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1

The Assessment of the Suitability of Lemon Balm and Alder Buckthorn Wastes for the Biogas Production

Czubaszek Robert

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

152--158

EN

The purpose of the study was to determine the suitability of wastes from herbal industry for the biogas production. The wastes of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.) were used for the biomethane potential test (BMP). The following properties were determined in the tested material: total solids content (TS), volatile solids content (VS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen content (TKN), total organic carbon content (TOC), total phosphorus content (P) and total potassium content (K). The biogas yield was monitored on the basis of the liquid displacement method. The examined wastes differed in terms of the basic properties affecting the biogas production. Alder buckthorn contained more VS, TKN and TOC, while lemon balm had a narrower C/N ratio and higher P and K content. The tested wastes were also different in terms of the biogas production kinetics. In the case of lemon balm, the highest production was observed at the beginning of the experiment, while the anaerobic digestion of alder buckthorn waste was only noticeable in the third week of the experiment. This delay caused higher cumulative methane yield of lemon balm waste by about 60% than that of alder buckthorn. Despite those differences, the wastes from both plants were suitable for biogas production, mainly as co-substrates. Co-digestion resolves the problem of utilizing such wastes and decreases the demand for energy crops such as maize which should be used as fodder and food in the first place. In addition, clear differences in the kinetics of anaerobic digestion may cause that a simultaneous use of both tested wastes will ensure continuous biogas production at a relatively high level.

2

The mobility of arsenic and its species in selected herbs

Jabłońska-Czapla Magdalena, Michalski Rajmund, Nocoń Katarzyna, Grygoyć Katarzyna

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2019

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Vol. 45, no. 3

86--98

EN

The aim of the study was verification of the response of chamomile (Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert), peppermint (Mentha x piperita) lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on the elevated contents of inorganic As species in soils. The ability of herbs to accumulate arsenic was tested in pot experiment in which soils were contaminated by As(III) and As(V). The As(III), As(V), AB (arsenobetaine), MMA (monomethylarsonic acid) and DMA (dimethylarsinic acid) ions were successfully separated in the Hamilton PRP-X100 column with high performance-liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) techniques. The study examined total arsenic contents in soil and plants, as well as the mobility of the arsenic species from the soil into the studied plants. Peppermint demonstrated the highest arsenic concentration and phytoaccumulation among studied plants. The sequential chemical extraction showed that arsenic in the contaminated soil was mainly related to the oxide and organic-sulfi de fractions. The results showed that the oxidized arsenic form had a greater ability to accumulate in herbs and was more readily absorbed from the substrate by plants. Research has shown that soil contaminated with As(III) or As(V) has different effects on the arsenic content in plants. The plant responses to strong environmental pollution varied and depended on their type and the arsenic species with which the soil was contaminated. In most cases it resulted in the appearance of the organic arsenic derivatives.

PL

Celem badań było sprawdzenie tolerancji rumianku (Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert), mięty pieprzowej (Mentha x piperita), melisy lekarskiej (Melissa officinalis L.) i szałwii (Salvia officinalis L.) na zwiększoną zawartość nieorganicznych form jonowych arsenu w glebie. Zdolność ziół do akumulacji arsenu została przetestowana w doświadczeniu wazonowym, w którym gleby były zanieczyszczone przez As(III) lub As(V). Formy specjacyjne arsenu: As(III), As(V), AB (arsenobetaina), MMA (kwas monometylowy) i DMA (kwas dimetylowy) rozdzielono na kolumnie Hamilton PRP-X100 za pomocą wysokosprawnej chromatografi i cieczowej połączonej ze spektrometrią mas z plazmą wzbudzoną indukcyjnie (HPLC-ICP-MS). W pracy zbadano zawartość arsenu w glebie i ziołach, a także mobilność form arsenu z gleby do badanych roślin zielnych. Mięta charakteryzowała się największym stopniem fitoakumulacji i stężenia arsenu wśród badanych roślin. Sekwencyjna ekstrakcja chemiczna wykazała, że arsen w zanieczyszczonej glebie był głównie związany z frakcjami tlenkowymi i siarczkowo-organicznymi. Wyniki pokazały również, że utleniona forma arsenu miała większą zdolność do akumulacji w ziołach i była łatwiej absorbowana z podłoża przez badane rośliny. Badania wykazały, że odpowiedź roślin na stres arsenowy była charakterystyczna dla danego gatunku i zróżnicowana w zależności od formy arsenu, którym zanieczyszczono glebę. W większości przypadków skutkowało to pojawieniem się organicznych pochodnych arsenu.

