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PL
Kwas lewulinowy to prosta i wielofunkcyjna cząsteczka organiczna, która jest obecnie wykorzystywana w wielu różnych zastosowaniach. Potencjał kwasu lewulinowego jest ogromny, o czym świadczy różnorodność i ilość literatury naukowej dotyczącej jego przekształceń w różne chemikalia. Rozwój przemysłowej produkcji tego związku z biomasy spowodował wzrost zainteresowania kwasem lewulinowym jako tanim, łatwo dostępnym materiałem pochodzenia biologicznego. W tym artykule prześledzimy metody otrzymywania kwasu lewulinowego oraz jego użyteczność jako platformowej cząsteczki chemicznej.
EN
Levulinic acid is a sustainable and multifunctional organic molecule that is currently used in many different applications. The potential of levulinic acid is enormous, as is evidenced by the variety and amount of scientific literature on its transformation into various chemicals. The development of industrial production of this compound from biomass have increased the interest in levulinic acid as a cheap, easily available material of biological origin. In this article, we will look at the methods of obtaining levulinic acid and its usefulness as a platform chemical molecule.
EN
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is known as a thermochemical converting of wet biomass into a coal-like solid fuel (hydrochar). Hydrochar is easily crumbled. Because of hydrophobic properties, hydrochar is difficult to degrade by microorganisms. It has a calorific value comparable to lignite coal. In this study, hydrochar was made via converting the organic fraction of municipal solid waste through HTC at 190, 210, and 230°C for 30 min with feed to water ratio (FWR) 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. The feedstock processed includes food waste, paper, and wood waste, represented as a pseudo-component of the organic fraction of MSW. The high heating value (HHV), FTIR, as well as proximate and ultimate analyses were applied both to feedstock and hydrochar. The results showed that the energy density of hydrochar was elevated with increasing HTC temperature. The energy densification ratio and heating value increased by approximately 1.0–1.32 and 30%, respectively compared to raw feedstock. The lower yields of hydrochar were obtained at higher temperature. The typical char yields for lignocellulosic material range between 62–63 wt% at 190 °C and reduce to 54–57 wt% at 230 °C. Furthermore, a preliminary study of kinetic model for lignocellulose decomposition was conducted. This model was based on the mass loss rate of the lignocellulose compound in HTC of MSW. Three first-order reactions were given to illustrate the hydrochar yield at of 190, 210, and 230°C. The activation energy of lignocellulose decomposition was 76.26 kJ/mol, 51.86 kJ/mol, 12,23 kJ/mol for lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose decomposition, respectively.
EN
The pretreatment is a key step in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass for its transformation into chemicals and materials of biorenewable origin. Ionic liquids, with their characteristic set of unique properties, have the potential to be the basis of novel pretreatment processes with higher effectiveness and improved sustainability as compared to the current state-of-the-art processes. In this opinion paper, the author provides a perspective on possible processing strategies for this pretreatment with ionic liquids, identifying different advantages as well as challenges to be overcome.
4
Content available remote Concepts of modern technologies of obtaining valuable biomass-derived chemicals
EN
In this paper, we present the review of modern technologies for obtaining valuable biomass-derived chemicals, such as furfural, levulinic acid, adipic acid, dihydroxyacetone, lactic acid and acrylic acid. We have included our own research approach using the nano-design of zeolites for the dehydration of lactic acid into acrylic acid.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono przegląd nowoczesnych technologii uzyskiwania cennych związków chemicznych pochodzących z biomasy, takich jak furfural, kwas lewulinowy, kwas adypinowy, dihydroksyaceton, kwas mlekowy i kwas akrylowy. Zaprezentowano również własne podejście badawcze obejmujące projektowanie w skali nanoskopowej zeolitów do odwadniania kwasu mlekowego do kwasu akrylowego.
PL
Dynamiczny rozwój rynku biopaliw w ciągu ostatnich lat przyczynił się do wzrostu zainteresowania nowymi źródłami surowców oraz biotechnologicznymi metodami ich przetwarzania. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest prezentacja nowoczesnych strategii otrzymywania preparatów enzymatycznych hydrolizujących odpadowe źródła węgla (celulozy, hemicelulozy i ligniny), takich jak wysokowydajny screening mikrobiologiczny oraz identyfikacja drobnoustrojów przy pomocy technik biologii molekularnej.
