due to their current high cost, their use in industry is seriously limited without an efficient methodology for recovery and recycle. In this paper we describe an innovative methodology for a liquid-liquid extraction process based on an electrically induced emulsion of an ionic liquid as the extracting solvent dispersed in an organic mixture. This offers a most efficient exploitation of the solvent. On the other hand we present our own design of a pilot (semi-industrial) scale extractor based on this methodology and which demonstrates effective recovery of the ionic liquid. In order to achieve this goal we used a numerical modelling tool implemented using our own simulation software based on the finite element method. We also used our original previous experience with generating and investigating liquid-liquid electrosprays using phase Doppler anemometry. Finally we present recommendations for contactor geometry and for the preferred operating conditions for the extractor.

8

A novel approach for calculating packed column height based on new correlation of mass transfer coefficient

Rahbar-Kelishami A., Bahmanyar H., Hajamini Z.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2015

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Vol. 17, nr 1

48--54

EN

The calculation of column’s height plays an important role in packed columns precise design. This research is based on experimentally measurement of mass transfer coefficients in different heights of packed column to predict its height. The objective of presented work is to introduce a novel conceptual method to predict column height via new correlation for mass transfer coefficient. As the mass transfer coefficient is decreased with increase of column height, the HTU’s are not constant figures along the column so this new approach is called increasing HTU’s. The results of the proposed idea were compared with other correlations and the conventional method i.e. constant HTU’s. Since the results are in very good agreement with experimental data comparing to conventional method, it seems this approach can be a turning point in design of all differential columns like packed columns. Making use of this method is suggested for design of differential columns.

9

Removal of palladium(II) from aqueous chloride solutions with cyphos phosphonium ionic liquids as metal ion carriers for liquid-liquid extraction and transport across polymer inclusion membranes

Regel-Rosocka M., Rzelewska M., Baczynska M., Janus M., Wisniewski M.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2015

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Vol. 51, iss. 2

621--631

EN

This paper presents an application of three phosphonium ionic liquids for removal of Pd(II) ions from aqueous chloride solutions with liquid-liquid extraction and transport across polymer inclusion membranes (PIM). Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride and bromide (Cyphos IL 101 and 102) and bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) were investigated as carriers of Pd(II) from aqueous chloride media. Extraction of Pd(II) with Cyphos IL 102 has not been previously described in the literature. Cyphos IL 102 used for the first time as metal ion carrier, efficiently extracts palladium(II) ions both with liquid-liquid extraction and PIM. NaCl concentration does not affect Pd(II) extraction with Cyphos IL 102, while increasing HCl content in the feed aqueous phase causes decrease in extraction efficiency. Stripping of Pd(II) with 0.5 M NH4OH is efficient (84 to 90%) and the organic phase after stripping could be reused for extraction. For PIM transport the highest values of the normalized initial flux are obtained for CTA membrane containing Cyphos IL 101 and a receiving phase: mixture 0.1 thiourea + 0.5 M HCl. It is indicated that initial flux does not determine the final result of the transport through the membranes because from the separation point of view, the most important is a complete transport of the solute to the receiving phase, described by the Pd(II) recovery factor.

10

TS-BTPhen as a promising hydrophilic complexing agent for selective Am(III) separation by solvent extraction

Kaufholz P., Sadowski F., Wilden A., Modolo G., Lewis F. W., Smith A. W., Harwood L. M.

Nukleonika

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2015

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Vol. 60, No. 4, part 2

815--820

EN

The novel hydrophilic back-extraction agent TS-BTPhen (3,3',3'',3'''-[3-(1,10-phenanthroline-2,9- -diyl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,5,6,6-tetrayl]tetrabenzenesulfonic acid) was tested for its selectivity towards Am(III) over Cm(III) and Eu(III) with a TODGA (N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyldiglycolamide) based solvent. Batch experiments were carried out using TS-BTPhen dissolved in aqueous nitric acid solution with tracers of 152Eu, 241Am and 244Cm. A signifi cant increase of the separation factor for Cm over Am from SFCm/Am = 1.6 up to SFCm/Am = 3.3 was observed compared to the use of a TODGA-nitric acid system alone. Furthermore, stripping was possible at high nitric acid concentrations (0.6–0.7 mol/L) resulting in a low sensitivity to acidity changes. The infl uence of the TS-BTPhen concentration was analyzed. A slope of –2 was expected taking into account literature stoichiometries of the lipophilic analogue CyMe4BTPhen. However, a slope of –1 was found. Batch stripping kinetics showed fast kinetics for the trivalent actinides. As an alternative organic ligand the methylated TODGA derivate Me-TODGA (2-methyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyldiglycolamide) was tested in combination with the hydrophilic TS-BTPhen. The Am(III) separation was achieved at even higher nitric acid concentrations compared to TODGA.