3

The Effects of Water Extracts from Lemon Balm on Pea Leaf Weevil and Black Bean Aphid Behaviour

Rusin M., Gospodarek J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

139--145

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various concentrations of water extracts prepared from the fresh or dry matter of lemon balm on Sitona lineatus L. and Aphis fabae Scop. behaviour. The assessment pertaining to the feeding intensity of beetles was carried out by measuring the surface of feeds caused by S. lineatus. While examining the effect of extracts on A. fabae, the mortality of wingless female and aphid larvae was determined. In the studies on the olfactory reaction glass olfactometer "Y tube" and 4 armed arena olfactometer were used. The results of the experiment showed that the water extract prepared from dry matter of lemon balm with 2% concentration limited the feeding of both female and male of S. lineatus. The increase in the mortality of the black bean aphid females and larvae was obtained only after applying the extracts from fresh and dry matter at highest concentrations. The evident deterrent reaction of the odour substances obtained from the lemon balm plants towards the beetles of S. lineatus, could find application in ecological farms via introducing the plant as an accompanying crop to the main crops. The winged individuals of A. fabae did not react to the abovementioned factor.

4

The Effects of Water Extracts from Lemon Balm on Colorado Potato Beetle Behaviour

Rusin M., Gospodarek J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 5

122--127

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various concentrations of water extracts prepared from the fresh or dry mass of lemon balm on the feeding of Colorado potato beetle larvae in L2 and L4 stages. The extracts from the dry matter were prepared at the concentrations of 2%, 5% and 10% and from the fresh matter at the concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30%. The feeding intensity assessment was conducted by dipping leaves of potato in respective solutions of the extracts and determining the mass of food consumed by larvae, as well as the changes of larvae body weight. In the studies on the olfactory reaction of adult insects, a glass “Y-tube” olfactometer was used. The feeding by L4 larvae of Colorado potato beetle was effectively limited by the extract prepared from the dry matter of lemon balm with 10% concentration. The larvae at L2 stage turned out to be more susceptible to the effects of extracts – the extracts in almost all used concentrations limited the feeding of the studied pest. The body weight gain in L2 and L4 larvae of Colorado potato beetle were effectively limited by the extracts prepared from the dry plants of lemon balm in as low concentration as 5%. However, the effect of extracts prepared from the fresh matter of lemon balm plants was effective in limiting the body weight gain of L4 larvae at the minimum concentration of 20%, whereas for L4 larvae the effective concentration was 30%. The evident deterrent reaction of odour substances originating from lemon balm plants towards the females of Colorado potato beetle was found. The males did not react to the above-mentioned factor.

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Analiza możliwości uzyskania olejków eterycznych z odpadów roślin zielarskich

Kobus Z., Panasiewicz M., Zawiślak K., Sobczak P., Mazur J., Guz T., Nadulski R.

Agricultural Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 18, No. 1

59--64

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące wpływu stopnia rozdrobnienia suszu zielarskiego na zawartość olejków eterycznych. Do badań użyto odpady zielarskie pochodzące z następujących roślin: melisy lekarskiej, szałwii lekarskiej i rumianku. Surowiec podzielono na frakcje wykorzystując laboratoryjny separator pneumatyczny LPS 200 MC. Do analiz wybrano susz, który zatrzymał się na sitach o wielkości oczek: 100μm i 250μm. Oznaczenie zawartości olejku eterycznego w suszu wykonano zgodnie z zaleceniami normy BN-88/8192-04. Stwierdzono, że stopień rozdrobnienia ziół ma wpływ na zawartość olejku eterycznego. Większe wartości olejków zaobserwowano we frakcji o mniejszym stopniu rozdrobnienia. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że pozyskany odpad zielarski może być użyty do dalszego przerobu na olejki eteryczne.

EN

The paper presents the research results concerning the impact of the degree of crushing of dried herbs on the content of essential oils. Herbaceous waste from lemon balm, garden sage and camomile was used for the research. Raw material was divided into fractions with the use of a laboratory pneumatic separator LPS 200 MC. Dried herbs, which stayed at the sieve of meshes provided below, was selected for analysis: 100μm and 250μm. Determination of the content of essential oil in dried herbs was carried out according to the recommendations of a norm BN-88/8192-04. It was stated that the degree of crushing of herbs influences the content of essential oil. Higher values of essential oils were reported in a fraction of a lower degree of crushing. The obtained results prove that the obtained herb waste may be used for further processing into essential oils.