EN
The dynamic development of the biofuel market in recent years has contributed to the growing interest in new sources of raw materials and biotechnological methods of their processing. The aim of the paper is to present modern strategies for obtaining enzymatic preparations that hydrolyze waste carbon sources (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), such as high-throughput microbiological screening and microbial identification using molecular biology techniques.
EN
Disintegration of lignocellulosic biomass for energy purposes has been extensively studied. The study aimed to investigate the influence of crushed and uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass on the biogas production in an innovative reactor. The substrate fed to the reactor was Sida hermaphrodita silage mixed with cow manure. The bioreactor had an innovative design of the mixing cage system. The mixing system of the bioreactor consisted of two cylindrical stirrers in the form of a cage. The cages simultaneously rotate around the axis of the bioreactor at against their own axes. The bioreactor is currently presented under the Record Biomap program (Horizon 2020). The bioreactor was operated at organic compounds loading of 2 kg/(m3∙d) and 3 kg/(m3∙d) and hydraulic retention time was 50 d and 33 d, respectively. The biogas production under the organic compounds loading of 2 kg VS/(m3∙d) was 680 L/kg VS from crushed lignocellulosic biomass and 570 L/kg VS from uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass. The biogas production under the organic compounds loading 3 kg VS/(m3∙d) was 730 L/kg VS from crushed lignocellulosic biomass and 630 L/kg VS from uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass. The crushing of substrate did not influence the methane content in the biogas. In all experiments, the biogas comprised about 54% of methane. The net energy efficiency was calculated as well.
7
Content available remote Enzymatic activity of some industrially-applied cellulolytic enzyme preparations
EN
Enzymatic hydrolysis is the essential step in the production of 2nd generation biofuels made from lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. agricultural or forestry solid wastes. The enzyme-catalysed robust degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose to monosaccharides requires the synergistic action of the independent types of highly-specific enzymes, usually offered as ready-to-use preparations. The basic aim of the study was to experimentally determine the enzymatic activity of two widely industrially-applied, commercially available cellulolytic enzyme preparations: (i) Cellic® CTec2 and (ii) the mixture of Celluclast® 1.5L and Novozyme 188, in the hydrolysis of pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. (a) energetic willow and (b) rye straw, or untreated (c) cellulose paper as well, used as feedstocks. Before the hydrolysis, every kind of utilized lignocellulosic biomass was subjected to alkaline-based (10% NaOH) pre-treatment at high-temperature (121°C) and overpressure (0.1 MPa) conditions. The influence of the type of applied enzymes, as well as their concentration, on the effectiveness of hydrolysis was quantitatively evaluated, and finally the enzyme activities were determined for each of tested cellulolytic enzyme preparations.
PL
Kwas 4-oksopropanowy (lewulinowy) jest półproduktem pochodzącym z przerobu biomasy i może być zastosowany jako surowiec do syntezy szeregu interesujących związków chemicznych, w tym także biokomponentów oleju napędowego. Istnieje tylko jedna metoda jego produkcji na skalę przemysłową – proces Biofine. Powstało wiele prac badawczych mających na celu znalezienie nowych surowców do produkcji tego kwasu, a także odejście od katalizy homogenicznej na rzecz heterogenicznej.
EN
4-oxopentanoic (levulinic) acid is an intermediate from biomass processing and may be used as a substrate for synthesis of many interesting compounds, including Diesel oil biocomponents. There is one industrial method of LA production – Biofine process. A lot of studies, which the aim was to find new materials for LA production and to change homogeneous catalysis for heterogeneous one, was done.
9
Content available remote Mikrofalowa metoda określania wilgotności lignocelulozowych paliw stałych
PL
Celem pracy była budowa toru mikrofalowego z przelotowym otworem umożliwiającego określenie wilgotności lignocelulozowych paliw stałych. Tor mikrofalowy zbudowany został z generatora, falowodu z przelotowym otworem wykonanym w szerszych ściankach, oraz krótkiego zwartego na końcu odcinka falowodu z detektorem lub obciążonego miernikiem mocy. Badania wilgotności przeprowadzono umieszczając w otworze próbki w kształcie walca z drewna lub peletu, odnosząc otrzymane straty mocy do mocy na wyjściu przy braku próbki w falowodzie.