11

Reprocessability of molybdenum and magnesia based inert matrix fuels

Ebert E. L., Bukaemskiy A., Sadowski F., Lange S, Wilden A., Modolo G.

Nukleonika

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2015

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Vol. 60, No. 4, part 2

871--878

EN

This work focuses on the reprocessability of metallic 92Mo and ceramic MgO, which is under investigation for (Pu,MA)-oxide (MA = minor actinide) fuel within a metallic 92Mo matrix (CERMET) and a ceramic MgO matrix (CERCER). Magnesium oxide and molybdenum reference samples have been fabricated by powder metallurgy. The dissolution of the matrices was studied as a function of HNO3 concentration (1–7 mol/L) and temperature (25–90°C). The rate of dissolution of magnesium oxide and metallic molybdenum increased with temperature. While the MgO rate was independent of the acid concentration (1–7 mol/L), the rate of dissolution of Mo increased with acid concentration. However, the dissolution of Mo at high temperatures and nitric acid concentrations was accompanied by precipitation of MoO3. The extraction of uranium, americium, and europium in the presence of macro amounts of Mo and Mg was studied by three different extraction agents: tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP), N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dioctylhexylethoxymalonamide (DMDOHEMA), and N,N,N’,N’- -tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA). With TBP no extraction of Mo and Mg occurred. Both matrix materials are partly extracted by DMDOHEMA. Magnesium is not extracted by TODGA (D < 0.1), but a weak extraction of Mo is observed at low Mo concentration.

12

Gamma radiolytic stability of CyMe4BTBP and the effect of nitric acid

Schmidt H., Wilden A., Modolo G., Švehla J., Grüner B., Ekberg C.

Nukleonika

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2015

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Vol. 60, No. 4, part 2

879--884

EN

The highly selective nitrogen donor ligand CyMe4BTBP for An(III) separation by solvent extraction was irradiated in a 60Co γ-source under varying conditions. Organic solutions of 10 mmol/L ligand in 1-octanol were contacted with different concentrations of nitric acid to observe the influence of an aqueous phase during irradiation. In subsequent liquid-liquid extraction experiments, distribution ratios of 241Am and 152Eu were determined. Distribution ratios decreased with increasing absorbed dose when irradiation was performed in the absence of nitric acid. With addition of nitric acid, initial distribution ratios remained constant over the whole examined dose range up to 300 kGy. For qualitative determination of radiolysis products, HPLC-MS measurements were performed. The protective effect of nitric acid was confi rmed, since in samples irradiated with acid contact, no degradation products were observed, but only addition products of the 1-octanol molecule to the CyMe4BTBP molecule.

13

Development and validation of a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of aripiprazole in human plasma: Application to a bioequivalence study

Patel D. S., Sharma N., Patel M. C., Patel B. N., Shrivastav P. S., Sanyal M.

Acta Chromatographica

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2014

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Vol. 26, no. 2

203--227

EN

A rapid, selective, and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay has been proposed for the determination of aripiprazole in human plasma. The analyte and propranolol as internal standard (IS) were extracted from 200 μL of human plasma via liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether under alkaline conditions. The best chromatographic separation was achieved on an Aquasil C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) column using methanol-deionized water containing 2 mM ammonium trifluoroacetate and 0.02% formic acid (65:35, v/v) as the mobile phase under isocratic conditions. Detection of analyte and IS was done by tandem mass spectrometry, operating in positive ion and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. The method was fully validated for its selectivity, interference check, sensitivity, carryover check, linearity, precision and accuracy, reinjection reproducibility, recovery, matrix effect, ion suppression/enhancement, stability, ruggedness, and dilution integrity. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.10–100 ng mL -1 for aripiprazole. The intra-batch and inter-batch precision (%CV) was ≤4.8%, while the mean extraction recovery was >96% for aripiprazole across quality control levels. The method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of 10 mg aripiprazole orally disintegrating tablet formulation in 27 healthy Indian subjects under fasting and fed condition. The reproducibility in the measurement of study data was demonstrated by reanalysis of 260 incurred samples.