EN
The aim of the study was the construction of the microwave path through hole allows you to specify humidity lignocellulosic solid fuels. The microwave generator is built, the waveguide through hole formed in the wider wall, and the short short-circuited section of the waveguide to the detector or load power meter. Moisture tests were carried out using received in the opening as a sample in the cylindrical timber or pellet reference received power losses to the output power in the absence of the sample in the waveguide.
PL
Hydroliza stanowi kluczowy etap w procesie otrzymywania biopaliw z surowców lignocelulozowych. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań enzymatycznej hydrolizy surowca z wierzby energetycznej. Przed hydrolizą surowiec poddawano obróbce wstępnej fizycznej (z wykorzystaniem promieniowania jonizującego oraz metodą eksplozji pary) lub chemicznej (kwaśnej lub zasadowej). Po 72 h hydrolizy największe stężenia glukozy uzyskano w przypadku, gdy surowiec poddano obróbce z użyciem kwasu fosforowego i etanolu.
EN
Hydrolysis is one of the most important steps in the production of biofuels from lignocellulose materials. The results of enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of lignocellulose from energy willow is presented in the paper. Before hydrolysis, lignocellulose material has been pretreated chemically or by physical methods (ionic radiation or steam explosion). The highest glucose concentration has been obtained after 72 hours in case of lignocellulose pretreated with phosphoric acid and ethanol.
EN
Among currently developed biofuel and green-power technologies, technological development of lignocellulose biomass-based production of ethanol will be particularly important in a short time perspective as those specific activities constitute an intermediary stage in the process of developing integrated processes of biomass conversion in the route to the universal energy carrier - hydrogen or electricity. Agricultural biorefinery or agri-refinery which converts agricultural biomass to a wide spectrum of biofuels and bioproducts is considered as the key element of the future economy. The biorefinery which produces biofuels and generates bioenergy will constitute the so called agri-energy complex - a local power unit implemented in the system of dispersed energy generation. It is worth noticing that agri-refinery will integrate three fundamental drivers of sustainable development of rural areas - bioeconomics, environment and society. This paper aims at elaborating the conceptual framework of the agri-refinery in the aspect of conversion of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol and other bioproducts as well as the future economy and sustainable development.
PL
Prowadzono badania nad utylizacją makulatury gazetowej za pomocą grzybni boczniaka ostrygowatego Pleurotus ostreatus. Podczas tych badań hodowano grzybnię i uprawiano owocniki w podłożach uprawowych. Podłoża uprawowe tworzyły: makulatura gazetowa lub słoma pszenna oraz ich mieszaniny. Utylizację składników tych podłoży oceniano za pomocą stopnia utylizacji i wydajności owocników. Efektywność utylizacji zależała od ilości makulatury w podłożach. Maksymalna utylizacja miała miejsce w mieszaninie makulatury i słomy w stosunku 3:1. W podłożu zawierającym tylko makulaturę owocniki nie tworzyły się. Wydajność owocników rosła w miarę obniżania się stężenia makulatury w podłożach. W owocnikach uprawianych w podłożach zawierających makulaturę obecne były metale ciężkie. Stężenie ich było wyższe od dopuszczalnego przez normy. Owocniki te były niejadalne. Podłoża pouprawowe zostały wzbogacone w białko boczniaka. Można je stosować jako nawóz organiczny w rolnictwie.
EN
Conducted research on the utilization of waste newspaper using mycelium oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. During these surveys were cultured mycelium and fruiting bodies grown in of growing substrates. Created a growing substrates: waste newspaper or wheat straw, and mixtures thereof. Utilization of the components of those substrates was measured by the degree of utilization and performance of fruit bodies. The effectiveness of utilization depended on the amount of waste newspaper in the substrates. Maximum utilization took place in a mixture of waste newspaper and wheat straw in the ratio 3:1. In the substrate containing only waste newspaper did not form a fruiting body. Performance fruit bodies to grow to reduce the concentration of waste newspaper in the substrates. The fruiting bodies grown in substrates containing waste newspaper were present heavy metals. Their concentration was higher than acceptable by the standards. They were inedible. Substrates after cultivation were enriched in protein oyster. They can be applied as organic fertilizer in agriculture.
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