14

Ionic liquids for the extraction of n-butanol from aqueous solutions

Kubiczek A., Kamiński W.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2013

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Vol. 7, No. 1

125--131

EN

The article describes the extraction of n-butanol from four-component aqueous solutions, also containing acetone and ethanol. All of these three chemicals are the main constituents of the so-called fermentation broth - a product of ABE (Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol) fermentation process. Nowadays, ABE fermentation, which is one of the oldest butanol production techniques, seems to be a viable alternative to petrochemical methods that have so far dominated the industry. Such considerations are driven by the steady depletion of fossil fuels, and thus, worldwide tendencies to use renewable resources instead, but also by the popularization of clean production and green chemistry principles. The physicochemical properties of biobutanol are very similar to that of gasoline and diesel fuel. Therefore, there exists a real potential for its widespread use as a fuel additive or even for a direct application in internal combustion engines. For that reason, the effective separation of biochemically derived butanol may have a great impact on fuel production technology, which is by far crude oil oriented. The main challenges of applying traditional solvents in liquid-liquid extraction are their toxicity and usually high volatility that prevents an economically justified partitioning of the extract components. Hence there arises a growing interest in non-volatile, thermally stable and water immiscible ionic liquids. Properties of these new 'designer solvents' have not been fully recognized yet, but the full range of their possible applications may appear as unlimited. Phase separation research has been made in five-component systems of water, acetone, butanol, ethanol and ionic liquid. Two different ionic liquids have been used: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Hmim][PF6] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bmim][Tf2N]. Experimental results confirm highly efficient separation of n-butanol from aqueous solutions when volumes of both liquid phases are approximately equal.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest proces ekstrakcji n-butanolu z czteroskładnikowych roztworów wodnych zawierających ponadto aceton i etanol. Wymienione substancje są głównymi składnikami tzw. brzeczki fermentacyjnej stanowiącej produkt fermentacji ABE (acetonowo-butanolowo-etanolowej). Fermentacja ABE, jako jedna z najstarszych metod uzyskiwania biobutanolu stosowanych na skalę przemysłową, jest obecnie rozważana jako alternatywa dla dominujących w przemyśle procesów petrochemicznych. Znacząco przyczynia się do tego perspektywa wyczerpania dostępnych zapasów paliw kopalnych, jak również podejmowane na szeroką skalę próby wdrażania zasad czystej produkcji i korzystania z odnawialnych źrodeł energii. Z uwagi na bardzo korzystne właściwości fizykochemiczne istnieją realne możliwości bezpośredniego zastosowania biobutanolu w silnikach spalinowych bądź wykorzystania go jako dodatku do oleju napędowego i benzyny. Skuteczna separacja biobutanolu pozyskiwanego za pomocą metod biochemicznych może mieć zatem ogromny wpływ na rozwój technologii produkcji paliw płynnych. Problemem przy stosowaniu klasycznych rozpuszczalników w ekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz jest często ich toksyczność, jak również wysoka lotność uniemożliwiająca opłacalny ekonomicznie rozdział ekstraktu. Dlatego też w kręgu zainteresowania pojawiają się niskolotne i stabilne termicznie ciecze jonowe nierozpuszczalne w roztworach wodnych. Właściwości cieczy jonowych jako substancji stosunkowo nowych nie są jeszcze dokładnie poznane, jednak z uwagi na szeroki wachlarz potencjalnych zastosowań budzą one coraz większe zainteresowanie, a możliwości ich “projektowania” mogą wydawać się nieograniczone. Przeprowadzono badania równowagi ekstrakcyjnej w układach zawierających wodę, aceton, butanol, etanol i ciecz jonową. Wykorzystano w tym celu dwie ciecze jonowe: heksafluorofosforan 1-heksylo-3metyloimidazolu oraz bis(trifluorometylosulfonylo)imid 1-butylo-3-metyloimidazolu. Wyniki eksperymentów potwierdzają wysoką skuteczność procesu ekstrakcji n-butanolu przy zbliżonych objętościach roztworu surowego i ekstrahenta.

15

Wzajemna rozpuszczalność wybranych cieczy jonowych i wody w układach pięcioskładnikowych zawierających aceton, butanol i etanol

Kubiczek A., Kamiński W.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

|

2013

|

Nr 4

351--352

PL

Niskotemperaturowe hydrofobowe ciecze jonowe mogą pełnić rolę rozpuszczalników w ekstrakcyjnej separacji biobutanolu uzyskiwanego metodą fermentacji beztlenowej. W trakcie badań nad równowagą ekstrakcyjną odkryto, że równowagowe składy ekstraktu i rafinatu ulegają zmianie w zależności od temperatury oraz stężeń acetonu, butanolu i etanolu w roztworze surowym. W pracy zaproponowano matematyczny opis wzajemnej rozpuszczalności cieczy jonowych i wody w modelowych układach pięcioskładnikowych.

EN

Hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquids can be applied as solvents in the extractive separation of biobutanol produced via microbial fermentation. While studying the extraction equilibrium, it was discovered that raffinate and extract compositions were dependent not only on process temperature but also acetone, butanol and ethanol concentrations in feed solution. This study offers a mathematical description of mutual solubility of ionic liquids and water in the model five-component systems.

16

Ekstrakcja w obecności pola elektrycznego w układzie ciecz jonowa - mieszanina organiczna, prowadzona w kontaktorze wielodyszowym

Kamiński K., Krawczyk M., Petera J.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2013

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Nr 5

429--430

PL

Zaprezentowano nową konstrukcję kontaktora wielodyszowego do ekstrakcji w obecności pola elektrycznego. W szczególności analizowano ekstrakcję etanolu z mieszaniny z n-heptanem wykorzystując jako ekstrahent ciecz jonową [bmim][MeS04]. Za pomocą systemu laserowego PDA badano rozkład średnic generowanych kropel cieczy jonowej. Wykazano, że zwiększenie napięcia pomiędzy elektrodami skutkuje zmniejszaniem średnic wytwarzanych kropel fazy rozproszonej a zatem rozwinięciem powierzchni wymiany masy.

EN

A multi-nozzle contactor for extraction in the presence of electric field is described. The contactor was tested against the ethanol extraction from a mixture with n-heptane. Ionic liquid [binim][MeS04] was used as the extraction solvent dispersed electrically. The diameter distribution of ge-nerated ionic liquid droplets was measured using the PDA laser system. It was proved that the increasing voltage between the electrodes results in finer droplets distribution and hence in better interfacial area development.

17

Aspekt jakościowy suszenia hybrydowego owoców wiśni

Kowalski S. J., Łechtańska J.M., Mierzwa D.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2013

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Nr 5

439--440

PL

Przedmiotem pracy jest kinetyka suszenia i aspekt jakościowy hybrydowego suszenia owoców wiśni. Zastosowano połączenie suszenia konwekcyjnego z mikrofalowym i promieniowaniem podczerwonym. Przeprowadzono testy z zastosowaniem różnych kombinacji mikrofalowej mocy 100 W i promieniowania podczerwonego 240 W z techniką konwekcyjną z prędkością nawiewu powietrza 1,7 m/s o temperaturze 343 K. Celem badań było poszukiwanie najbardziej efektywnego sposobu suszenia z punktu widzenia kinetyki suszenia i jakości suszonych wiśni (kolor i aktywność wody).

EN

Kinetics and qualitative aspect of cherry fruit subjected to hybrid drying is considered. Various combinations of convective, microwave and infrared drying methods were applied. The drying test were carried out with the application of different combinations of microwave power 100 W and infrared radiation 240 W with convective drying at air flow velocity 1.7 m/s and air temperature 343 K. The purpose of these studies was to find the most efficient drying method from a point of view of drying kinetics and quality of dried cheery fruit (colour and water activity).

18

Ionic Liquids for the Extraction of n-Butanol from Aqueous Solutions

Kubiczek A., Kamiński W.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2013

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Vol. 20, nr 1

77-87

EN

The article describes the extraction of n-butanol from four-component aqueous solutions, also containing acetone and ethanol. All of these three chemicals are the main constituents of the so-called fermentation broth – a product of ABE (Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol) fermentation process. Nowadays, ABE fermentation, which is one of the oldest butanol production technologies, seems to be a viable alternative to petrochemical methods that have so far dominated the industry. Such considerations are driven by the steady depletion of fossil fuels, and thus, worldwide tendencies to use renewable resources instead, but also by the popularization of clean production and green chemistry principles. The physicochemical properties of biobutanol are very similar to that of gasoline and diesel fuel. Therefore, there exists a real potential for its widespread use as a fuel additive, if not a direct application in internal combustion engines. For that reason, the effective separation of biochemically derived butanol may have a great impact on fuel production technology, which is by far crude oil oriented. The main challenges of applying traditional solvents in liquid-liquid extraction are their toxicity and usually high volatility that prevents an economically justified partitioning of the extract components. Hence, there arises a growing interest in non-volatile, thermally stable and water immiscible ionic liquids. Properties of these new ‘designer solvents’ have not been fully recognized yet, but the full range of their possible applications may appear as unlimited. In this study, phase separation research has been made in five-component systems of water, acetone, butanol, ethanol and ionic liquid. Two different ionic liquids have been used: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Hmim][PF6] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bmim][Tf2N]. Experimental results confirm the efficient recovery of n-butanol from aqueous solutions when volumes of both liquid phases are approximately equal.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest proces ekstrakcji n-butanolu z czteroskładnikowych roztworów wodnych zawierających ponadto aceton i etanol. Wymienione substancje są głównymi składnikami tzw. brzeczki fermentacyjnej stanowiącej produkt fermentacji ABE (acetonowo-butanolowo-etanolowej). Fermentacja ABE, jako jedna z najstarszych metod uzyskiwania biobutanolu stosowanych na skalę przemysłową, jest obecnie rozważana jako alternatywa dla dominujących w przemyśle procesów petrochemicznych. Znacząco przyczynia się ku temu perspektywa wyczerpania dostępnych zapasów paliw kopalnych, jak również podejmowane na szeroką skalę próby wdrażania zasad czystej produkcji i korzystania z odnawialnych źrodeł energii. Z uwagi na bardzo korzystne właściwości fizykochemiczne istnieją realne możliwości bezpośredniego zastosowania biobutanolu w silnikach spalinowych, bądź wykorzystania go jako dodatku do oleju napędowego i benzyny. Skuteczna separacja biobutanolu pozyskiwanego przy pomocy metod biochemicznych może mieć zatem ogromny wpływ na rozwój technologii produkcji paliw płynnych. Problemem przy stosowaniu klasycznych rozpuszczalników w ekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz jest często ich toksyczność, jak również wysoka lotność uniemożliwiająca opłacalny ekonomicznie rozdział ekstraktu. Dlatego też w kręgu zainteresowania pojawiają się niskolotne i stabilne termicznie ciecze jonowe nierozpuszczalne w roztworach wodnych. Właściwości cieczy jonowych jako substancji stosunkowo nowych nie są jeszcze dokładnie poznane, jednak z uwagi na szeroki wachlarz potencjalnych zastosowań budzą one coraz większe zainteresowanie, a możliwości ich „projektowania” mogą wydawać się nieograniczone. Przeprowadzono badania równowagi ekstrakcyjnej w układach zawierających wodę, aceton, butanol, etanol i ciecz jonową. Wykorzystano w tym celu dwie ciecze jonowe: heksafluorofosforan 1-heksylo-3-metyloimidazolu oraz bis(trifluorometylosulfonylo)imid 1-butylo-3-metyloimidazolu. Wyniki eksperymentów potwierdzają wysoką skuteczność procesu ekstrakcji n-butanolu przy zbliżonych objętościach roztworu surowego i ekstrahenta.

19

Technika dyspersyjnej mikroekstrakcji w układzie ciecz-ciecz

Kujawski M., Namieśnik J.

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

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2013

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nr 1

15--20

PL

Technika dyspersyjnej mikroekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz charakteryzuje się łatwością stosowania, niską kosztochłonnością, dużym odzyskiem, dużą wartością liczbową współczynnika wzbogacenia i jest nieuciążliwa dla środowiska.

20

Experimental and numerical investigation of electrostatic spray liquid-liquid extraction with ionic liquids

Krawczyk M., Kamiński K., Petera J.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 33, nr 1

167-183

EN

A new concept of an electrostatic spray column for liquid-liquid extraction was investigated. An important problem for separation processes is the presence of azeotropic or close-boiling mixtures in their production, for example heptane with ethanol, since the separation is impossible by ordinary distillation. The use of ionic liquids (IL) as a dispersed solvent specially engineered for any specific organic mixture in terms of selectivity is a key factor to successful separation. As IL present particularly attractive combination of favorable characteristics for the separation of heptane and ethanol, in this work we use 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate [BMIM][MeSO4]. Because of high viscosity and relatively high cost of IL a new technique was introduced, consisting in the electrostatically spray generation to enhance the mass transport between the phases. In order to optimally design the geometry of the contactor a series of numerical simulation was performed. Especially multi-nozzle variants for better exploitation of contactor volume were investigated. Experiments showed excellent possibility of control of the dispersion characteristics by applied voltage and thus control of the rate of extraction. The preliminary simulations based on our mathematical model for a three nozzle variant exhibited visual agreement with the theory of electrostatics.